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National Arboretum: Difference between revisions
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|HeadquartersAddress=3501 New York Ave NE, Washington, DC 20002 | |HeadquartersAddress=3501 New York Ave NE, Washington, DC 20002 | ||
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The '''United States National Arboretum''' is an | The '''United States National Arboretum''' is an arboretum in northeast [[Washington, D.C.]], operated by the [[United States Department of Agriculture]]'s [[Agricultural Research Service]]. It was established in 1927 by an [[act of Congress]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/69th-congress/session-2/c69s2ch505.pdf|title=69th Congress, Sess. II, Chap. 505|website=Library of Congress|access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> after a campaign by USDA Chief Botanist Frederick Vernon Coville. | ||
It is {{convert|446|acre|km2}} in size and is located {{convert|2.2|mi|km}} northeast of the | It is {{convert|446|acre|km2}} in size and is located {{convert|2.2|mi|km}} northeast of the Capitol building, with entrances on New York Avenue, NE and R Street, NE. The campus's gardens, collections, and features are connected by roadways that are {{Convert|9.5|mi|km|abbr=}} long in total.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://usna.usda.gov/about/who-we-are-about-the-arboretum/|title=Who We Are (About the Arboretum)|website=U.S. National Arboretum|access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> In addition to the main campus in Washington, D.C., there are research locations at the [[Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center]] in Beltsville, Maryland and in McMinville, Tennessee.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
The Arboretum functions as a major center of | The Arboretum functions as a major center of botanical research conducted by the USDA, including applied research on trees, shrubs, turf, and the development of new ornamental plants.<ref name=":1" /> In addition to a library and a historical collection (archive), the institution also has an extensive herbarium of over 800,000 specimens documenting wild and cultivated plant diversity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usna.usda.gov/science/herbarium/|title=The U.S. National Arboretum Herbarium|website=U.S. National Arboretum|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421030921/https://www.usna.usda.gov/science/herbarium/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The United States National Arboretum was formally established by an act of Congress on 4 March 1927.<ref name=":0" /> The act authorized the creation of the arboretum on what was then called Mount Hamilton, but it did not actually appropriate any funding to make that happen.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=7 March 1927|title=Failure to Obtain Arboretum Funds Blow to Southeast: Citizens Hoped Bill Would Authorize Mt. Hamilton Area, Tucker Declares|page=7|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> That particular area was well-suited for the arboretum because it had varied soils and physiography, and no permanent buildings were then present.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 April 1929|title=Nation to Have Arboretum on Plot Near Washington; Negotations [sic] in Progress for Purchase of Land For Great Garden Project|page=15|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/04/07/archives/nation-to-have-arboretum-on-plot-near-washington-negotations-in.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=12 May 1929|title=A National Arboretum|page=16|work=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref> Ten months later, [[President of the United States|President]] | The United States National Arboretum was formally established by an act of Congress on 4 March 1927.<ref name=":0" /> The act authorized the creation of the arboretum on what was then called Mount Hamilton, but it did not actually appropriate any funding to make that happen.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=7 March 1927|title=Failure to Obtain Arboretum Funds Blow to Southeast: Citizens Hoped Bill Would Authorize Mt. Hamilton Area, Tucker Declares|page=7|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> That particular area was well-suited for the arboretum because it had varied soils and physiography, and no permanent buildings were then present.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 April 1929|title=Nation to Have Arboretum on Plot Near Washington; Negotations [sic] in Progress for Purchase of Land For Great Garden Project|page=15|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/04/07/archives/nation-to-have-arboretum-on-plot-near-washington-negotations-in.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=12 May 1929|title=A National Arboretum|page=16|work=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref> | ||
Ten months later, [[President of the United States|President]] Calvin Coolidge signed a law appropriating $300,000 for the National Arboretum.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 December 1927|title=Coolidge Signs Bill Covering Deficiencies|page=20|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> An initial {{convert|189|acre}} were purchased in 1928, with an additional {{convert|196|acre}} being acquired in 1934.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/117692562|website=National Archives Catalog|series=File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: Washington, DC, 1/1/1964 - 12/31/2013 |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> Additional land was purchased in 1938, 1948, and 1949 that, along with subsequent minor expansions, contributed to the Arboretum's current footprint of {{convert|446|acre}}.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> | |||
