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'''South Carolina''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-South Carolina.ogg|ˌ|k|ær|ə|ˈ|l|aɪ|n|ə}} {{respell|KARR|ə|LY|nə}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Southeastern United States|Southeastern]] region of the [[United States]]. It borders [[North Carolina]] to the north and northeast, the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the southeast, and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] to the southwest and south across the [[Savannah River]]. Along with North Carolina, it makes up the [[Carolinas]] region of the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]]. South Carolina is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|40th-largest]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|23rd-most populous U.S. state]] with a recorded population of 5,118,425 according to the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="2020CensusQuickFacts"/> In {{As of|2019|bare=yes}}, its GDP was $213.45&nbsp;billion. South Carolina is composed of [[List of counties in South Carolina|46 counties]]. The capital is [[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]] with a population of 136,632 in 2020;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/columbiacitysouthcarolina |title=QuickFacts: Columbia city, South Carolina |access-date=March 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611105511/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/columbiacitysouthcarolina/PST045218 |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> while its [[List of municipalities in South Carolina|most populous city]] is [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] with a 2020 population of 150,227.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/charlestoncitysouthcarolina |title=QuickFacts: Charleston city, South Carolina |access-date=March 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042617/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/charlestoncitysouthcarolina/PST045218 |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Upstate South Carolina|Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC Combined Statistical Area]] is the most populous [[Combined statistical area|combined metropolitan area]] in the state, with an estimated 2023 population of 1,590,636.<ref name="PopEstCBSA"/>
'''South Carolina''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-South Carolina.ogg|ˌ|k|ær|ə|ˈ|l|aɪ|n|ə}} {{respell|KARR|ə|LY|nə}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Southeastern United States|Southeastern]] region of the [[United States]]. It borders [[North Carolina]] to the north and northeast, the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the southeast, and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] to the southwest and south across the [[Savannah River]]. Along with North Carolina, it makes up the [[Carolinas]] region of the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]]. South Carolina is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|40th-largest]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|23rd-most populous U.S. state]] with a recorded population of 5,118,425 according to the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="2020CensusQuickFacts"/> In {{As of|2019|bare=yes}}, its GDP was $213.45&nbsp;billion. South Carolina is composed of [[List of counties in South Carolina|46 counties]]. The capital is [[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]] with a population of 136,632 in 2020;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/columbiacitysouthcarolina |title=QuickFacts: Columbia city, South Carolina |access-date=March 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611105511/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/columbiacitysouthcarolina/PST045218 |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> while its [[List of municipalities in South Carolina|most populous city]] is [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] with a 2020 population of 150,227.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/charlestoncitysouthcarolina |title=QuickFacts: Charleston city, South Carolina |access-date=March 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042617/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/charlestoncitysouthcarolina/PST045218 |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Upstate South Carolina|Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC Combined Statistical Area]] is the most populous [[Combined statistical area|combined metropolitan area]] in the state, with an estimated 2023 population of 1,590,636.<ref name="PopEstCBSA"/>


South Carolina derives its name from King [[Charles I of England]], who was instrumental in establishing the English colony, with ''Carolus'' being the Latin equivalent of "Charles".<ref>{{cite book|last=N. C. Board of Agriculture|title=A sketch of North Carolina|url=https://archive.org/details/sketchofnorthcar00nort|date=1902|publisher=Lucas-Richardson Co|location=Charleston|page=[https://archive.org/details/sketchofnorthcar00nort/page/4 4]|ol=6918901M}}</ref> The [[Province of South Carolina]] was officially created in 1712. As one of the original [[Thirteen Colonies]], it transitioned to a [[Crown colony|royal colony]] in 1719. Throughout the [[American Revolutionary War]], South Carolina witnessed significant military engagement, hosting over 200 battles and skirmishes.<ref>[https://discoversouthcarolina.com/revolutionary-war Revolutionary War in South Carolina]. ''Discover South Carolina''. Retrieved July 15, 2022.</ref> On May 23, 1788, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]]. As a [[slave states and free states|slave state]], it was the first to vote for secession from the Union on December 20, 1860. Following the [[American Civil War]], South Carolina was readmitted to the Union on July 9, 1868.
