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Civil Rights Act of 1964: Difference between revisions
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| agreeddate3 = July 2, 1964<ref name="GovTrack">{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h182|title=H.R. 7152. Civil Rights Act of 1964. Adoption of a Resolution (H. RES. 789) Providing for House Approval of the Bill As Amended by the Senate.|work=GovTrack.us|access-date=November 30, 2013|archive-date=September 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910051149/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h182|url-status=live}}</ref> | | agreeddate3 = July 2, 1964<ref name="GovTrack">{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h182|title=H.R. 7152. Civil Rights Act of 1964. Adoption of a Resolution (H. RES. 789) Providing for House Approval of the Bill As Amended by the Senate.|work=GovTrack.us|access-date=November 30, 2013|archive-date=September 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910051149/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h182|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| agreedvote3 = 289–126 | | agreedvote3 = 289–126 | ||
| signedpresident = | | signedpresident = Lyndon B. Johnson | ||
| signeddate = July 2, 1964 | | signeddate = July 2, 1964 | ||
| amendments = {{plainlist| | | amendments = {{plainlist| | ||
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Initially, powers given to enforce the act were weak, but these were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the [[United States Constitution]], principally its [[Enumerated powers (United States)|enumerated power]] to regulate interstate commerce under the [[Commerce Clause]] of [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 8: Powers of Congress|Article I, Section 8]], its duty to guarantee all citizens [[Equal Protection Clause|equal protection]] of the laws under the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution|14th Amendment]], and its duty to protect voting rights under the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|15th Amendment]]. | Initially, powers given to enforce the act were weak, but these were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the [[United States Constitution]], principally its [[Enumerated powers (United States)|enumerated power]] to regulate interstate commerce under the [[Commerce Clause]] of [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 8: Powers of Congress|Article I, Section 8]], its duty to guarantee all citizens [[Equal Protection Clause|equal protection]] of the laws under the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution|14th Amendment]], and its duty to protect voting rights under the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|15th Amendment]]. | ||
The legislation was proposed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[John F. Kennedy]] in June 1963, but it was opposed by [[filibuster]] in the Senate. After [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|Kennedy was assassinated]] on November 22, 1963, President | The legislation was proposed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[John F. Kennedy]] in June 1963, but it was opposed by [[filibuster]] in the Senate. After [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|Kennedy was assassinated]] on November 22, 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the bill forward. The [[United States House of Representatives]] passed the bill on February 10, 1964, and after a 72-day filibuster, it passed the [[United States Senate]] on June 19, 1964. The final vote was 290–130 in the House of Representatives and 73–27 in the Senate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|title=HR. 7152. Passage. Senate Vote #409 – Jun 19, 1964|website=GovTrack.us|access-date=November 30, 2013|archive-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206164352/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|url-status=live}}</ref> After the House agreed to a subsequent Senate amendment, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law by President Johnson at the [[White House]] on July 2, 1964. | ||
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===Johnson's appeal to Congress=== | ===Johnson's appeal to Congress=== | ||
The [[assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy]] on November 22, 1963, changed the political situation. Kennedy's successor as president, | The [[assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy]] on November 22, 1963, changed the political situation. Kennedy's successor as president, Lyndon B. Johnson, made use of his experience in legislative politics, along with the [[bully pulpit]] he wielded as president, in support of the bill. In his first address to a [[Joint session of the United States Congress|joint session of Congress]] on November 27, 1963, Johnson told the legislators, "No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Transition-to-Johnson/12295509434394-3/|title=1963 Year In Review: Transition to Johnson|work=[[United Press International|UPI]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429132839/https://www.upi.com/Archives/Audio/Events-of-1963/Transition-to-Johnson|archive-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> | ||
Judiciary Committee chairman Celler filed a [[discharge petition|petition to discharge]] the bill from the Rules Committee;<ref name="CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964" /> it required the support of a majority of House members to move the bill to the floor. Initially, Celler had a difficult time acquiring the signatures necessary, with many Representatives who supported the civil rights bill itself remaining cautious about violating normal House procedure with the rare use of a discharge petition. By the time of the 1963 winter recess, 50 signatures were still needed. | Judiciary Committee chairman Celler filed a [[discharge petition|petition to discharge]] the bill from the Rules Committee;<ref name="CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964" /> it required the support of a majority of House members to move the bill to the floor. Initially, Celler had a difficult time acquiring the signatures necessary, with many Representatives who supported the civil rights bill itself remaining cautious about violating normal House procedure with the rare use of a discharge petition. By the time of the 1963 winter recess, 50 signatures were still needed. | ||
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===Passage in the Senate=== | ===Passage in the Senate=== | ||
[[File:MLK and Malcolm X USNWR cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[Malcolm X]] at the [[United States Capitol]] on March 26, 1964, listening to the Senate debate on the bill. The two met for only one minute.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cone |first=James H. |author-link=James Hal Cone |title=Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare |year=1991 |isbn=0-88344-721-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/martinmalcolmame00jame/page/2 2] |publisher=Orbis Books |url=https://archive.org/details/martinmalcolmame00jame/page/2 }}</ref>]] | [[File:MLK and Malcolm X USNWR cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[Malcolm X]] at the [[United States Capitol]] on March 26, 1964, listening to the Senate debate on the bill. The two met for only one minute.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cone |first=James H. |author-link=James Hal Cone |title=Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare |year=1991 |isbn=0-88344-721-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/martinmalcolmame00jame/page/2 2] |publisher=Orbis Books |url=https://archive.org/details/martinmalcolmame00jame/page/2 }}</ref>]] | ||
[[File:Lyndon Johnson signing Civil Rights Act, 2 July, 1964.jpg|thumb|right|United States President | [[File:Lyndon Johnson signing Civil Rights Act, 2 July, 1964.jpg|thumb|right|United States President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Among the guests behind him is [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]]]Johnson, who wanted the bill passed as soon as possible, ensured that it would be quickly considered by the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. | ||
Normally, the bill would have been referred to the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]], which was chaired by [[James O. Eastland]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] from [[Mississippi]], whose firm opposition made it seem impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. [[Senate Majority Leader]] [[Mike Mansfield]] took a novel approach to prevent the Judiciary Committee from keeping the bill in limbo: initially waiving a second reading immediately after the first reading, which would have sent it to the Judiciary Committee, he took the unprecedented step of giving the bill a second reading on February 26, 1964, thereby bypassing the Judiciary Committee, and sending it to the Senate floor for immediate debate. | Normally, the bill would have been referred to the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]], which was chaired by [[James O. Eastland]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] from [[Mississippi]], whose firm opposition made it seem impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. [[Senate Majority Leader]] [[Mike Mansfield]] took a novel approach to prevent the Judiciary Committee from keeping the bill in limbo: initially waiving a second reading immediately after the first reading, which would have sent it to the Judiciary Committee, he took the unprecedented step of giving the bill a second reading on February 26, 1964, thereby bypassing the Judiciary Committee, and sending it to the Senate floor for immediate debate. | ||
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|filename=Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Bill (July 2, 1964) Lyndon Baines Johnson.theora.ogv | |filename=Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Bill (July 2, 1964) Lyndon Baines Johnson.theora.ogv | ||
|title="Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964" | |title="Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964" | ||
|description=Public statement by | |description=Public statement by Lyndon B. Johnson of July 2, 1964, about the Civil Rights Act of 1964. | ||
|filename2=LBJ Civil Rights signing 1964 edited.ogg | |filename2=LBJ Civil Rights signing 1964 edited.ogg | ||
|title2="Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964" | |title2="Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964" | ||