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}}The '''Federal Bureau of Prisons''' ('''BOP''') is responsible for all federal prisons and provides for the care, custody, and control of federal prisoners.
[[File:Federal Home Loan Bank Board Building 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Federal Home Loan Bank Board Building]], which houses the main office of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in Washington, D.C.]]
 
The '''Federal Bureau of Prisons''' ('''BOP''') is responsible for all federal prisons and provides for the care, custody, and control of federal prisoners.


==History==
==History==
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Until 1907, prison matters were handled by the Justice Department [[General Agent]], with responsibility for Justice Department accounts, oversight of internal operations, certain criminal investigations as well as prison operations. In 1907, the General Agent was abolished, and its functions were distributed between three new offices: the Division of Accounts (which evolved into the [[Justice Management Division]]); the Office of the Chief Examiner (which evolved in 1908 into the Bureau of Investigation, and in the early 1920s into the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]); and the Office of the Superintendent of Prisons and Prisoners, later called the Superintendent of Prisons (which evolved in 1930 into the Bureau of Prisons).
Until 1907, prison matters were handled by the Justice Department [[General Agent]], with responsibility for Justice Department accounts, oversight of internal operations, certain criminal investigations as well as prison operations. In 1907, the General Agent was abolished, and its functions were distributed between three new offices: the Division of Accounts (which evolved into the [[Justice Management Division]]); the Office of the Chief Examiner (which evolved in 1908 into the Bureau of Investigation, and in the early 1920s into the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]); and the Office of the Superintendent of Prisons and Prisoners, later called the Superintendent of Prisons (which evolved in 1930 into the Bureau of Prisons).


[[File:FCIMilan.jpg|thumb|The exterior of [[Federal Correctional Institution, Milan]]]]
The Bureau of Prisons was established within the Department of Justice on May 14, 1930 by the [[United States Congress]],<ref>{{USStatute|71|218|46|325|1930|05|14}}</ref> and was charged with the "management and regulation of all Federal penal and correctional institutions."<ref>{{cite web|title=Statutory Authority to Contract With the Private Sector for Secure Facilities |url=https://www.justice.gov/olc/quinlan.15.htm |publisher=US Department of Justice |access-date=November 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209072902/http://www.justice.gov/olc/quinlan.15.htm |archive-date=February 9, 2010}}</ref> This responsibility covered the administration of the 11 federal prisons in operation at the time. By the end of 1930, the system had expanded to 14 institutions with 13,000 inmates, and a decade later in 1940, the system had 24 institutions with 24,360 incarcerated.
The Bureau of Prisons was established within the Department of Justice on May 14, 1930 by the [[United States Congress]],<ref>{{USStatute|71|218|46|325|1930|05|14}}</ref> and was charged with the "management and regulation of all Federal penal and correctional institutions."<ref>{{cite web|title=Statutory Authority to Contract With the Private Sector for Secure Facilities |url=https://www.justice.gov/olc/quinlan.15.htm |publisher=US Department of Justice |access-date=November 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209072902/http://www.justice.gov/olc/quinlan.15.htm |archive-date=February 9, 2010}}</ref> This responsibility covered the administration of the 11 federal prisons in operation at the time. By the end of 1930, the system had expanded to 14 institutions with 13,000 inmates, and a decade later in 1940, the system had 24 institutions with 24,360 incarcerated.