South Carolina derives its name from King [[Charles I of England]], who was instrumental in establishing the English colony, with ''Carolus'' being the Latin equivalent of "Charles".<ref>{{cite book|last=N. C. Board of Agriculture|title=A sketch of North Carolina|url=https://archive.org/details/sketchofnorthcar00nort|date=1902|publisher=Lucas-Richardson Co|location=Charleston|page=[https://archive.org/details/sketchofnorthcar00nort/page/4 4]|ol=6918901M}}</ref> The [[Province of South Carolina]] was officially created in 1712. As one of the original [[Thirteen Colonies]], it transitioned to a [[Crown colony|royal colony]] in 1719. Throughout the [[American Revolutionary War]], South Carolina witnessed significant military engagement, hosting over 200 battles and skirmishes.<ref>[https://discoversouthcarolina.com/revolutionary-war Revolutionary War in South Carolina]. ''Discover South Carolina''. Retrieved July 15, 2022.</ref> On May 23, 1788, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]]. As a [[slave states and free states|slave state]], it was the first to vote for secession from the Union on December 20, 1860. Following the American Civil War, South Carolina was readmitted to the Union on July 9, 1868.


In the early to mid-20th century, South Carolina experienced significant economic development with the establishment of numerous [[textile manufacturing|textile mills]] and [[mill town|factories]] throughout the state. The [[civil rights movement]] during the mid-20th century played a crucial role in dismantling segregation and discriminatory laws in the state. Following [[World War II]], South Carolina's [[economic diversity|economic diversification]] accelerated, leading to a broader range of industries. By the early 21st century, the state's [[Economy of South Carolina|economy]] had evolved to include sectors such as [[aerospace]], [[agribusiness]], [[automotive industry|automotive manufacturing]], and tourism.<ref>[https://greerdevelopment.com/2019-top-industries-in-south-carolina/ 2019 Top Industries in South Carolina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615023631/https://greerdevelopment.com/2019-top-industries-in-south-carolina/ |date=June 15, 2021 }}. ''greerdevelopment.com''. Retrieved June 14, 2021.</ref>
In the early to mid-20th century, South Carolina experienced significant economic development with the establishment of numerous [[textile manufacturing|textile mills]] and [[mill town|factories]] throughout the state. The [[civil rights movement]] during the mid-20th century played a crucial role in dismantling segregation and discriminatory laws in the state. Following [[World War II]], South Carolina's [[economic diversity|economic diversification]] accelerated, leading to a broader range of industries. By the early 21st century, the state's [[Economy of South Carolina|economy]] had evolved to include sectors such as [[aerospace]], [[agribusiness]], [[automotive industry|automotive manufacturing]], and tourism.<ref>[https://greerdevelopment.com/2019-top-industries-in-south-carolina/ 2019 Top Industries in South Carolina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615023631/https://greerdevelopment.com/2019-top-industries-in-south-carolina/ |date=June 15, 2021 }}. ''greerdevelopment.com''. Retrieved June 14, 2021.</ref>
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{{Main|Ordinance of Secession|Confederate States of America|South Carolina in the American Civil War}}
{{Main|Ordinance of Secession|Confederate States of America|South Carolina in the American Civil War}}
[[File:Broad Street Charleston South Carolina 1865.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] in ruins, 1865]]
[[File:Broad Street Charleston South Carolina 1865.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] in ruins, 1865]]
On April 12, 1861, Confederate batteries began shelling the Union [[Fort Sumter]] in Charleston Harbor, and the [[American Civil War]] began. In November of that year, the Union attacked [[Port Royal Sound]] and soon occupied [[Beaufort County, South Carolina|Beaufort County]] and the neighboring [[Sea Islands]]. For the rest of the war, this area served as a Union base and staging point for other operations. Whites abandoned their plantations,<ref name="palm-hist"/> leaving behind about ten thousand enslaved people. Several Northern charities partnered with the federal government to help these people run the cotton farms themselves under the [[Port Royal Experiment]]. Workers were paid by the pound harvested and thus became the first enslaved people freed by the Union forces to earn wages.<ref name="vcu">{{cite web|title=The Port Royal Experiment (1862–1865)|url=http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/port-royal-experiment/|website=Virginia Commonwealth University|access-date=February 15, 2017|date=February 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215124037/http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/port-royal-experiment/|archive-date=February 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
