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Massachusetts: Difference between revisions
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'''Massachusetts''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Massachusetts.ogg|ˌ|m|æ|s|ə|ˈ|tʃ|uː|s|ɪ|t|s}}, {{IPAc-en|-|z|ɪ|t|s}} {{respell|MASS|ə|CHOO|sits|,_-|zits}}; {{langx|wam-Latn|label=[[Massachusett language|Massachusett]]|[[wikt:Muhsachuweesut|Muhsachuweesut]]}} {{IPA-all|məhswatʃəwiːsət|}}), officially the '''Commonwealth of Massachusetts''',{{efn|Massachusetts is one of [[Commonwealth (U.S. state)|only four U.S. states]] to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with [[Kentucky]], [[Virginia]], and [[Pennsylvania]].}} is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[New England]] region of the [[Northeastern United States]]. It borders the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[Gulf of Maine]] to its east, [[Connecticut]] and [[Rhode Island]] to its south, [[New Hampshire]] and [[Vermont]] to its north, and [[New York (state)|New York]] to its west. Massachusetts is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|sixth-smallest state by land area]]. With over seven million residents as of 2020,<ref group="note">Per the [[2020 United States census]], its highest [[United States census|decennial count]] ever.</ref> it is the most populous state in New England, the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|16th-most-populous]] in the country, and the [[List of states and territories of the United States by population density|third-most densely populated]], after [[New Jersey]] and Rhode Island. | '''Massachusetts''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Massachusetts.ogg|ˌ|m|æ|s|ə|ˈ|tʃ|uː|s|ɪ|t|s}}, {{IPAc-en|-|z|ɪ|t|s}} {{respell|MASS|ə|CHOO|sits|,_-|zits}}; {{langx|wam-Latn|label=[[Massachusett language|Massachusett]]|[[wikt:Muhsachuweesut|Muhsachuweesut]]}} {{IPA-all|məhswatʃəwiːsət|}}), officially the '''Commonwealth of Massachusetts''',{{efn|Massachusetts is one of [[Commonwealth (U.S. state)|only four U.S. states]] to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with [[Kentucky]], [[Virginia]], and [[Pennsylvania]].}} is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[New England]] region of the [[Northeastern United States]]. It borders the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[Gulf of Maine]] to its east, [[Connecticut]] and [[Rhode Island]] to its south, [[New Hampshire]] and [[Vermont]] to its north, and [[New York (state)|New York]] to its west. Massachusetts is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|sixth-smallest state by land area]]. With over seven million residents as of 2020,<ref group="note">Per the [[2020 United States census]], its highest [[United States census|decennial count]] ever.</ref> it is the most populous state in New England, the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|16th-most-populous]] in the country, and the [[List of states and territories of the United States by population density|third-most densely populated]], after [[New Jersey]] and Rhode Island. | ||
Massachusetts was a site of early [[British colonization of the Americas|English colonization]]. The [[Plymouth Colony]] was founded in 1620 by the [[Pilgrim Fathers|Pilgrims]] of the ''[[Mayflower]]''. In 1630, the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], taking its name from the Indigenous [[Massachusett|Massachusett people]], also established settlements in Boston and Salem. In 1692, the town of [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]] and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of [[mass hysteria]], the [[Salem witch trials]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1692 Salem Witch Trials |url=http://www.salemwitchmuseum.com/education |publisher=Salem Witch Trials Museum |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty"<ref>{{cite web |title=Faneuil Hall |url=http://www.celebrateboston.com/sites/faneuil-hall.htm |access-date=April 21, 2015 |publisher=Celebrateboston.com}}</ref> for the agitation there that later led to the [[American Revolution]]. In 1786, [[Shays' Rebellion]], a populist revolt led by disaffected [[American Revolutionary War]] veterans, influenced the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|United States Constitutional Convention]].<ref name="shay">{{cite web |title=Shays' Rebellion |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/15a.asp |publisher=ushistory.org |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> Originally dependent on [[Agriculture in Massachusetts|agriculture]], [[fishing]], and [[trade]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Maritime Commerce |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/commerce.htm |access-date=April 21, 2015 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Lowell, Massachusetts |url=http://www.lowell.com/city-of-lowell/lowell-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405013026/http://lowell.com/city-of-lowell/lowell-history/ |archive-date=April 5, 2010 |publisher=City of Lowell |access-date=April 21, 2015 }}</ref> Before the | Massachusetts was a site of early [[British colonization of the Americas|English colonization]]. The [[Plymouth Colony]] was founded in 1620 by the [[Pilgrim Fathers|Pilgrims]] of the ''[[Mayflower]]''. In 1630, the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], taking its name from the Indigenous [[Massachusett|Massachusett people]], also