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New Jersey: Difference between revisions
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'''New Jersey''' is a [[U.S. state|state]] in both the [[Mid-Atlantic States|Mid-Atlantic]] and [[Northeastern United States|Northeastern]] regions of the United States. It is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population density|most densely populated]] state and at the center of the [[Northeast megalopolis]]. New Jersey is bordered to the northeast by [[New York (state)|New York state]]; on its east, southeast, and south by the [[Atlantic Ocean]]; on its west by the [[Delaware River]] and [[Pennsylvania]]; and on its southwest by [[Delaware Bay]] and [[Delaware]]. At {{Convert|7,354|sqmi}}, New Jersey is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|fifth-smallest state in land area]], but with close to 9.3 million residents as of the [[2020 United States census]], it ranks [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|11th in population]]. The state capital is [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]], and the state's most populous city is [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]]. New Jersey is the only U.S. state in which every [[List of counties in New Jersey|county]] is deemed [[urban area|urban]] by the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]]. | '''New Jersey''' is a [[U.S. state|state]] in both the [[Mid-Atlantic States|Mid-Atlantic]] and [[Northeastern United States|Northeastern]] regions of the United States. It is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population density|most densely populated]] state and at the center of the [[Northeast megalopolis]]. New Jersey is bordered to the northeast by [[New York (state)|New York state]]; on its east, southeast, and south by the [[Atlantic Ocean]]; on its west by the [[Delaware River]] and [[Pennsylvania]]; and on its southwest by [[Delaware Bay]] and [[Delaware]]. At {{Convert|7,354|sqmi}}, New Jersey is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|fifth-smallest state in land area]], but with close to 9.3 million residents as of the [[2020 United States census]], it ranks [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|11th in population]]. The state capital is [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]], and the state's most populous city is [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]]. New Jersey is the only U.S. state in which every [[List of counties in New Jersey|county]] is deemed [[urban area|urban]] by the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]]. | ||
New Jersey was first inhabited by [[Paleo-Indians]] as early as 13,000 B.C.E. The [[Lenape]] were the dominant [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous group]] when Europeans arrived in the early 17th century, and they were subdivived into dialectal groups such as the Munsee, in the north, and the Unami and the Unalachtigo, elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Jersey Indian Tribes and Languages |url=https://www.native-languages.org/jersey.htm |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=www.native-languages.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Swanton |first=John Reed |title=The Indian Tribes of North America |pages=48–55}}</ref> [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] and [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] colonists founded the first European settlements in the state,<ref>{{cite web |title=NJ History Outline |url=http://www.usgennet.org/usa/nj/state/NJ-History.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430032638/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/nj/state/NJ-History.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2010 |access-date=July 25, 2010 |publisher=USGenNet }}</ref> with the [[Kingdom of England|British]] later seizing control of the region and establishing the [[Province of New Jersey]], named after [[Jersey]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=New Jersey |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559873/New_Jersey.html |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034619/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559873/New_Jersey.html |archive-date=October 29, 2009 |encyclopedia=MSN Encarta |via=Webcitation.org |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia—New Jersey History |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0859954.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930055543/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0859954.html |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |access-date=September 18, 2011 |publisher=2000–2011 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease}}</ref> The colony's fertile lands and relative [[toleration|religious tolerance]] drew a large and diverse population. New Jersey was among the [[Thirteen Colonies]] that supported the [[American Revolution]], hosting several [[New Jersey in the American Revolution|pivotal battles and military commands]] in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. New Jersey remained in the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] during the | New Jersey was first inhabited by [[Paleo-Indians]] as early as 13,000 B.C.E. The [[Lenape]] were the dominant [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous group]] when Europeans arrived in the early 17th century, and they were subdivived into dialectal groups such as the Munsee, in the north, and the Unami and the Unalachtigo, elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Jersey Indian Tribes and Languages |url=https://www.native-languages.org/jersey.htm |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=www.native-languages.