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Kentucky: Difference between revisions
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Kentucky was a heavily divided slave state during the American Civil War. Though the state had dueling Union and Confederate state governments, Kentucky was never an official component of the Confederacy. [[Kentucky in the American Civil War|Kentucky was one of]] the Southern [[Border states (American Civil War)|border states]] during the war, and it remained neutral within the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Border States in the Civil War | date=February 15, 2002 | publisher=CivilWarHome.com | url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/borderstates.htm | access-date=November 29, 2006 | archive-date=December 8, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208033207/http://www.civilwarhome.com/borderstates.htm }}</ref> Despite this, representatives from 68 of 110 counties met at [[Russellville, Kentucky|Russellville]] calling themselves the "Convention of the People of Kentucky" and passed an [[Ordinance of Secession]] on November 20, 1861.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ordinances of Secession | publisher=Historical Text Archive | url=http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=170 | access-date=November 29, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123052735/http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=170 | archive-date=November 23, 2010 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> They established a [[Confederate government of Kentucky]] with its capital in [[Bowling Green, Kentucky|Bowling Green]], and Kentucky was officially admitted into the Confederacy on December 10, 1861, as the 13th Confederate state with full recognition in Richmond.<ref>{{cite web | title=Civil War Sites – Bowling Green, KY | publisher=WMTH Corporation | url=http://www.trailsrus.com/monuments/reg3/bowling_green.html | access-date=November 29, 2006 | archive-date=October 9, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009101515/http://www.trailsrus.com/monuments/reg3/bowling_green.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The Confederate shadow government was never popularly elected statewide, though 116 delegates were sent representing 68 Kentucky counties which at the time made up a little over half the territory of the Commonwealth to the Russellville Convention in 1861, and were occupied and governed by the Confederacy at some point in the duration of the war, and Kentucky had full representation within the Confederate Government. Although Confederate forces briefly controlled Frankfort, they were expelled by Union forces before a Confederate government could be installed in the state capital. After the expulsion of Confederate forces after the Battle of Perryville, this government operated in-exile. Though it existed throughout the war, Kentucky's provisional government only had governing authority in areas of Kentucky under direct Confederate control and had very little effect on the events in the Commonwealth or in the war once they were driven out of the state. | Kentucky was a heavily divided slave state during the American Civil War. Though the state had dueling Union and Confederate state governments, Kentucky was never an official component of the Confederacy. [[Kentucky in the American Civil War|Kentucky was one of]] the Southern [[Border states (American Civil War)|border states]] during the war, and it remained neutral within the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Border States in the Civil War | date=February 15, 2002 | publisher=CivilWarHome.com | url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/borderstates.htm | access-date=November 29, 2006 | archive-date=December 8, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208033207/http://www.civilwarhome.com/borderstates.htm }}</ref> Despite this, representatives from 68 of 110 counties met at [[Russellville, Kentucky|Russellville]] calling themselves the "Convention of the People of Kentucky" and passed an [[Ordinance of Secession]] on November 20, 1861.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ordinances of Secession | publisher=Historical Text Archive | url=http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=170 | access-date=November 29, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123052735/http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=170 | archive-date=November 23, 2010 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> They established a [[Confederate government of Kentucky]] with its capital in [[Bowling Green, Kentucky|Bowling Green]], and Kentucky was officially admitted into the Confederacy on December 10, 1861, as the 13th Confederate state with full recognition in Richmond.<ref>{{cite web | title=Civil War Sites – Bowling Green, KY | publisher=WMTH Corporation | url=http://www.trailsrus.com/monuments/reg3/bowling_green.html | access-date=November 29, 2006 | archive-date=October 9, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009101515/http://www.trailsrus.com/monuments/reg3/bowling_green.