established settlements in Boston and Salem. In 1692, the town of [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]] and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of [[mass hysteria]], the [[Salem witch trials]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1692 Salem Witch Trials |url=http://www.salemwitchmuseum.com/education |publisher=Salem Witch Trials Museum |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty"<ref>{{cite web |title=Faneuil Hall |url=http://www.celebrateboston.com/sites/faneuil-hall.htm |access-date=April 21, 2015 |publisher=Celebrateboston.com}}</ref> for the agitation there that later led to the [[American Revolution]]. In 1786, [[Shays' Rebellion]], a populist revolt led by disaffected [[American Revolutionary War]] veterans, influenced the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|United States Constitutional Convention]].<ref name="shay">{{cite web |title=Shays' Rebellion |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/15a.asp |publisher=ushistory.org |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> Originally dependent on [[Agriculture in Massachusetts|agriculture]], [[fishing]], and [[trade]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Maritime Commerce |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/commerce.htm |access-date=April 21, 2015 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Lowell, Massachusetts |url=http://www.lowell.com/city-of-lowell/lowell-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405013026/http://lowell.com/city-of-lowell/lowell-history/ |archive-date=April 5, 2010 |publisher=City of Lowell |access-date=April 21, 2015 }}</ref> Before the American Civil War, the state was a center for the [[abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]], [[temperance movement|temperance]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Temperance Issue in the Election of 1840: Massachusetts |url=http://www.teachushistory.org/second-great-awakening-age-reform/articles/temperance-issue-election-1840-massachusetts |publisher=Teachushistory.org |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> and [[transcendentalist]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Packer |first1=Barbara |title=The Transcendentalists |publisher=University of Georgia Press; First edition (April 25, 2007) |isbn=978-0-8203-2958-1|year=2007 }}</ref> movements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Images of the Antislavery Movement in Massachusetts |url=http://www.masshist.org/online/abolition/index.php |publisher=Masshist.org |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> During the 20th century, the state's economy [[Massachusetts Miracle|shifted from manufacturing to services]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Staying Power: The Future of Manufacturing in Massachusetts |url=http://masstech.org/sites/mtc/files/documents/Staying_Power.pdf |publisher=The Center for Urban and Regional Policy School of Social Science, Urban Affairs, and Public Policy Northeastern University |access-date=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071505/http://masstech.org/sites/mtc/files/documents/Staying_Power.pdf }}</ref> and in the 21st century, Massachusetts has become the global leader in [[biotechnology]],<ref name="MassachusettsLargestBiotechHubWorld">{{cite web|url=https://www.epmscientific.com/blog/2023/02/boston-is-now-the-largest-biotech-hub|title=Boston is Now the Largest Biotech Hub in the World|publisher=EPM Scientific|date=February 2023|access-date=January 9, 2024}}</ref> and also excels in [[artificial intelligence]],<ref name="BostonAIHub">{{cite web|url=https://venturefizz.com/stories/boston/why-boston-will-be-star-ai-revolution#:~:text=Boston%20startups%20are%20working%20to,include%20Lightmatter%20and%20Forge.ai.|title=Why Boston Will Be the Star of The AI Revolution|date=October 24, 2017 |publisher=VentureFizz|access-date=November 9, 2023|quote=Boston startups are working to overcome some of the largest technical barriers holding AI back, and they're attracting attention across a wide variety of industries in the process.}}</ref> [[engineering]], [[List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts|higher education]], [[finance]], and [[maritime trade]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Housing and Economic Development: Key Industries |url=http://www.mass.gov/hed/economic/industries/ |publisher=mass.gov |access-date=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=April 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422015358/http://www.mass.gov/hed/economic/industries/ }}</ref> | ||
The state's capital and [[List of municipalities in Massachusetts|most populous city]], as well as its cultural and [[financial center]], is [[Boston]]. Other major cities are [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]. Massachusetts is also home to the [[urban area|urban]] core of [[Greater Boston]], the largest metropolitan area in New England and a region profoundly influential upon American [[History of the United States|history]], [[academia]], and the [[Economy of the United States|research economy]].