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Swanton |first=John Reed |title=The Indian Tribes of North America |pages=48–55}}</ref> [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] and [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] colonists founded the first European settlements in the state,<ref>{{cite web |title=NJ History Outline |url=http://www.usgennet.org/usa/nj/state/NJ-History.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430032638/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/nj/state/NJ-History.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2010 |access-date=July 25, 2010 |publisher=USGenNet }}</ref> with the [[Kingdom of England|British]] later seizing control of the region and establishing the [[Province of New Jersey]], named after [[Jersey]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=New Jersey |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559873/New_Jersey.html |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034619/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559873/New_Jersey.html |archive-date=October 29, 2009 |encyclopedia=MSN Encarta |via=Webcitation.org |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia—New Jersey History |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0859954.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930055543/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0859954.html |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |access-date=September 18, 2011 |publisher=2000–2011 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease}}</ref> The colony's fertile lands and relative [[toleration|religious tolerance]] drew a large and diverse population. New Jersey was among the [[Thirteen Colonies]] that supported the [[American Revolution]], hosting several [[New Jersey in the American Revolution|pivotal battles and military commands]] in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. New Jersey remained in the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] during the American Civil War and [[New Jersey in the American Civil War|provided]] troops, resources, and military leaders in support of the [[Union Army]]. After the war, the state emerged as a major [[manufacturing]] center and a leading destination for immigrants, helping drive the [[Industrial Revolution]] in the U.S. New Jersey was the site of many industrial, technological, and commercial [[innovation]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mansnerus |first=Laura |date=September 26, 1999 |title=New Jersey's Cities: Sad Urban Presence Encircled by Wealth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/26/nyregion/new-jersey-s-cities-sad-urban-presence-encircled-by-wealth.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917065514/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/26/nyregion/new-jersey-s-cities-sad-urban-presence-encircled-by-wealth.html |archive-date=September 17, 2017 |access-date=December 21, 2017 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> [[List of people from New Jersey|Many prominent Americans associated with New Jersey]] have proven influential nationally and globally, including in academia, advocacy, business, entertainment, government, military, non-profit leadership, and other fields. | ||
New Jersey's central location in the Northeast megalopolis helped fuel its rapid growth and [[suburbanization]] in the second half of the 20th century. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the state's economy has become highly diversified, with major sectors including [[biotechnology]], [[pharmaceuticals]], [[information technology]], [[Wall Street West|finance]], and [[tourism]], and it has become an [[East Coast of the United States|Atlantic seaboard]] epicenter for [[logistics]] and [[distribution (marketing)|distribution]]. New Jersey remains a major destination for immigrants and is home to one of the world's most [[Ethnic enclave|multicultural populations]].<ref name="ReUrbanizationNJ22">{{cite web |author=Sheingold |first=Dave |date=March 24, 2016 |title=Bergen County leads population growth trend, halts flow to other parts of N.J |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen-county-leads-population-growth-trend-halts-flow-to-other-parts-of-n-j-1.1532063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324145941/http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen-county-leads-population-growth-trend-halts-flow-to-other-parts-of-n-j-1.1532063 |archive-date=March 24, 2016 |access-date=March 24, 2016 |website=northjersey.com}}</ref><ref name="ReUrbanizationNJ3">{{cite web |author=Lynn |first=Kathleen |date=October 25, 2015 |title=What's the future for suburban office space? |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/big-office-buildings-look-to-reinvent-themselves-1.1440856 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026013653/http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/big-office-buildings-look-to-reinvent-themselves-1.1440856 |archive-date=October 26, 2015 |access-date=October 25, 2015 |website=northjersey.com}}</ref> Echoing historical trends, the state has increasingly re-urbanized, with growth in cities outpacing [[suburb]]s since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Maag |first=Chrispher |date=April 15, 2016 |title=Population rebounds around train stations in N.J |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/population-rebounds-around-train-stations-in-n-j-1.1546298 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418205913/http://www.northjersey.com/news/population-rebounds-around-train-stations-in-n-j-1.1546298 |archive-date=April 18, 2016 |access-date=April 15, 2016 |website=northjersey.com}}</ref> | New Jersey's central location in the Northeast megalopolis helped fuel its rapid growth and [[suburbanization]] in the second half of the 20th century. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the state's economy has become highly diversified, with major sectors including [[biotechnology]], [[pharmaceuticals]], [[information technology]], [[Wall Street West|finance]], and [[tourism]], and it has become an [[East Coast of the United States|Atlantic seaboard]] epicenter for [[logistics]] and [[distribution (marketing)|distribution]]. New Jersey remains a major destination for immigrants and is home to one of the world's most [[Ethnic enclave|multicultural populations]].<ref name="ReUrbanizationNJ22">{{cite web |author=Sheingold |first=Dave |date=March 24, 2016 |title=Bergen County leads population growth trend, halts flow to other parts of N.J |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen-county-leads-population-growth-trend-halts-flow-to-other-parts-of-n-j-1.1532063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324145941/http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen-county-leads-population-growth-trend-halts-flow-to-other-parts-of-n-j-1.1532063 |archive-date=March 24, 2016 |access-date=March 24, 2016 |website=northjersey.com}}</ref><ref name="ReUrbanizationNJ3">{{cite web |author=Lynn |first=Kathleen |date=October 25, 2015 |title=What's the future for suburban office space? |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/big-office-buildings-look-to-reinvent-themselves-1.1440856 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026013653/http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/big-office-buildings-look-to-reinvent-themselves-1.1440856 |archive-date=October 26, 2015 |access-date=October 25, 2015 |website=northjersey.com}}</ref> Echoing historical trends, the state has increasingly re-urbanized, with growth in cities outpacing [[suburb]]s since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Maag |first=Chrispher |date=April 15, 2016 |title=Population rebounds around train stations in N.J |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/population-rebounds-around-train-stations-in-n-j-1.1546298 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418205913/http://www.northjersey.com/news/population-rebounds-around-train-stations-in-n-j-1.1546298 |archive-date=April 18, 2016 |access-date=April 15, 2016 |website=northjersey.com}}</ref> | ||
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{{Main|New Jersey in the 19th century|New Jersey in the American Civil War}} | {{Main|New Jersey in the 19th century|New Jersey in the American Civil War}} | ||
[[File:Line of the Morris Canal, New Jersey, 1827.jpg|thumb|Map of the {{Convert|107|mi|km|-long|adj=mid}} [[Morris Canal]] across [[North Jersey]]]] | [[File:Line of the Morris Canal, New Jersey, 1827.jpg|thumb|Map of the {{Convert|107|mi|km|-long|adj=mid}} [[Morris Canal]] across [[North Jersey]]]] | ||
On February 15, 1804, New Jersey became the last northern state to [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolish]] new [[slavery]] and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery. This led to a gradual decrease of the slave population. By the | On February 15, 1804, New Jersey became the last northern state to [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolish]] new [[slavery]] and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery. This led to a gradual decrease of the slave population. By the American Civil War's end, about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still held in bondage.<ref>James Gigantino, The Ragged Road to Abolition: Slavery and Freedom in New Jersey, 1775–1865</ref> New Jersey voters eventually ratified the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States' black population. | ||
Industrialization accelerated in the present-day [[North Jersey]] region of the state following completion of the [[Morris Canal]] in 1831. The canal allowed for [[anthracite|anthracite coal]] to be transported from eastern [[Pennsylvania]]'s [[Lehigh Valley]] to North Jersey's growing industries in [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], and [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]]. | Industrialization accelerated in the present-day [[North Jersey]] region of the state following completion of the [[Morris Canal]] in 1831. The canal allowed for [[anthracite|anthracite coal]] to be transported from eastern [[Pennsylvania]]'s [[Lehigh Valley]] to North Jersey's growing industries in [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], and [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]]. | ||
