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'''Arkansas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑːr|k|ən|s|ɔː|audio=En-us-Arkansas3.ogg}} {{Respell|AR|kən|saw}}<ref name="Arkansas" group = "lower-alpha"/>) is a landlocked [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[West South Central region]] of the [[Southern United States]].<ref>Jones, Daniel (1997) ''English Pronouncing Dictionary'', 15th ed. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-45272-4}}.</ref><ref name="wsc">{{cite web|title=Census Regions and Divisions of the United States |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf |publisher=Geography Division, United States Census Bureau |access-date=June 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120131930/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf |archive-date=January 20, 2013 }}</ref> It borders [[Missouri]] to the north, [[Tennessee]] and [[Mississippi]] to the east, [[Louisiana]] to the south, [[Texas]] to the southwest, and [[Oklahoma]] to the west. Its name derives from the [[Osage language]], and refers to their relatives, the [[Quapaw]] people.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Lyon | first= Owen | title= The Trail of the Quapaw |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly | volume= 9 |date=Autumn 1950 | issue= 3 | pages= 206–7| doi= 10.2307/40017228 | jstor= 40017228 |issn = 0004-1823 }}</ref> The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the [[The Ozarks|Ozark]] and [[Ouachita Mountains]], which make up the [[U.S. Interior Highlands]], to the densely forested land in the south known as the [[Arkansas Timberlands]], to the eastern lowlands along the [[Mississippi River]] and the [[Arkansas Delta]].
'''Arkansas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑːr|k|ən|s|ɔː|audio=En-us-Arkansas3.ogg}} {{Respell|AR|kən|saw}}<ref name="Arkansas" group = "lower-alpha"/>) is a landlocked [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[West South Central region]] of the [[Southern United States]].<ref>Jones, Daniel (1997) ''English Pronouncing Dictionary'', 15th ed. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-45272-4}}.</ref><ref name="wsc">{{cite web|title=Census Regions and Divisions of the United States |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf |publisher=Geography Division, United States Census Bureau |access-date=June 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120131930/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf |archive-date=January 20, 2013 }}</ref> It borders [[Missouri]] to the north, [[Tennessee]] and [[Mississippi]] to the east, [[Louisiana]] to the south, [[Texas]] to the southwest, and [[Oklahoma]] to the west. Its name derives from the [[Osage language]], and refers to their relatives, the [[Quapaw]] people.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Lyon | first= Owen | title= The Trail of the Quapaw |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly | volume= 9 |date=Autumn 1950 | issue= 3 | pages= 206–7| doi= 10.2307/40017228 | jstor= 40017228 |issn = 0004-1823 }}</ref> The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the [[The Ozarks|Ozark]] and [[Ouachita Mountains]], which make up the [[U.S. Interior Highlands]], to the densely forested land in the south known as the [[Arkansas Timberlands]], to the eastern lowlands along the [[Mississippi River]] and the [[Arkansas Delta]].


Previously part of [[French Louisiana]] and the [[Louisiana Purchase]], the [[Territory of Arkansas]] was [[admitted to the Union]] as the 25th state on June 15, 1836.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Cash |first= Marie |title= Arkansas Achieves Statehood |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly |volume= 2 | date= December 1943 |issue= 4 |pages= 292–308 |doi= 10.2307/40018776 |jstor= 40018776 }}</ref> Much of the Delta had been developed for cotton plantations, and landowners there largely depended on [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved African Americans]]' labor. In 1861, Arkansas seceded from the United States and joined the [[Confederate States of America]] during the [[American Civil War]]. On returning to the Union in 1868, Arkansas continued to suffer economically, due to its overreliance on the large-scale [[plantation economy]]. Cotton remained the leading commodity crop, and the cotton market declined. Because farmers and businessmen did not diversify and there was little industrial investment, the state fell behind in economic opportunity. In the late 19th century, the state instituted various [[Jim Crow laws]] to disenfranchise and segregate the African-American population. [[White American|White]] interests dominated Arkansas's politics, with disenfranchisement of African Americans and refusal to reapportion the legislature; only after the federal legislation passed were more African Americans able to vote. During the [[civil rights movement]] of the 1950s and 1960s, Arkansas and particularly Little Rock were major battlegrounds for efforts to integrate schools. Following [[World War II]] in the 1940s, Arkansas began to diversify its economy and see prosperity. During the 1960s, the state became the base of the [[Walmart]] corporation, the [[List of largest companies by revenue|world's largest company by revenue]], headquartered in [[Bentonville, Arkansas|Bentonville]].