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The Confederate shadow government was never popularly elected statewide, though 116 delegates were sent representing 68 Kentucky counties which at the time made up a little over half the territory of the Commonwealth to the Russellville Convention in 1861, and were occupied and governed by the Confederacy at some point in the duration of the war, and Kentucky had full representation within the Confederate Government. Although Confederate forces briefly controlled Frankfort, they were expelled by Union forces before a Confederate government could be installed in the state capital. After the expulsion of Confederate forces after the Battle of Perryville, this government operated in-exile. Though it existed throughout the war, Kentucky's provisional government only had governing authority in areas of Kentucky under direct Confederate control and had very little effect on the events in the Commonwealth or in the war once they were driven out of the state. | ||
Kentucky remained officially "neutral" throughout the war{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} due to the [[Southern Unionists]] sympathies of a majority of the Commonwealth's citizens who were split between the struggle of Kentucky's sister Southern States fully in the [[Confederate States of America]] and a continued loyalty to the Unionist cause that was prevalent in other areas of the South such as in East Tennessee, West Virginia, Western North Carolina, and others. Despite this, some 21st-century Kentuckians observe [[Confederate Memorial Day]] on [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] leader [[Jefferson Davis]]' birthday, June 3, and participate in Confederate battle re-enactments.<ref>{{cite web | title=KRS 2.110 Public Holidays | publisher=[[Kentucky General Assembly]] | url=http://www.lrc.ky.gov/KRS/002-00/110.PDF | access-date=November 29, 2006 | archive-date=September 27, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927011246/http://www.lrc.ky.gov/KRS/002-00/110.PDF | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Tony Hiss, ''Confederates in the Attic''</ref> Both Davis and U.S. president | Kentucky remained officially "neutral" throughout the war{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} due to the [[Southern Unionists]] sympathies of a majority of the Commonwealth's citizens who were split between the struggle of Kentucky's sister Southern States fully in the [[Confederate States of America]] and a continued loyalty to the Unionist cause that was prevalent in other areas of the South such as in East Tennessee, West Virginia, Western North Carolina, and others. Despite this, some 21st-century Kentuckians observe [[Confederate Memorial Day]] on [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] leader [[Jefferson Davis]]' birthday, June 3, and participate in Confederate battle re-enactments.<ref>{{cite web | title=KRS 2.110 Public Holidays | publisher=[[Kentucky General Assembly]] | url=http://www.lrc.ky.gov/KRS/002-00/110.PDF | access-date=November 29, 2006 | archive-date=September 27, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927011246/http://www.lrc.ky.gov/KRS/002-00/110.PDF | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Tony Hiss, ''Confederates in the Attic''</ref> Both Davis and U.S. president Abraham Lincoln were born in Kentucky. [[John C. Breckinridge]], the 14th and youngest-ever Vice President was born in Lexington, Kentucky at Cabell's Dale Farm. Breckenridge was expelled from the U. S. Senate for his support of the Confederacy. | ||
Henry W. Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution, coined the term ''New South'' in 1874, urging transformation from an agrarian economy to a modern industrial one. | Henry W. Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution, coined the term ''New South'' in 1874, urging transformation from an agrarian economy to a modern industrial one. | ||
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Kentucky adopted the [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] system of [[racial segregation]] in most public spheres after the Civil War. Louisville's 1914 ordinance for residential racial segregation was [[Buchanan v. Warley|struck down by the Supreme Court in 1917]]. However, in 1908 Kentucky enacted the [[Day Law]], "An Act to Prohibit White and Colored Persons from Attending the Same School", which Berea College [[Berea College v. Kentucky|unsuccessfully challenged at the US Supreme Court in 1908]]. In 1948, [[Lyman T. Johnson]] filed suit for admission to the [[University of Kentucky]]; as a result, nearly thirty African American students entered UK graduate and professional programs in the summer of 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explorekyhistory.ky.gov/items/show/145|title=Desegregation of UK – ExploreKYHistory|website=ExploreKYHistory|access-date=July 9, 2017|archive-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830195253/http://explorekyhistory.ky.gov/items/show/145|url-status=live}}</ref> Kentucky integrated its schools after the 1954 ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' verdict, later adopting the first state civil rights act in the South in 1966.