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In 1844, the second [[New Jersey State Constitution|state constitution]] was ratified and brought into effect. Counties thereby became districts for the state senate, and some realignment of boundaries (including the creation of [[Mercer County, New Jersey|Mercer County]]) immediately followed. This provision was retained in the 1947 Constitution, but was overturned by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in 1962, by the decision ''[[Baker v. Carr]]''. While the Governorship was stronger than under the 1776 constitution, the constitution of 1844 created many offices that were not responsible to him, or to the people, and it gave him a three-year term, but he could not succeed himself. | In 1844, the second [[New Jersey State Constitution|state constitution]] was ratified and brought into effect. Counties thereby became districts for the state senate, and some realignment of boundaries (including the creation of [[Mercer County, New Jersey|Mercer County]]) immediately followed. This provision was retained in the 1947 Constitution, but was overturned by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in 1962, by the decision ''[[Baker v. Carr]]''. While the Governorship was stronger than under the 1776 constitution, the constitution of 1844 created many offices that were not responsible to him, or to the people, and it gave him a three-year term, but he could not succeed himself. | ||
New Jersey was one of the few Union states (the others being [[Delaware]] and [[Kentucky]]) to select a candidate other than [[Abraham Lincoln]] twice in national elections, and sided with [[Stephen A. Douglas]] (1860) and [[George B. McClellan]] (1864) during their campaigns. McClellan, a native Philadelphian, had New Jersey ties and formally resided in New Jersey at the time; he later became Governor of New Jersey (1878–81). (In New Jersey, the factions of the Democratic party managed an effective coalition in 1860.) During the | New Jersey was one of the few Union states (the others being [[Delaware]] and [[Kentucky]]) to select a candidate other than [[Abraham Lincoln]] twice in national elections, and sided with [[Stephen A. Douglas]] (1860) and [[George B. McClellan]] (1864) during their campaigns. McClellan, a native Philadelphian, had New Jersey ties and formally resided in New Jersey at the time; he later became Governor of New Jersey (1878–81). (In New Jersey, the factions of the Democratic party managed an effective coalition in 1860.) During the American Civil War, the state was led first by Republican governor [[Charles Smith Olden]], then by Democrat [[Joel Parker (politician)|Joel Parker]]. During the course of the war, between 65,000 and 80,000 soldiers from the state enlisted in the Union army; unlike many states, including some Northern ones, no battle was fought there.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Horowitz|first=Ben|date=June 23, 2015|title=10 facts about New Jersey and the Civil War|url=https://www.nj.com/morris/2015/06/ten_facts_about_new_jersey_and_the_civil_war.html|access-date=February 23, 2021|website=nj|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415013550/https://www.nj.com/morris/2015/06/ten_facts_about_new_jersey_and_the_civil_war.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
In the [[Industrial Revolution]], cities like [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]] grew and prospered. Previously, the economy had been largely agrarian, which was problematically subject to crop failures and poor soil. This caused a shift to a more [[industrialization|industrialized]] economy, one based on manufactured commodities such as textiles and silk. [[List of inventors|Inventor]] [[Thomas Edison]] also became an important figure of the Industrial Revolution, having been [[List of Edison patents|granted 1,093 patents]], many of which for inventions he developed while working in New Jersey. Edison's facilities, first at [[Menlo Park, New Jersey|Menlo Park]] and then in [[West Orange, New Jersey|West Orange]], are considered perhaps the first [[research center]]s in the United States. Christie Street in Menlo Park was the first thoroughfare in the world to have electric lighting. Transportation was greatly improved as [[locomotive|locomotion]] and [[steamboat]]s were introduced to New Jersey. | In the [[Industrial Revolution]], cities like [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]] grew and prospered. Previously, the economy had been largely agrarian, which was problematically subject to crop failures and poor soil. This caused a shift to a more [[industrialization|industrialized]] economy, one based on manufactured commodities such as textiles and silk. [[List of inventors|Inventor]] [[Thomas Edison]] also became an important figure of the Industrial Revolution, having been [[List of Edison patents|granted 1,093 patents]], many of which for inventions he developed while working in New Jersey. Edison's facilities, first at [[Menlo Park, New Jersey|Menlo Park]] and then in [[West Orange, New Jersey|West Orange]], are considered perhaps the first [[research center]]s in the United States. Christie Street in Menlo Park was the first thoroughfare in the world to have electric lighting. Transportation was greatly improved as [[locomotive|locomotion]] and [[steamboat]]s were introduced to New Jersey. | ||