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Twitter: Difference between revisions
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<!-- "Twitter" is the first word in the lead sentence, per MOS:LEADSENTENCE. See talk. --> | <!-- "Twitter" is the first word in the lead sentence, per MOS:LEADSENTENCE. See talk. --> | ||
'''Twitter''', officially known as '''X''' since July 2023, is a [[social networking service]]. It is one of the world's largest [[social media]] platforms and one of the [[most-visited websites]].<ref name="cnbc-kolodny">{{Cite web |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |date=September 18, 2023 |title=Elon Musk says Twitter, now X, is moving to monthly subscription fees and has 550 million users |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/18/musk-says-twitter-now-x-is-moving-to-monthly-subscriptions.html |access-date=September 19, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=September 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918225046/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/18/musk-says-twitter-now-x-is-moving-to-monthly-subscriptions.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Websites Ranking |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=Similarweb}}</ref> Users can share short text messages, images, and videos in [[Microblogging|short posts]] commonly known as "[[Tweet (social media)|tweets]]" or "[[retweet]]s" (officially "post" or "repost") and [[Like button|like]] other users' content.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Conger |first=Kate |date=August 3, 2023 |title=So What Do We Call Twitter Now Anyway? |language=en-US |work= | '''Twitter''', officially known as '''X''' since July 2023, is a [[social networking service]]. It is one of the world's largest [[social media]] platforms and one of the [[most-visited websites]].<ref name="cnbc-kolodny">{{Cite web |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |date=September 18, 2023 |title=Elon Musk says Twitter, now X, is moving to monthly subscription fees and has 550 million users |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/18/musk-says-twitter-now-x-is-moving-to-monthly-subscriptions.html |access-date=September 19, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=September 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918225046/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/18/musk-says-twitter-now-x-is-moving-to-monthly-subscriptions.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Websites Ranking |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=Similarweb}}</ref> Users can share short text messages, images, and videos in [[Microblogging|short posts]] commonly known as "[[Tweet (social media)|tweets]]" or "[[retweet]]s" (officially "post" or "repost") and [[Like button|like]] other users' content.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Conger |first=Kate |date=August 3, 2023 |title=So What Do We Call Twitter Now Anyway? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/03/technology/twitter-x-tweets-elon-musk.html |access-date=August 29, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012220459/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/03/technology/twitter-x-tweets-elon-musk.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The platform also includes [[direct message|direct messaging]], video and audio calling, bookmarks, lists, communities, a chatbot ([[Grok (chatbot)|Grok]]), job search,<ref>{{Cite web |title=X, formerly Twitter, opens job search function to all users |url=https://www.hrdive.com/news/x-elon-musk-opens-job-search-function/700391/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=HR Dive |language=en-US}}</ref> and Spaces, a social audio feature. Users can vote on context added by approved users using the [[Community Notes]] feature. | ||
Twitter was created in March 2006 by [[Jack Dorsey]], [[Noah Glass]], [[Biz Stone]], and [[Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]], and was launched in July of that year. Twitter grew quickly; by 2012 more than 100 million users produced 340 million tweets per day.<ref name="Twitter-2012">{{cite web |url=https://blog.twitter.com/2012/twitter-turns-six |title=Twitter turns six |date=March 21, 2012 |via=Twitter |access-date=August 29, 2014 |archive-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206120727/https://blog.twitter.com/2012/twitter-turns-six |url-status=live }}</ref> Twitter, Inc., was based in San Francisco, California, and had more than 25 offices around the world.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://about.twitter.com/|title=Company: "About Twitter"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403002854/https://about.twitter.com/company|archive-date=April 3, 2016|access-date=April 24, 2014}}</ref> A signature characteristic of the service initially was that posts were required to be brief. Posts were initially limited to 140 characters, which was changed to 280 characters in 2017. The limitation was removed for subscribed accounts in 2023.<ref name="Twitter_500" /> The majority of tweets are produced by a minority of users.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|last=Carlson|first=Nicholas|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stunning-new-numbers-on-who-uses-twitter/|title=Stunning New Numbers on Who Uses Twitter|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=June 2, 2009|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205143012/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stunning-new-numbers-on-who-uses-twitter/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wojcik|first1=Stefan|last2=Hughes|first2=Adam|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|title=Sizing Up Twitter Users|work=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=April 24, 2019|access-date=April 25, 2019|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029223842/https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, it was estimated that approximately 48 million accounts (15% of all accounts) were run by [[internet bot]]s rather than humans.<ref name=Rodriguez/> | Twitter was created in March 2006 by [[Jack Dorsey]], [[Noah Glass]], [[Biz Stone]], and [[Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]], and was launched in July of that year. Twitter grew quickly; by 2012 more than 100 million users produced 340 million tweets per day.