Previously part of [[French Louisiana]] and the [[Louisiana Purchase]], the [[Territory of Arkansas]] was [[admitted to the Union]] as the 25th state on June 15, 1836.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Cash |first= Marie |title= Arkansas Achieves Statehood |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly |volume= 2 | date= December 1943 |issue= 4 |pages= 292–308 |doi= 10.2307/40018776 |jstor= 40018776 }}</ref> Much of the Delta had been developed for cotton plantations, and landowners there largely depended on [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved African Americans]]' labor. In 1861, Arkansas seceded from the United States and joined the [[Confederate States of America]] during the American Civil War. On returning to the Union in 1868, Arkansas continued to suffer economically, due to its overreliance on the large-scale [[plantation economy]]. Cotton remained the leading commodity crop, and the cotton market declined. Because farmers and businessmen did not diversify and there was little industrial investment, the state fell behind in economic opportunity. In the late 19th century, the state instituted various [[Jim Crow laws]] to disenfranchise and segregate the African-American population. [[White American|White]] interests dominated Arkansas's politics, with disenfranchisement of African Americans and refusal to reapportion the legislature; only after the federal legislation passed were more African Americans able to vote. During the [[civil rights movement]] of the 1950s and 1960s, Arkansas and particularly Little Rock were major battlegrounds for efforts to integrate schools. Following [[World War II]] in the 1940s, Arkansas began to diversify its economy and see prosperity. During the 1960s, the state became the base of the [[Walmart]] corporation, the [[List of largest companies by revenue|world's largest company by revenue]], headquartered in [[Bentonville, Arkansas|Bentonville]].


Arkansas is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|29th largest by area]] and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|34th most populous]] state, with a population of just over three million at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="Bureau 2021" /> The [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]] and [[List of municipalities in Arkansas|most populous city]] is [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]], in the central part of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government. The northwestern corner of the state, including the [[Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area]] and [[Fort Smith metropolitan area]], is a population, education, and economic center. The largest city in the state's eastern part is [[Jonesboro, Arkansas|Jonesboro]]. The largest city in the state's southeastern part is [[Pine Bluff, Arkansas|Pine Bluff]].
Arkansas is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|29th largest by area]] and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|34th most populous]] state, with a population of just over three million at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="Bureau 2021" /> The [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]] and [[List of municipalities in Arkansas|most populous city]] is [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]], in the central part of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government. The northwestern corner of the state, including the [[Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area]] and [[Fort Smith metropolitan area]], is a population, education, and economic center. The largest city in the state's eastern part is [[Jonesboro, Arkansas|Jonesboro]]. The largest city in the state's southeastern part is [[Pine Bluff, Arkansas|Pine Bluff]].