<ref name="GreaterBoston">{{cite web |last1=Douglas |first1=Craig |title=Greater Boston gains population, remains 10th-largest region in U.S |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2010/03/22/daily22.html?page=all |work=Boston Business Journal |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> Massachusetts has a reputation for social and political [[Progressivism in the United States|progressivism]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Does 'Massachusetts liberal' label still matter? |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-07-25-mass-liberal_x.htm |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=www.usatoday.com}}</ref> becoming the only U.S. state with a [[right to housing|right to shelter]] law, and the first U.S. state, and one of the earliest [[jurisdiction]]s in the world to legally recognize [[same-sex marriage in Massachusetts|same-sex marriage]].<ref name="CNNmarriage">{{cite news |date=November 18, 2003 |title=Massachusetts court strikes down ban on same-sex marriage |publisher=CNN |agency=Reuters |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/11/18/gay.marriage.reut/ |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> [[Harvard University]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] is the [[colonial colleges|oldest institution of higher learning in the United States]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Harvard University |url=http://www.harvard.edu/history |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> with the largest [[financial endowment]] of any university in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/29/us/harvards-endowment-remains-biggest-of-all.html|title=Harvard's Endowment Remains Biggest of All |first=Tamar |last=Lewin |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=March 6, 2015}}</ref> Both [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], also in Cambridge, are perennially ranked as either the most or among the most highly regarded [[academic institution]]s in the world.<ref name="AcademicRanking2">[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only] ''Times Higher Education''. Retrieved December 3, 2016.</ref> Massachusetts's public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance.<ref name="AcademicRanking3" /> | The state's capital and [[List of municipalities in Massachusetts|most populous city]], as well as its cultural and [[financial center]], is [[Boston]]. Other major cities are [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]. Massachusetts is also home to the [[urban area|urban]] core of [[Greater Boston]], the largest metropolitan area in New England and a region profoundly influential upon American [[History of the United States|history]], [[academia]], and the [[Economy of the United States|research economy]].<ref name="GreaterBoston">{{cite web |last1=Douglas |first1=Craig |title=Greater Boston gains population, remains 10th-largest region in U.S |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2010/03/22/daily22.html?page=all |work=Boston Business Journal |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> Massachusetts has a reputation for social and political [[Progressivism in the United States|progressivism]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Does 'Massachusetts liberal' label still matter? |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-07-25-mass-liberal_x.htm |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=www.usatoday.com}}</ref> becoming the only U.S. state with a [[right to housing|right to shelter]] law, and the first U.S. state, and one of the earliest [[jurisdiction]]s in the world to legally recognize [[same-sex marriage in Massachusetts|same-sex marriage]].<ref name="CNNmarriage">{{cite news |date=November 18, 2003 |title=Massachusetts court strikes down ban on same-sex marriage |publisher=CNN |agency=Reuters |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/11/18/gay.marriage.reut/ |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> [[Harvard University]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] is the [[colonial colleges|oldest institution of higher learning in the United States]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Harvard University |url=http://www.harvard.edu/history |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> with the largest [[financial endowment]] of any university in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/29/us/harvards-endowment-remains-biggest-of-all.html|title=Harvard's Endowment Remains Biggest of All |first=Tamar |last=Lewin |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=March 6, 2015}}</ref> Both [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], also in Cambridge, are perennially ranked as either the most or among the most highly regarded [[academic institution]]s in the world.<ref name="AcademicRanking2">[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only] ''Times Higher Education''. Retrieved December 3, 2016.</ref> Massachusetts's public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance.<ref name="AcademicRanking3" /> | ||
