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At the onset of the [[American Civil War]], most Middle and West Tennesseans favored efforts to preserve their slavery-based economies, but many Middle Tennesseans were initially skeptical of secession. In East Tennessee, most people favored remaining in the Union.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3-8}} In 1860, slaves composed about 25% of Tennessee's population, the lowest share among the states that joined the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]].{{sfn|Lamon|1980|p=116}} Tennessee provided more Union troops than any other Confederate state, and the second-highest number of Confederate troops, behind Virginia.<ref name="guide"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bates |first1=Walter Lynn |date=Winter 1991 |title=Southern Unionists: A Socio-Economic Examination of the Third East Tennessee Volunteer Infantry Regiment, U.S.A., 1862–1865 |jstor=42626970 |journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly |publisher=Tennessee Historical Society |location=Nashville |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=226–239 |doi=}}</ref> Due to its central location, Tennessee was a crucial state during the war and saw more military engagements than any state except Virginia.<ref>{{cite web |title=CWSAC Report |url=http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/cwsac/cws0-1.html |website=Civil War Sites Advisory Commission |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=February 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001021/https://www.nps.gov/abpp/cwsac/cws0-1.html |archive-date=December 19, 2018 |date=December 8, 1997 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
At the onset of the [[American Civil War]], most Middle and West Tennesseans favored efforts to preserve their slavery-based economies, but many Middle Tennesseans were initially skeptical of secession. In East Tennessee, most people favored remaining in the Union.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3-8}} In 1860, slaves composed about 25% of Tennessee's population, the lowest share among the states that joined the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]].{{sfn|Lamon|1980|p=116}} Tennessee provided more Union troops than any other Confederate state, and the second-highest number of Confederate troops, behind Virginia.<ref name="guide"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bates |first1=Walter Lynn |date=Winter 1991 |title=Southern Unionists: A Socio-Economic Examination of the Third East Tennessee Volunteer Infantry Regiment, U.S.A., 1862–1865 |jstor=42626970 |journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly |publisher=Tennessee Historical Society |location=Nashville |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=226–239 |doi=}}</ref> Due to its central location, Tennessee was a crucial state during the war and saw more military engagements than any state except Virginia.<ref>{{cite web |title=CWSAC Report |url=http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/cwsac/cws0-1.html |website=Civil War Sites Advisory Commission |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=February 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001021/https://www.nps.gov/abpp/cwsac/cws0-1.html |archive-date=December 19, 2018 |date=December 8, 1997 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


After [[Abraham Lincoln]] was elected president in [[1860 United States presidential election|1860]], secessionists in the state government led by Governor [[Isham Harris]] [[Ordinance of Secession|sought voter approval]] to sever ties with the United States, which was rejected in a referendum by a 54–46% margin in February 1861.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3–4, 291}} After the Confederate [[Battle of Fort Sumter|attack on Fort Sumter]] in April and Lincoln's call for troops in response, the legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederacy on May 7, 1861.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3–4}} On June 8, with Middle Tennesseans having significantly changed their position, voters approved a second referendum on secession by a 69–31% margin, becoming the last state to secede.{{sfn|Corlew|Folmsbee|Mitchell|1981|p=294}} In response, East Tennessee Unionists organized [[East Tennessee Convention|a convention in Knoxville]] with the goal of splitting the region to form a new state loyal to the Union.<ref>{{cite book|last=Temple|first=Oliver Perry|date=1899|title=East Tennessee and the Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/easttennesseean00tempgoog|location=Cincinnati|publisher=[[Robert Clarke & Company]]|pages=340–365|isbn=1166069060|author-link=Oliver Perry Temple|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In the fall of 1861, Unionist guerrillas in East Tennessee [[East Tennessee bridge burnings|burned bridges]] and attacked Confederate sympathizers, leading the Confederacy to invoke [[martial law]] in parts of the region. Because of this, many southern unionists were sent fleeing to nearby Union states, particularly the [[Border states (American Civil War)|border state]] of [[Kentucky]]. Other southern unionists, who stayed in Tennessee after the state's secession, either resisted the Confederate cause or eventually joined it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Madden |first1=David |title=Unionist Resistance to Confederate Occupation: The Bridge Burners of East Tennessee |journal=East Tennessee Historical Society Publications |date=1980 |volume=52 |pages=42–53}}</ref> In March 1862, Lincoln appointed native Tennessean and [[War Democrat]] [[Andrew Johnson]] as military governor of the state.{{sfn|Langsdon|2000|p=131}}
After Abraham Lincoln was elected president in [[1860 United States presidential election|1860]], secessionists in the state government led by Governor [[Isham Harris]] [[Ordinance of Secession|sought voter approval]] to sever ties with the United States, which was rejected in a referendum by a 54–46% margin in February 1861.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3–4, 291}} After the Confederate [[Battle of Fort Sumter|attack on Fort Sumter]] in April and Lincoln's call for troops in response, the legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederacy on May 7, 1861.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3–4}} On June 8, with Middle Tennesseans having significantly changed their position, voters approved a second referendum on secession by a 69–31% margin, becoming the last state to secede.{{sfn|Corlew|Folmsbee|Mitchell|1981|p=294}} In response, East Tennessee Unionists organized [[East Tennessee Convention|a convention in Knoxville]] with the goal of splitting the region to form a new state loyal to the Union.<ref>{{cite book|last=Temple|first=Oliver Perry|date=1899|title=East Tennessee and the Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/easttennesseean00tempgoog|location=Cincinnati|publisher=[[Robert Clarke & Company]]|pages=340–365|isbn=1166069060|author-link=Oliver Perry Temple|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In the fall of 1861, Unionist guerrillas in East Tennessee [[East Tennessee bridge burnings|burned bridges]] and attacked Confederate sympathizers, leading the Confederacy to invoke [[martial law]] in parts of the region. Because of this, many southern unionists were sent fleeing to nearby Union states, particularly the [[Border states (American Civil War)|border state]] of [[Kentucky]]. Other southern unionists, who stayed in Tennessee after the state's secession, either resisted the Confederate cause or eventually joined it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Madden |first1=David |title=Unionist Resistance to Confederate Occupation: The Bridge Burners of East Tennessee |journal=East Tennessee Historical Society Publications |date=1980 |volume=52 |pages=42–53}}</ref> In March 1862, Lincoln appointed native Tennessean and [[War Democrat]] [[Andrew Johnson]] as military governor of the state.{{sfn|Langsdon|2000|p=131}}


[[File:Kurz and Allison - Battle of Franklin, November 30, 1864.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Chromolithograph of the Battle of Franklin, which occurred on November 30, 1864|The [[Battle of Franklin (1864)|Battle of Franklin]], November 30, 1864]]
[[File:Kurz and Allison - Battle of Franklin, November 30, 1864.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Chromolithograph of the Battle of Franklin, which occurred on November 30, 1864|The [[Battle of Franklin (1864)|Battle of Franklin]], November 30, 1864]]
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