On April 11, 1973, the U.S. National Arboretum was listed as a Category II Landmark in the [[National Register of Historic Places]] for its "importance which contributes significantly to the cultural heritage and visual beauty of the District of Columbia."<ref name=":4" /> | On April 11, 1973, the U.S. National Arboretum was listed as a Category II Landmark in the [[National Register of Historic Places]] for its "importance which contributes significantly to the cultural heritage and visual beauty of the District of Columbia."<ref name=":4" /> | ||
The construction of a | The construction of a Chinese garden, the National China Garden has been proposed for the National Arboretum since 2003. A groundbreaking was held in 2016 but the garden was reportedly cancelled due to counter-intelligence concerns regarding the construction of a large pagoda that could be used for collecting signals intelligence.<ref name=WSJ>{{cite news|last1=O'Keeffe|first1=Kate|last2=Viswanatha|first2=Aruna|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313025434/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-warned-jared-kushner-about-wendi-deng-murdoch-1516052072|archivedate=13 March 2018|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-warned-jared-kushner-about-wendi-deng-murdoch-1516052072|title=U.S. Warned Jared Kushner About Wendi Deng Murdoch|date=25 July 2022|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=24 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=CNN>{{cite news|last=Bo Lillis|first=Katie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723061208/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/07/23/politics/fbi-investigation-huawei-china-defense-department-communications-nuclear/index.html|archivedate=23 July 2022|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/07/23/politics/fbi-investigation-huawei-china-defense-department-communications-nuclear/index.html|title=CNN Exclusive: FBI investigation determined Chinese-made Huawei equipment could disrupt US nuclear arsenal communications|date=25 July 2022|work=[[CNN]]|accessdate=24 November 2022}}</ref> | ||
==Gardens and collections== | ==Gardens and collections== | ||
===Major gardens=== | ===Major gardens=== | ||
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**Gotelli and Watnong Collections | **Gotelli and Watnong Collections | ||
*Introduction Garden | *Introduction Garden | ||
*[[ | *[[National Bonsai & Penjing Museum]] | ||
*National Grove of State Trees | *National Grove of State Trees | ||
*National Herb Garden | *National Herb Garden | ||
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===Single-genus groupings=== | ===Single-genus groupings=== | ||
*Azalea Collections | *Azalea Collections | ||
**Glenn Dale Azalea Hillside, Morrison Garden, and Lee Garden | **Glenn Dale Azalea Hillside, Morrison Garden, and Lee Garden | ||
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The National Grove of State Trees (often just called the Grove) is a display of trees representing the 50 states and the District of [[District of Columbia|Columbia]]. Fifty-one plots are arrayed over 30 acres (120,000 m<sup>2</sup>), each plot home to a grouping of a [[List of U.S. state and territory trees|state's official tree species]], or in a few cases, another [[species]] indigenous to the state but better suited to growing in the local [[climate]]. | The National Grove of State Trees (often just called the Grove) is a display of trees representing the 50 states and the District of [[District of Columbia|Columbia]]. Fifty-one plots are arrayed over 30 acres (120,000 m<sup>2</sup>), each plot home to a grouping of a [[List of U.S. state and territory trees|state's official tree species]], or in a few cases, another [[species]] indigenous to the state but better suited to growing in the local [[climate]]. | ||
[[Bald cypress]] that might be found in a | [[Bald cypress]] that might be found in a Louisiana swamp grow just a short walk from pines and birches that grow in [[New England]] forests; young [[Sequoia sempervirens|redwoods]] from [[California]] grow near [[Populus sect. Aegiros|cottonwoods]] that might grow in riverside forests in the otherwise treeless [[Great Plains]] States. | ||
Although the mid-Atlantic region has mild weather, which allows the USDA to grow most of the designated species, it cannot successfully grow a few of the state trees such as the [[cabbage palmetto]], which is the state tree of both [[Florida]] and [[South Carolina]], or the [[kukui]], which is [[Hawaii]]'s state tree. Substitutes have been made for these species, so the arboretum could have a tree that is important in each of the states. Planting was undertaken in 1989 with the [[National Association of State Foresters]], the [[American Forest Foundation]], the [[USDA Forest Service]], and the National Arboretum. | Although the mid-Atlantic region has mild weather, which allows the USDA to grow most of the designated species, it cannot successfully grow a few of the state trees such as the [[cabbage palmetto]], which is the state tree of both [[Florida]] and [[South Carolina]], or the [[kukui]], which is [[Hawaii]]'s state tree. Substitutes have been made for these species, so the arboretum could have a tree that is important in each of the states. Planting was undertaken in 1989 with the [[National Association of State Foresters]], the [[American Forest Foundation]], the [[USDA Forest Service]], and the National Arboretum. | ||
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In 2020, the U.S. National Arboretum re-introduced popular koi (fish) to the reflecting pool near the administration building.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Koi Return to the Administration Building Pool!|url=https://www.usna.usda.gov/about/news/koi-return-to-the-administration-building-pool}}</ref> | In 2020, the U.S. National Arboretum re-introduced popular koi (fish) to the reflecting pool near the administration building.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Koi Return to the Administration Building Pool!|url=https://www.usna.usda.gov/about/news/koi-return-to-the-administration-building-pool}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||