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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
!Portrait<ref>{{cite web|title=Past Directors|url=https://www.bop.gov/about/history/past_directors.jsp|website=www.bop.gov}}</ref>
!Director
!Director
!Took office
!Took office
!Left office
!Left office
|-
|-
|[[File:Sanford Bates.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sanford Bates]]
|[[Sanford Bates]]
|1930
|1930
|1937
|1937
|-
|-
|[[File:James V. Bennett.jpg|100px]]
|[[James V. Bennett]]
|[[James V. Bennett]]
|1937
|1937
|1964
|1964
|-
|-
|[[File:Myrl_E._Alexander.jpg|100px]]
|Myrl E. Alexander
|Myrl E. Alexander
|1964
|1964
|1970
|1970
|-
|-
|[[File:BOP_Director_Norman_A_Carlson.jpg|100px]]
|[[Norman Carlson|Norman A. Carlson]]
|[[Norman Carlson|Norman A. Carlson]]
|1970
|1970
|1987
|1987
|-
|-
|[[File:J._Michael_Quinlan.jpg|100px]]
|J. Michael Quinlan
|J. Michael Quinlan
|July 1987
|July 1987
|1992
|1992
|-
|-
|[[File:Hawksawyer.jpg|100px]]
|[[Kathleen Hawk Sawyer]]
|[[Kathleen Hawk Sawyer]]
|December 4, 1992
|December 4, 1992
|April 4, 2003
|April 4, 2003
|-
|-
|[[File:Harley_G._Lappin.jpg|100px]]
|Harley G. Lappin
|Harley G. Lappin
|April 4, 2003
|April 4, 2003
|December 21, 2011
|December 21, 2011
|-
|-
|[[File:Charles E. Samuels, Jr..jpg|100px]]
|[[Charles E. Samuels Jr.]]
|[[Charles E. Samuels Jr.]]
|December 21, 2011
|December 21, 2011
|January 9, 2016
|January 9, 2016
|-
|-
|[[File:Mark S. Inch official photo.jpg|100px]]
|[[Mark S. Inch]]
|[[Mark S. Inch]]
|September 18, 2017
|September 18, 2017
|May 18, 2018
|May 18, 2018
|-
|-
|
|Hugh Hurwitz (acting)
|Hugh Hurwitz (acting)
|May 2018
|May 2018
|August 19, 2019
|August 19, 2019
|-
|-
|[[File:Kathleen Hawk Sawyer.jpg|100px]]
|[[Kathleen Hawk Sawyer]]
|[[Kathleen Hawk Sawyer]]
|August 19, 2019
|August 19, 2019
|February 25, 2020
|February 25, 2020
|-
|-
|[[File:Michael_D._Carvajal.jpg|100px]]
|Michael D. Carvajal
|Michael D. Carvajal
|February 25, 2020
|February 25, 2020
|August 2, 2022
|August 2, 2022
|-
|-
|[[File:Colette_S._Peters.jpg|100px]]
|Colette S. Peters
|Colette S. Peters
|August 2, 2022
|August 2, 2022
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==Types of federal prisons==
==Types of federal prisons==
{{Main|List of United States federal prisons}}
{{Main|List of United States federal prisons}}The BOP has five [[Incarceration in the United States#Security levels|security levels]]:
[[File:USMCEntrancewayMissouri.jpg|thumb|right|The [[United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners]], a unit for male prisoners requiring medical care]]
 
The BOP has five [[Incarceration in the United States#Security levels|security levels]]:


* [[Federal Prison Camps]] (FPCs), the BOP minimum-security facilities, feature a lack of or a limited amount of perimeter fencing and a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio.
* [[Federal Prison Camps]] (FPCs), the BOP minimum-security facilities, feature a lack of or a limited amount of perimeter fencing and a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio.
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* Medium-security FCIs and some [[United States Penitentiaries]] (USPs) are classified to hold medium-security inmates. The medium facilities have strengthened perimeters which often consist of double fences with electronic detection systems. Medium-security facilities mostly have cell housing.
* Medium-security FCIs and some [[United States Penitentiaries]] (USPs) are classified to hold medium-security inmates. The medium facilities have strengthened perimeters which often consist of double fences with electronic detection systems. Medium-security facilities mostly have cell housing.
* Most U.S. Penitentiaries are classified as high-security facilities. The perimeters are highly secured and often have reinforced fences or walls.
* Most U.S. Penitentiaries are classified as high-security facilities. The perimeters are highly secured and often have reinforced fences or walls.
* Federal Correctional Complexes (FCCs) are co-locations of BOP facilities with different security levels and/or genders.<ref name="BOPtypes">"[http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/index.jsp Prison Types & General Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915081357/http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/index.jsp |date=September 15, 2012 }}." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved May 21, 2010.</ref>
* [[Federal Correctional Complexes]] (FCCs) are co-locations of BOP facilities with different security levels and/or genders.<ref name="BOPtypes">"[http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/index.jsp Prison Types & General Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915081357/http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/index.jsp |date=September 15, 2012 }}." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved May 21, 2010.</ref>
* Administrative Security Facilities are prisons with special missions and capabilities. An example would be Federal Medical Centers, which house sick and injured inmates getting medical care that is beyond the capabilities of a normal institution.
* Administrative Security Facilities are prisons with special missions and capabilities. An example would be Federal Medical Centers, which house sick and injured inmates getting medical care that is beyond the capabilities of a normal institution.


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