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Tennessee Valley Authority: Difference between revisions
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However, it has been shown that in river policy, the strength of opposing interest groups also mattered.<ref name="Rural Sociology">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Karen M. |title=Why the TVA Remains Unique: Interest Groups and the Defeat of New Deal River Planning |journal=[[Rural Sociology (journal)|Rural Sociology]] |date=June 2002 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=163–182 |doi=10.1111/j.1549-0831.2002.tb00099.x |issn=0036-0112}}</ref> The TVA bill was able to attain passage because reformers like Norris skillfully coordinated action at potential choke points and weakened the already disorganized opponents among the electric power industry lobbyists.<ref name="hubbard" /> In 1936, after regrouping, opposing river lobbyists and members of congress who were part of the conservative coalition took advantage of the New Dealers' spending mood by expanding the Army Corps' flood control program. They also helped defeat further valley authorities, the most promising of the New Deal water policy reforms.<ref name="Rural Sociology"/> When [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] after 1945 began proclaiming the Tennessee Valley Authority as a model for countries in the [[developing world]] to follow, conservative critics charged that it was a top-heavy, centralized, [[technocracy|technocratic]] venture that displaced locals and did so in insensitive ways. Thus, when the program was used as the basis for modernization programs in various parts of the third world during the [[Cold War]], such as in the [[Mekong Delta]] in [[Vietnam]], its failure brought a backlash of cynicism toward modernization programs that has persisted.<ref name="Ekbladh" /> | However, it has been shown that in river policy, the strength of opposing interest groups also mattered.<ref name="Rural Sociology">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Karen M. |title=Why the TVA Remains Unique: Interest Groups and the Defeat of New Deal River Planning |journal=[[Rural Sociology (journal)|Rural Sociology]] |date=June 2002 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=163–182 |doi=10.1111/j.1549-0831.2002.tb00099.x |issn=0036-0112}}</ref> The TVA bill was able to attain passage because reformers like Norris skillfully coordinated action at potential choke points and weakened the already disorganized opponents among the electric power industry lobbyists.<ref name="hubbard" /> In 1936, after regrouping, opposing river lobbyists and members of congress who were part of the conservative coalition took advantage of the New Dealers' spending mood by expanding the Army Corps' flood control program. They also helped defeat further valley authorities, the most promising of the New Deal water policy reforms.<ref name="Rural Sociology"/> When [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] after 1945 began proclaiming the Tennessee Valley Authority as a model for countries in the [[developing world]] to follow, conservative critics charged that it was a top-heavy, centralized, [[technocracy|technocratic]] venture that displaced locals and did so in insensitive ways. Thus, when the program was used as the basis for modernization programs in various parts of the third world during the [[Cold War]], such as in the [[Mekong Delta]] in [[Vietnam]], its failure brought a backlash of cynicism toward modernization programs that has persisted.<ref name="Ekbladh" /> | ||
In 1953, President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] referred to the TVA as an example of "creeping socialism".<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=June 18, 1953 |title=Eisenhower Points to the T. V. A. As 'Creeping Socialism' Example |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/06/18/archives/eisenhower-points-to-the-t-v-a-as-creeping-socialism-example.html |page=1 |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163122/https://www.nytimes.com/1953/06/18/archives/eisenhower-points-to-the-t-v-a-as-creeping-socialism-example.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=facingsouth>{{cite news |last=Sturgis |first=Sue |date=April 16, 2013 |title=The strange politics of TVA privatization |url=https://www.facingsouth.org/2013/04/the-strange-politics-of-tva-privatization.html |work=Facing South |publisher=Institute for Southern Studies |location=Durham, North Carolina |access-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163122/https://www.facingsouth.org/2013/04/the-strange-politics-of-tva-privatization.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, then-film actor and later 40th President [[Ronald Reagan]] began hosting ''[[General Electric Theater]]'', which was sponsored by [[General Electric]] (GE). He was fired in 1962 after publicly referring to the TVA, which was a major customer for GE turbines, as one of the problems of "big government".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Liz |title=Ronald Reagan – In Memoriam: Biography |website=[[NewsHour with Jim Lehrer]] online |publisher=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/biography_pages/reagan/biography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227074626/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/biography_pages/reagan/biography.html |archive-date=February 27, 2012 |quote=In 1962, GE, concerned that Reagan's conservative politics made him a liability, fired him for criticizing the Tennessee Valley Authority as an example of 'big government.'}}</ref> Some claim that Reagan was instead fired due to a criminal antitrust investigation involving him and the [[Screen Actors Guild]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weisberg |first1=Jacob |author-link1=Jacob Weisberg |title=The Road to Reagandom: How Reagan's eight-year gig as the host of General Electric Theater sparked his conservative conversion and became the genesis of his political career. |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2016/01/ronald_reagan_s_conservative_conversion_as_spokesman_for_general_electric.2.html |access-date=March 19, 2018 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718063739/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2016/01/ronald_reagan_s_conservative_conversion_as_spokesman_for_general_electric.2.html |archive-date=July 18, 2017}}</ref> However, Reagan was only interviewed; nobody was actually charged with anything in the investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moldea |first1=Dan E. |author-link1=Dan E. Moldea |title=Ronald Reagan and his 1962 grand jury testimony |url=https://www.moldea.com/ReaganGJ.html |access-date=March 19, 2018 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 15, 1987 |archive-date=February 