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[[File:Cleveland County Arkansas Courthouse.jpg|right|thumb|[[Cleveland County Courthouse (Arkansas)|Cleveland County Courthouse]] in [[Rison, Arkansas|Rison]]]]
[[File:Cleveland County Arkansas Courthouse.jpg|right|thumb|[[Cleveland County Courthouse (Arkansas)|Cleveland County Courthouse]] in [[Rison, Arkansas|Rison]]]]


[[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] has been Arkansas's [[List of capitals in the United States|capital city]] since 1821 when it replaced [[Arkansas Post, Arkansas|Arkansas Post]] as the capital of the [[Territory of Arkansas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last= Smith |first= Darlene |title= Arkansas Post |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly |volume= 13 |date= Spring 1954 |issue= 1 |page= 120 |doi= 10.2307/40037965 |jstor= 40037965 }}</ref> The state capitol was moved to [[Hot Springs, Arkansas|Hot Springs]] and later [[Washington, Arkansas|Washington]] during the [[American Civil War]] when the Union armies threatened the city in 1862, and state government did not return to Little Rock until after the war ended. Today, the [[Little Rock–North Little Rock–Conway metropolitan area]] is the largest in the state, with a population of 724,385 in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title= Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas |url= https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-01.xls |date= April 1, 2010 – July 1, 2011 |publisher= United States Census Bureau |format= XLS |access-date= July 8, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120707202313/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-01.xls |archive-date= July 7, 2012 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
[[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] has been Arkansas's [[List of capitals in the United States|capital city]] since 1821 when it replaced [[Arkansas Post, Arkansas|Arkansas Post]] as the capital of the [[Territory of Arkansas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last= Smith |first= Darlene |title= Arkansas Post |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly |volume= 13 |date= Spring 1954 |issue= 1 |page= 120 |doi= 10.2307/40037965 |jstor= 40037965 }}</ref> The state capitol was moved to [[Hot Springs, Arkansas|Hot Springs]] and later [[Washington, Arkansas|Washington]] during the American Civil War when the Union armies threatened the city in 1862, and state government did not return to Little Rock until after the war ended. Today, the [[Little Rock–North Little Rock–Conway metropolitan area]] is the largest in the state, with a population of 724,385 in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title= Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas |url= https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-01.xls |date= April 1, 2010 – July 1, 2011 |publisher= United States Census Bureau |format= XLS |access-date= July 8, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120707202313/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-01.xls |archive-date= July 7, 2012 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref>


The [[Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area]] is the second-largest metropolitan area in Arkansas, growing at the fastest rate due to the influx of businesses and the growth of the [[University of Arkansas]] and [[Walmart]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings |url= https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-05.xls |date= July 1, 2010 – July 1, 2011 |publisher= United States Census Bureau |format= XLS |access-date= July 8, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120707055911/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-05.xls |archive-date= July 7, 2012 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
The [[Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area]] is the second-largest metropolitan area in Arkansas, growing at the fastest rate due to the influx of businesses and the growth of the [[University of Arkansas]] and [[Walmart]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings |url= https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-05.xls |date= July 1, 2010 – July 1, 2011 |publisher= United States Census Bureau |format= XLS |access-date= July 8, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120707055911/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-05.xls |archive-date= July 7, 2012 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
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===Industry and commerce===
===Industry and commerce===
Arkansas's earliest industries were [[fur trading]] and agriculture, with development of cotton [[plantations in the American South|plantations]] in the areas near the Mississippi River. They were dependent on slave labor through the [[American Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flagel |first=Thomas R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dH3lmpMbkgC&dq=arkansas+were+dependent+on+slave+labor+during+civil+war&pg=PA21 |title=The History Buff's Guide to the Civil War: The best, the worst, the largest, and the most lethal top ten rankings of the Civil War |date=2010-09-01 |publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc. |isbn=978-1-4022-5487-1 |language=en}}</ref>
Arkansas's earliest industries were [[fur trading]] and agriculture, with development of cotton [[plantations in the American South|plantations]] in the areas near the Mississippi River. They were dependent on slave labor through the American Civil War.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flagel |first=Thomas R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dH3lmpMbkgC&dq=arkansas+were+dependent+on+slave+labor+during+civil+war&pg=PA21 |title=The History Buff's Guide to the Civil War: The best, the worst, the largest, and the most lethal top ten rankings of the Civil War |date=2010-09-01 |publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc. |isbn=978-1-4022-5487-1 |language=en}}</ref>