On April 12, 1861, Confederate batteries began shelling the Union [[Fort Sumter]] in Charleston Harbor, and the American Civil War began. In November of that year, the Union attacked [[Port Royal Sound]] and soon occupied [[Beaufort County, South Carolina|Beaufort County]] and the neighboring [[Sea Islands]]. For the rest of the war, this area served as a Union base and staging point for other operations. Whites abandoned their plantations,<ref name="palm-hist"/> leaving behind about ten thousand enslaved people. Several Northern charities partnered with the federal government to help these people run the cotton farms themselves under the [[Port Royal Experiment]]. Workers were paid by the pound harvested and thus became the first enslaved people freed by the Union forces to earn wages.<ref name="vcu">{{cite web|title=The Port Royal Experiment (1862–1865)|url=http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/port-royal-experiment/|website=Virginia Commonwealth University|access-date=February 15, 2017|date=February 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215124037/http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/port-royal-experiment/|archive-date=February 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>


Although the state was not a major battleground, the war ruined the state's economy. More than 60,000 soldiers from South Carolina served in the war,<ref name="palm-hist">{{cite web|title=Civil War in South Carolina|url=http://www.sc150civilwar.palmettohistory.org/edu/cw-sc.htm|website=Palmetto History|access-date=February 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525205833/http://www.sc150civilwar.palmettohistory.org/edu/cw-sc.htm|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> with the state losing an estimated 18,000 troops.<ref>{{cite book|first=Walter B.|last=Edgar|title=South Carolina: A History|location=Columbia, South Carolina|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|year=1998|page=375}}</ref> Though no regiments of [[Southern Unionists]] were formed in South Carolina due to a smaller unionist presence, the [[Upstate South Carolina|Upstate]] region of the state would be a haven for Confederate Army deserters and resisters, as they used the Upstate topography and traditional community relations to resist service in the Confederate ranks.<ref>Carey, Liz. (July 5, 2014). [https://archive.independentmail.com/news/local/the-dark-corner-of-south-carolina-ep-413292035-345851752.html/ The dark corner of South Carolina]. ''Independent Mail''. Retrieved November 1, 2023.</ref> At the end of the war in early 1865, the troops of General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] marched across the state devastating plantations and most of Columbia. South Carolina would be readmitted to the Union on July 9, 1868.
Although the state was not a major battleground, the war ruined the state's economy. More than 60,000 soldiers from South Carolina served in the war,<ref name="palm-hist">{{cite web|title=Civil War in South Carolina|url=http://www.sc150civilwar.palmettohistory.org/edu/cw-sc.htm|website=Palmetto History|access-date=February 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525205833/http://www.sc150civilwar.palmettohistory.org/edu/cw-sc.htm|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> with the state losing an estimated 18,000 troops.<ref>{{cite book|first=Walter B.|last=Edgar|title=South Carolina: A History|location=Columbia, South Carolina|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|year=1998|page=375}}</ref> Though no regiments of [[Southern Unionists]] were formed in South Carolina due to a smaller unionist presence, the [[Upstate South Carolina|Upstate]] region of the state would be a haven for Confederate Army deserters and resisters, as they used the Upstate topography and traditional community relations to resist service in the Confederate ranks.<ref>Carey, Liz. (July 5, 2014). [https://archive.independentmail.com/news/local/the-dark-corner-of-south-carolina-ep-413292035-345851752.html/ The dark corner of South Carolina]. ''Independent Mail''. Retrieved November 1, 2023.</ref> At the end of the war in early 1865, the troops of General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] marched across the state devastating plantations and most of Columbia. South Carolina would be readmitted to the Union on July 9, 1868.