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208010416/http://www.moldea.com/ReaganGJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Inquiry Dealt With Suspected Payoffs by Conglomerate: Book Says Reagan Was Cleared in '60s Probe of MCA |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-21-mn-9247-story.html |access-date=March 19, 2018 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=September 21, 1986 |archive-date=June 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630050527/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-09-21/news/mn-9247_1_ronald-reagan |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1963, U.S. Senator and Republican presidential candidate [[Barry Goldwater]] was quoted in a ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' article by [[Stewart Alsop]] as saying, "You know, I think we ought to sell TVA." He had called for the sale to private companies of particular parts of the Authority, including its fertilizer production and steam-generation facilities, because "it would be better operated and would be of more benefit for more people if it were part of private industry."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Lee |author-link1=Lee Edwards |title=Goldwater: The man who made a revolution |date=1995 |publisher=Regnery |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-89526-471-8 |oclc=624456231 |url=https://archive.org/details/goldwater00leee}}</ref> Goldwater's quotation was used against him in a TV ad by [[Doyle Dane Bernbach]] for then-President | In 1953, President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] referred to the TVA as an example of "creeping socialism".<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=June 18, 1953 |title=Eisenhower Points to the T. V. A. As 'Creeping Socialism' Example |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/06/18/archives/eisenhower-points-to-the-t-v-a-as-creeping-socialism-example.html |page=1 |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163122/https://www.nytimes.com/1953/06/18/archives/eisenhower-points-to-the-t-v-a-as-creeping-socialism-example.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=facingsouth>{{cite news |last=Sturgis |first=Sue |date=April 16, 2013 |title=The strange politics of TVA privatization |url=https://www.facingsouth.org/2013/04/the-strange-politics-of-tva-privatization.html |work=Facing South |publisher=Institute for Southern Studies |location=Durham, North Carolina |access-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163122/https://www.facingsouth.org/2013/04/the-strange-politics-of-tva-privatization.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, then-film actor and later 40th President [[Ronald Reagan]] began hosting ''[[General Electric Theater]]'', which was sponsored by [[General Electric]] (GE). He was fired in 1962 after publicly referring to the TVA, which was a major customer for GE turbines, as one of the problems of "big government".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Liz |title=Ronald Reagan – In Memoriam: Biography |website=[[NewsHour with Jim Lehrer]] online |publisher=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/biography_pages/reagan/biography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227074626/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/biography_pages/reagan/biography.html |archive-date=February 27, 2012 |quote=In 1962, GE, concerned that Reagan's conservative politics made him a liability, fired him for criticizing the Tennessee Valley Authority as an example of 'big government.'}}</ref> Some claim that Reagan was instead fired due to a criminal antitrust investigation involving him and the [[Screen Actors Guild]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weisberg |first1=Jacob |author-link1=Jacob Weisberg |title=The Road to Reagandom: How Reagan's eight-year gig as the host of General Electric Theater sparked his conservative conversion and became the genesis of his political career. |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2016/01/ronald_reagan_s_conservative_conversion_as_spokesman_for_general_electric.2.html |access-date=March 19, 2018 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718063739/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2016/01/ronald_reagan_s_conservative_conversion_as_spokesman_for_general_electric.2.html |archive-date=July 18, 2017}}</ref> However, Reagan was only interviewed; nobody was actually charged with anything in the investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moldea |first1=Dan E. |author-link1=Dan E. Moldea |title=Ronald Reagan and his 1962 grand jury testimony |url=https://www.moldea.com/ReaganGJ.html |access-date=March 19, 2018 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 15, 1987 |archive-date=February 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208010416/http://www.moldea.com/ReaganGJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Inquiry Dealt With Suspected Payoffs by Conglomerate: Book Says Reagan Was Cleared in '60s Probe of MCA |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-21-mn-9247-story.html |access-date=March 19, 2018 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=September 21, 1986 |archive-date=June 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630050527/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-09-21/news/mn-9247_1_ronald-reagan |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1963, U.S. Senator and Republican presidential candidate [[Barry Goldwater]] was quoted in a ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' article by [[Stewart Alsop]] as saying, "You know, I think we ought to sell TVA." He had called for the sale to private companies of particular parts of the Authority, including its fertilizer production and steam-generation facilities, because "it would be better operated and would be of more benefit for more people if it were part of private industry."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Lee |author-link1=Lee Edwards |title=Goldwater: The man who made a revolution |date=1995 |publisher=Regnery |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-89526-471-8 |oclc=624456231 |url=https://archive.org/details/goldwater00leee}}</ref> Goldwater's quotation was used against him in a TV ad by [[Doyle Dane Bernbach]] for then-President Lyndon B. Johnson's [[Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign|1964 campaign]], which depicted an auction taking place atop a dam and promised that Johnson would not sell TVA.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mark |first1=David |author-link1=David Mark (journalist) |title=Going dirty: The art of negative campaigning |url=https://archive.org/details/goingdirtyartneg00mark |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, MD |isbn=978-0-7425-9982-6 |oclc=396994651 |page=[https://archive.org/details/goingdirtyartneg00mark/page/n56 46]}}</ref> | ||
==== Legal challenges ==== | ==== Legal challenges ==== | ||