Today only about three percent of the population are employed in the agricultural sector,<ref>{{cite web |title= Selected Economic Characteristics 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |publisher= United States Census Bureau |url= http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_DP03&prodType=table |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200212213253/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_DP03&prodType=table |url-status= dead |archive-date= February 12, 2020 |year= 2011 |access-date= October 4, 2012 }}</ref> it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking 13th in the nation in the value of products sold.<ref name="agcensus">{{cite web |website= Census of Agriculture |title= Arkansas State Profile |publisher= United States Department of Agriculture |url= http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/County_Profiles/Arkansas/cp99005.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/County_Profiles/Arkansas/cp99005.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |year= 2007 |access-date= October 4, 2012 }}</ref> Arkansas is the nation's largest producer of rice, [[broiler]]s, and turkeys,<ref>U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, ''Poultry—Production and Value, 2010 Summary'', data indicates Arkansas led the nation in 2008, 2009, and 2010, in both broilers and turkeys.</ref> and ranks in the top three for [[cotton]], [[pullets]], and aquaculture (catfish).<ref name="agcensus" /> Forestry remains strong in the [[Arkansas Timberlands]], and the state ranks fourth nationally and first in the South in softwood lumber production.<ref>{{cite web |first= Matthew H. |last= Pelkki |title= An Economic Assessment of Arkansas's Forest Industries: Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century |publisher= University of Arkansas-Monticello School of Forest Resources, Arkansas Forest Resources Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture |url= http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/afrc-007.2.1-20.pdf |access-date= October 4, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120928163327/http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/afrc-007.2.1-20.pdf |archive-date= September 28, 2012 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Automobile parts manufacturers have opened factories in eastern Arkansas to support auto plants in other states. [[Bauxite]] was formerly a large part of the state's economy, mined mostly around [[Saline County, Arkansas|Saline County]].<ref>{{cite web |first= William V. |last= Bush |title= History of Bauxite in Arkansas |url= http://www.geology.arkansas.gov/pdf/pamphlets/Bauxite.pdf |publisher= Arkansas Geological Survey |access-date= October 4, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082700/http://www.geology.arkansas.gov/pdf/pamphlets/Bauxite.pdf |archive-date= January 17, 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
Today only about three percent of the population are employed in the agricultural sector,<ref>{{cite web |title= Selected Economic Characteristics 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |publisher= United States Census Bureau |url= http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_DP03&prodType=table |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200212213253/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_DP03&prodType=table |url-status= dead |archive-date= February 12, 2020 |year= 2011 |access-date= October 4, 2012 }}</ref> it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking 13th in the nation in the value of products sold.<ref name="agcensus">{{cite web |website= Census of Agriculture |title= Arkansas State Profile |publisher= United States Department of Agriculture |url= http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/County_Profiles/Arkansas/cp99005.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/County_Profiles/Arkansas/cp99005.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |year= 2007 |access-date= October 4, 2012 }}</ref> Arkansas is the nation's largest producer of rice, [[broiler]]s, and turkeys,<ref>U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, ''Poultry—Production and Value, 2010 Summary'', data indicates Arkansas led the nation in 2008, 2009, and 2010, in both broilers and turkeys.</ref> and ranks in the top three for [[cotton]], [[pullets]], and aquaculture (catfish).<ref name="agcensus" /> Forestry remains strong in the [[Arkansas Timberlands]], and the state ranks fourth nationally and first in the South in softwood lumber production.<ref>{{cite web |first= Matthew H. |last= Pelkki |title= An Economic Assessment of Arkansas's Forest Industries: Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century |publisher= University of Arkansas-Monticello School of Forest Resources, Arkansas Forest Resources Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture |url= http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/afrc-007.2.1-20.pdf |access-date= October 4, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120928163327/http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/afrc-007.2.1-20.pdf |archive-date= September 28, 2012 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Automobile parts manufacturers have opened factories in eastern Arkansas to support auto plants in other states. [[Bauxite]] was formerly a large part of the state's economy, mined mostly around [[Saline County, Arkansas|Saline County]].<ref>{{cite web |first= William V. |last= Bush |title= History of Bauxite in Arkansas |url= http://www.geology.arkansas.gov/pdf/pamphlets/Bauxite.pdf |publisher= Arkansas Geological Survey |access-date= October 4, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082700/http://www.geology.arkansas.gov/pdf/pamphlets/Bauxite.pdf |archive-date= January 17, 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
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