<ref>{{cite web | Kentucky adopted the [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] system of [[racial segregation]] in most public spheres after the Civil War. Louisville's 1914 ordinance for residential racial segregation was [[Buchanan v. Warley|struck down by the Supreme Court in 1917]]. However, in 1908 Kentucky enacted the [[Day Law]], "An Act to Prohibit White and Colored Persons from Attending the Same School", which Berea College [[Berea College v. Kentucky|unsuccessfully challenged at the US Supreme Court in 1908]]. In 1948, [[Lyman T. Johnson]] filed suit for admission to the [[University of Kentucky]]; as a result, nearly thirty African American students entered UK graduate and professional programs in the summer of 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explorekyhistory.ky.gov/items/show/145|title=Desegregation of UK – ExploreKYHistory|website=ExploreKYHistory|access-date=July 9, 2017|archive-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830195253/http://explorekyhistory.ky.gov/items/show/145|url-status=live}}</ref> Kentucky integrated its schools after the 1954 ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' verdict, later adopting the first state civil rights act in the South in 1966.<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=Kentucky OK's Rights Bill; 1st in South | |title=Kentucky OK's Rights Bill; 1st in South | ||
|quote=Kentucky yesterday became the first state south of the [[Mason-Dixon line]] to adopt a civil rights measure. With only one dissenting vote, the state Senate approval a bill outlawing racial discrimination in public accommodations and employment that is stronger than the federal act of 1964. It sailed through the House 76 to 12 last week. A milder bill had failed to get out of committee in 1964{{spaces}}... Governor [[Edward T. Breathitt]] said he would sign the measure tomorrow at the base of | |quote=Kentucky yesterday became the first state south of the [[Mason-Dixon line]] to adopt a civil rights measure. With only one dissenting vote, the state Senate approval a bill outlawing racial discrimination in public accommodations and employment that is stronger than the federal act of 1964. It sailed through the House 76 to 12 last week. A milder bill had failed to get out of committee in 1964{{spaces}}... Governor [[Edward T. Breathitt]] said he would sign the measure tomorrow at the base of Abraham Lincoln's status in the capitol rotunda. | ||
|date=January 26, 1966 | |date=January 26, 1966 | ||
|author=Chicago Tribune | |author=Chicago Tribune | ||
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[[Old Louisville]], the largest [[historic preservation]] district in the United States featuring [[Victorian architecture]] and the third largest overall,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.com/travel/content/travel/southeast/ky_stories/0305/09lvgetaway.html |title=Stately Mansions Grace Old Louisville |publisher=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |access-date=December 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422111720/http://www.ajc.com/travel/content/travel/southeast/ky_stories/0305/09lvgetaway.html |archive-date=April 22, 2006 }}</ref> hosts the [[St. James Court Art Show]], the largest outdoor art show in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stjamescourtartshow.com/ |title=St. James Court Art Show Home Page |access-date=December 25, 2006 |archive-date=January 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112212356/http://www.stjamescourtartshow.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The neighborhood was also home to the [[Southern Exposition]] (1883–1887), which featured the first public display of [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[light bulb]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chfs.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/6AD56B4B-7551-4E34-AE5B-E067472C503E/0/October_2004.pdf |title=The Heart Line |publisher=Kentucky Commission on Community Volunteerism and Service |access-date=December 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926112913/https://chfs.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/6AD56B4B-7551-4E34-AE5B-E067472C503E/0/October_2004.