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===Federal lands in South Carolina===
===Federal lands in South Carolina===
{{Main|List of federal lands in South Carolina}}
{{Main|List of federal lands in South Carolina}}
[[File:Fort-sumter-from-battery-sc1.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Fort Sumter National Monument]], site of the first battle of the [[American Civil War]], in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]]]]
[[File:Fort-sumter-from-battery-sc1.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Fort Sumter National Monument]], site of the first battle of the American Civil War, in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]]]]
* [[Charles Pinckney National Historic Site]] at [[Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina|Mt. Pleasant]]
* [[Charles Pinckney National Historic Site]] at [[Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina|Mt. Pleasant]]
* [[Congaree National Park]] in [[Hopkins, South Carolina|Hopkins]]
* [[Congaree National Park]] in [[Hopkins, South Carolina|Hopkins]]
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* [[Erskine College]] is a private, coeducational liberal arts college in [[Due West, South Carolina]]. The college was founded in 1839 and is affiliated with the [[Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church]], which maintains a theological seminary on the campus.
* [[Erskine College]] is a private, coeducational liberal arts college in [[Due West, South Carolina]]. The college was founded in 1839 and is affiliated with the [[Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church]], which maintains a theological seminary on the campus.
* [[The Citadel|The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina]] is a state-supported, comprehensive college in Charleston. Founded in 1842, it is best known for its undergraduate Corps of Cadets military program for men and women, which combines academics, physical challenges and military discipline. In addition to the cadet program, the Citadel Graduate College offers evening certificate, undergraduate and graduate programs to civilians. The Citadel has 2,200 undergraduate cadets in its residential military program and 1,200 civilian students in the evening programs.
* [[The Citadel|The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina]] is a state-supported, comprehensive college in Charleston. Founded in 1842, it is best known for its undergraduate Corps of Cadets military program for men and women, which combines academics, physical challenges and military discipline. In addition to the cadet program, the Citadel Graduate College offers evening certificate, undergraduate and graduate programs to civilians. The Citadel has 2,200 undergraduate cadets in its residential military program and 1,200 civilian students in the evening programs.
* [[Wofford College]] is a small liberal arts college in [[Spartanburg, South Carolina|Spartanburg]]. Wofford was founded in 1854 with a bequest of $100,000 from the Rev. Benjamin Wofford (1780–1850), a Methodist minister and Spartanburg native who sought to create a college for "literary, classical, and scientific education in my native district of Spartanburg". It is one of the few four-year institutions in the southeastern United States founded before the [[American Civil War]] that operates on its original campus.
* [[Wofford College]] is a small liberal arts college in [[Spartanburg, South Carolina|Spartanburg]]. Wofford was founded in 1854 with a bequest of $100,000 from the Rev. Benjamin Wofford (1780–1850), a Methodist minister and Spartanburg native who sought to create a college for "literary, classical, and scientific education in my native district of Spartanburg". It is one of the few four-year institutions in the southeastern United States founded before the American Civil War that operates on its original campus.
* [[Newberry College]] is a small liberal arts college in [[Newberry, South Carolina|Newberry]]. Founded in 1856, Newberry is a co-educational, private liberal-arts college of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) on a historic 90-acre (36 ha) campus in Newberry, South Carolina. It has roughly 1,110 students and a 14:1 student-teacher ratio. According to U.S. News & World Report's America's Best Colleges, Newberry College ranks among the nation's top colleges in the southern region.
* [[Newberry College]] is a small liberal arts college in [[Newberry, South Carolina|Newberry]]. Founded in 1856, Newberry is a co-educational, private liberal-arts college of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) on a historic 90-acre (36 ha) campus in Newberry, South Carolina. It has roughly 1,110 students and a 14:1 student-teacher ratio. According to U.S. News & World Report's America's Best Colleges, Newberry College ranks among the nation's top colleges in the southern region.
* [[Claflin University]], founded in 1869 by the [[American Missionary Association]], is the oldest [[historically black college]] in the state. After the Democratic-dominated legislature closed the university in 1877, before passing a law to restrict admission to whites, it designated Claflin as the only state college for blacks.
* [[Claflin University]], founded in 1869 by the [[American Missionary Association]], is the oldest [[historically black college]] in the state. After the Democratic-dominated legislature closed the university in 1877, before passing a law to restrict admission to whites, it designated Claflin as the only state college for blacks.
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