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During the 19th century, Massachusetts became a national leader in the American [[Industrial Revolution]], with factories around cities such as [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] and [[Boston]] producing textiles and shoes, and factories around Springfield producing tools, paper, and textiles.{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=129}}{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=211}} The state's economy transformed from one based primarily on agriculture to an industrial one, initially making use of water-power and later the [[steam engine]] to power factories. Canals and railroads were being used in the state for transporting raw materials and finished goods.{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=202}} At first, the new industries drew labor from [[Yankee]]s on nearby subsistence farms, though they later relied upon [[immigration to the United States|immigrant labor]] from Europe and Canada.{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|pp=133–36}}{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=179}} | During the 19th century, Massachusetts became a national leader in the American [[Industrial Revolution]], with factories around cities such as [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] and [[Boston]] producing textiles and shoes, and factories around Springfield producing tools, paper, and textiles.{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=129}}{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=211}} The state's economy transformed from one based primarily on agriculture to an industrial one, initially making use of water-power and later the [[steam engine]] to power factories. Canals and railroads were being used in the state for transporting raw materials and finished goods.{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=202}} At first, the new industries drew labor from [[Yankee]]s on nearby subsistence farms, though they later relied upon [[immigration to the United States|immigrant labor]] from Europe and Canada.{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|pp=133–36}}{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=179}} | ||
Although Massachusetts was the first slave-holding colony with slavery dating back to the early 1600s, the state became a center of [[progressivism|progressivist]] and [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]] (anti-slavery) activity in the years leading up to the | Although Massachusetts was the first slave-holding colony with slavery dating back to the early 1600s, the state became a center of [[progressivism|progressivist]] and [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]] (anti-slavery) activity in the years leading up to the American Civil War. [[Horace Mann]] made the state's school system a national model.{{sfn|Goldfield|Abbott|Anderson|Argersinger|1998|p=251}} [[Henry David Thoreau]] and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], both [[philosopher]]s and writers from the state, also made major contributions to American philosophy.{{sfn|Goldfield|Abbott|Anderson|Argersinger|1998|p=254}} Furthermore, members of the [[transcendentalism|transcendentalist movement]] within the state emphasized the importance of the natural world and emotion to humanity.{{sfn|Goldfield|Abbott|Anderson|Argersinger|1998|p=254}} | ||
Although significant opposition to abolitionism existed early on in Massachusetts, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots between 1835 and 1837,{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=185}} abolitionist views there gradually increased throughout the next few decades.{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=183}}{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|pp=187–93}} Abolitionists [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] and [[Sojourner Truth]] lived in Springfield and Northampton, respectively, while [[Frederick Douglass]] lived in Boston and [[Susan B. Anthony]] in [[Adams, Massachusetts|Adams]]. The works of such abolitionists contributed to Massachusetts's actions during the Civil War. Massachusetts was the first state to recruit, train, and arm a [[African Americans|Black]] regiment with [[White people|White]] officers, the [[54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Regiment |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=October 19, 2009 |url=http://www.nps.gov/boaf/historyculture/shaw.htm}}</ref> In 1852, Massachusetts became the first state to pass [[compulsory education]] laws.<ref name=compschools>{{cite web |title=State Compulsory School Attendance Laws |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0112617.html |publisher=infoplease.com |access-date=May 5, 2015}}</ref> | Although significant opposition to abolitionism existed early on in Massachusetts, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots between 1835 and 1837,{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=185}} abolitionist views there gradually increased throughout the next few decades.{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=183}}{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|pp=187–93}} Abolitionists [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] and [[Sojourner Truth]] lived in Springfield and Northampton, respectively, while [[Frederick Douglass]] lived in Boston and [[Susan B. Anthony]] in [[Adams, Massachusetts|Adams]]. The works of such abolitionists contributed to Massachusetts's actions during the Civil War. Massachusetts was the first state to recruit, train, and arm a [[African Americans|Black]] regiment with [[White people|White]] officers, the [[54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Regiment |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=October 19, 2009 |url=http://www.nps.gov/boaf/historyculture/shaw.htm}}</ref> In 1852, Massachusetts became the first state to pass [[compulsory education]] laws.<ref name=compschools>{{cite web |title=State Compulsory School Attendance Laws |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0112617.html |publisher=infoplease.com |access-date=May 5, 2015}}</ref> | ||