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Virginia: Difference between revisions
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Between 1790 and 1860, the number of [[History of slavery in Virginia|slaves in Virginia]] rose from around 290 thousand to over 490 thousand, roughly one-third of the state population, and the number of slave owners rose to over 50 thousand. Both of these numbers represented the most in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://faculty.weber.edu/kmackay/statistics_on_slavery.htm |title= Statistics on Slavery |first= Kathryn L. |last= MacKay |website= Weber State University |date= May 14, 2006 |access-date= July 23, 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Morgan|1998|p=490}} The boom in [[Cotton Belt|Southern cotton production]] using [[cotton gin]]s increased the amount of labor needed for harvesting raw [[cotton]], but [[Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves|new federal laws]] prohibited the importation of slaves. Decades of [[monoculture]] tobacco farming had also [[Land degradation|degraded]] Virginia's [[agricultural productivity]].<ref name=fischer/> Virginia plantations increasingly turned to [[Slave trade in the United States|exporting slaves]], which broke up countless families and made the [[Slave breeding in the United States|breeding of slaves]], often through rape, a profitable business.{{sfn|Bryson|2011|pp=466-467}}{{sfn|Jordan|1995|pp=119–122}} Slaves in the [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] area were also forced into industrial jobs, including mining and shipbuilding.{{sfn|Davis|2006|pp=125, 208–210}} The failed slave uprisings of [[Gabriel Prosser]] in 1800, [[George Boxley]] in 1815, and [[Nat Turner]] in 1831, however, marked the growing resistance to slavery. Afraid of further uprisings, Virginia's government in the 1830s encouraged free Blacks to migrate to [[Liberia]].<ref name=fischer>{{harvnb|Fischer|Kelly|2000|pp=202–208}}</ref> | Between 1790 and 1860, the number of [[History of slavery in Virginia|slaves in Virginia]] rose from around 290 thousand to over 490 thousand, roughly one-third of the state population, and the number of slave owners rose to over 50 thousand. Both of these numbers represented the most in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://faculty.weber.edu/kmackay/statistics_on_slavery.htm |title= Statistics on Slavery |first= Kathryn L. |last= MacKay |website= Weber State University |date= May 14, 2006 |access-date= July 23, 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Morgan|1998|p=490}} The boom in [[Cotton Belt|Southern cotton production]] using [[cotton gin]]s increased the amount of labor needed for harvesting raw [[cotton]], but [[Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves|new federal laws]] prohibited the importation of slaves. Decades of [[monoculture]] tobacco farming had also [[Land degradation|degraded]] Virginia's [[agricultural productivity]].<ref name=fischer/> Virginia plantations increasingly turned to [[Slave trade in the United States|exporting slaves]], which broke up countless families and made the [[Slave breeding in the United States|breeding of slaves]], often through rape, a profitable business.{{sfn|Bryson|2011|pp=466-467}}{{sfn|Jordan|1995|pp=119–122}} Slaves in the [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] area were also forced into industrial jobs, including mining and shipbuilding.{{sfn|Davis|2006|pp=125, 208–210}} The failed slave uprisings of [[Gabriel Prosser]] in 1800, [[George Boxley]] in 1815, and [[Nat Turner]] in 1831, however, marked the growing resistance to slavery. Afraid of further uprisings, Virginia's government in the 1830s encouraged free Blacks to migrate to [[Liberia]].<ref name=fischer>{{harvnb|Fischer|Kelly|2000|pp=202–208}}</ref> | ||
On October 16, 1859, abolitionist [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] led a [[John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry|raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia]], in an attempt to start a slave revolt across the southern states. The polarized national response to his raid, capture, trial, and execution that December marked a tipping point for many who believed slavery would need to be ended by force.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2011/spring/brown.html |title= John Brown: America's First Terrorist? |magazine= Prologue Magazine |publisher= U.S. National Archives |date=Spring 2011 |volume= 43 |number= 1 |first= Paul |last= Finkelman |access-date= April 24, 2021}}</ref> | On October 16, 1859, abolitionist [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] led a [[John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry|raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia]], in an attempt to start a slave revolt across the southern states. The polarized national response to his raid, capture, trial, and execution that December marked a tipping point for many who believed slavery would need to be ended by force.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2011/spring/brown.html |title= John Brown: America's First Terrorist? |magazine= Prologue Magazine |publisher= U.S. National Archives |date=Spring 2011 |volume= 43 |number= 1 |first= Paul |last= Finkelman |access-date= April 24, 2021}}</ref> Abraham Lincoln's 1860 election further convinced many southern supporters of slavery that his opposition to its expansion would ultimately mean the end of slavery across the country. The [[Battle of Fort Sumter|seizure of Fort Sumter]] by [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] forces on April 14, 1861, prompted Lincoln to call for a [[Union Army|federal army]] of [[President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers|75,000 men from state militias]].{{sfn|Jaffa|2000|pp=230-236, 357-358}} | ||
[[File:Currier and Ives - The Fall of Richmond, Va. on the Night of April 2d. 1865 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] used [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] as their capital from May 1861 till April 1865, when they abandoned the city and set fire to [[Shockoe Slip|its downtown]].|alt=A color drawing of a city skyline in flames as a steady stream of people on horses or in horse-drawn carriages cross a long bridge over a river.]] | [[File:Currier and Ives - The Fall of Richmond, Va. on the Night of April 2d. 1865 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] used [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] as their capital from May 1861 till April 1865, when they abandoned the city and set fire to [[Shockoe Slip|its downtown]].|alt=A color drawing of a city skyline in flames as a steady stream of people on horses or in horse-drawn carriages cross a long bridge over a river.]] | ||