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2006 }}</ref> and was the setting of [[Alice Hegan Rice]]'s novel, ''[[Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldlouisville.com/literature/ |title=Old Louisville and Literature |access-date=December 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061224022716/http://www.oldlouisville.com/Literature/ |archive-date=December 24, 2006 }}</ref> | [[Old Louisville]], the largest [[historic preservation]] district in the United States featuring [[Victorian architecture]] and the third largest overall,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.com/travel/content/travel/southeast/ky_stories/0305/09lvgetaway.html |title=Stately Mansions Grace Old Louisville |publisher=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |access-date=December 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422111720/http://www.ajc.com/travel/content/travel/southeast/ky_stories/0305/09lvgetaway.html |archive-date=April 22, 2006 }}</ref> hosts the [[St. James Court Art Show]], the largest outdoor art show in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stjamescourtartshow.com/ |title=St. James Court Art Show Home Page |access-date=December 25, 2006 |archive-date=January 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112212356/http://www.stjamescourtartshow.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The neighborhood was also home to the [[Southern Exposition]] (1883–1887), which featured the first public display of [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[light bulb]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chfs.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/6AD56B4B-7551-4E34-AE5B-E067472C503E/0/October_2004.pdf |title=The Heart Line |publisher=Kentucky Commission on Community Volunteerism and Service |access-date=December 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926112913/https://chfs.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/6AD56B4B-7551-4E34-AE5B-E067472C503E/0/October_2004.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2006 }}</ref> and was the setting of [[Alice Hegan Rice]]'s novel, ''[[Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldlouisville.com/literature/ |title=Old Louisville and Literature |access-date=December 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061224022716/http://www.oldlouisville.com/Literature/ |archive-date=December 24, 2006 }}</ref> | ||
[[Fairview, Kentucky|Fairview]] was the birthplace of [[Jefferson Davis]], who would become President of the [[Confederate States of America]]; the town had the Jefferson Davis Memorial, a 351-foot concrete obelisk, built in 1917. [[Hodgenville, Kentucky|Hodgenville]], the birthplace of | [[Fairview, Kentucky|Fairview]] was the birthplace of [[Jefferson Davis]], who would become President of the [[Confederate States of America]]; the town had the Jefferson Davis Memorial, a 351-foot concrete obelisk, built in 1917. [[Hodgenville, Kentucky|Hodgenville]], the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln, hosts the annual Lincoln Days Celebration, and also hosted the kick-off for the National Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Celebration in February 2008. [[Bardstown, Kentucky|Bardstown]] celebrates its heritage as a major bourbon-producing region with the [[Kentucky Bourbon Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kybourbonfestival.com/ |title=Kentucky Bourbon Festival Home Page |access-date=December 25, 2006 |archive-date=December 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228073210/http://www.kybourbonfestival.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Glasgow, Kentucky|Glasgow]] mimics [[Glasgow]], Scotland by hosting the [[Glasgow Highland Games]], its own version of the [[Highland Games]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgowhighlandgames.com/ |title=Glasgow, Kentucky Highland Games Home Page |access-date=December 25, 2006 |archive-date=December 24, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061224082919/http://www.glasgowhighlandgames.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Sturgis, Kentucky|Sturgis]] hosts "Little Sturgis", a mini version of [[Sturgis, South Dakota]]'s annual [[Sturgis Motorcycle Rally]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littlesturgisrally.net/ |title=Little Sturgis Rally Home Page |access-date=December 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061223053331/http://littlesturgisrally.net/ |archive-date=December 23, 2006 }}</ref> | ||
The state is famous for quilts. The [[National Quilt Museum]] is in Paducah. It hosts QuiltWeek, an annual competition and celebration of that attracts artists and hobbyists from the world of quilting.<ref>Linda Elisabeth LaPinta, ''Kentucky Quilts and Quiltmakers: Three Centuries of Creativity, Community, and Commerce'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2023) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=60243 online review of this book].</ref> | The state is famous for quilts. The [[National Quilt Museum]] is in Paducah. It hosts QuiltWeek, an annual competition and celebration of that attracts artists and hobbyists from the world of quilting.<ref>Linda Elisabeth LaPinta, ''Kentucky Quilts and Quiltmakers: Three Centuries of Creativity, Community, and Commerce'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2023) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=60243 online review of this book].</ref> | ||