<ref name="Twitter-2012">{{cite web |url=https://blog.twitter.com/2012/twitter-turns-six |title=Twitter turns six |date=March 21, 2012 |via=Twitter |access-date=August 29, 2014 |archive-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206120727/https://blog.twitter.com/2012/twitter-turns-six |url-status=live }}</ref> Twitter, Inc., was based in San Francisco, California, and had more than 25 offices around the world.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://about.twitter.com/|title=Company: "About Twitter"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403002854/https://about.twitter.com/company|archive-date=April 3, 2016|access-date=April 24, 2014}}</ref> A signature characteristic of the service initially was that posts were required to be brief. Posts were initially limited to 140 characters, which was changed to 280 characters in 2017. The limitation was removed for subscribed accounts in 2023.<ref name="Twitter_500" /> The majority of tweets are produced by a minority of users.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|last=Carlson|first=Nicholas|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stunning-new-numbers-on-who-uses-twitter/|title=Stunning New Numbers on Who Uses Twitter|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=June 2, 2009|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205143012/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stunning-new-numbers-on-who-uses-twitter/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wojcik|first1=Stefan|last2=Hughes|first2=Adam|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|title=Sizing Up Twitter Users|work=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=April 24, 2019|access-date=April 25, 2019|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029223842/https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, it was estimated that approximately 48 million accounts (15% of all accounts) were run by [[internet bot]]s rather than humans.<ref name=Rodriguez/> | ||
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=== 2006–2021 === | === 2006–2021 === | ||
[[File:Twttr sketch-Dorsey-2006.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|A sketch, {{circa|2006}}, by [[Jack Dorsey]], envisioning an SMS-based [[social network]]]] | [[File:Twttr sketch-Dorsey-2006.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|A sketch, {{circa|2006}}, by [[Jack Dorsey]], envisioning an SMS-based [[social network]]]] | ||
[[Jack Dorsey]] claims to have introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate to a small group in 2006.<ref>{{registration required|date=February 2011}} {{Cite news |last=Miller, Claire Cain |date=October 30, 2010 |title=Why Twitter's C.E.O. Demoted Himself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101065448/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html |archive-date=November 1, 2010 |access-date=October 31, 2010 |work= | [[Jack Dorsey]] claims to have introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate to a small group in 2006.<ref>{{registration required|date=February 2011}} {{Cite news |last=Miller, Claire Cain |date=October 30, 2010 |title=Why Twitter's C.E.O. Demoted Himself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101065448/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html |archive-date=November 1, 2010 |access-date=October 31, 2010 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The original [[project code name]] for the service was ''twttr'', an idea that Williams later ascribed to [[Noah Glass (Twitter)|Noah Glass]],<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=58275072011542529 |user=ev |title=It's true that @Noah never got enough credit for his early role at Twitter. Also, he came up with the name, which was brilliant. |author=Ev |date=April 13, 2011 |access-date=April 26, 2011}}</ref> inspired by [[Flickr]] and the five-character length of American SMS [[short code]]s. The decision was also partly due to the fact that the domain twitter.com was already in use, and it was six months after the launch of twttr that the crew purchased the domain and changed the name of the service to ''Twitter''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Buy a vowel? How Twttr became Twitter |url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2010/technology/1011/gallery.Startup_Domain_Names/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427150243/https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2010/technology/1011/gallery.Startup_Domain_Names/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=June 9, 2015 |work=[[CNN Money]]}}</ref> Work on the project started in February 2006.<ref name="Carlson-2011" /> | ||
The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for [[Odeo]] employees.<ref name="Carlson-2011">{{Cite web |last=Carlson |first=Nicholas |date=April 13, 2011 |title=How Twitter Was Founded |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-twitter-was-founded-2011-4?op=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714111059/http://www.businessinsider.com/how-twitter-was-founded-2011-4?op=1 |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |access-date=September 4, 2013 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> The full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.<ref name="launch">{{Cite web |last=Arrington |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Arrington |date=July 15, 2006 |title=Odeo Releases Twttr |url=https://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501035557/https://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/ |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |access-date=September 18, 2010 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> In October 2006, [[Biz Stone]], [[Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]], Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo from the investors and shareholders.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42577600 | title=The real history of Twitter isn't so short and sweet | first=Nicholas | last=Carlson | work=[[NBC News]] | date=April 14, 2011}}</ref> Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Madrigal, Alexis |date=April 14, 2011 |title=Twitter's Fifth Beatle Tells His Side of the Story |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/twitters-fifth-beatle-tells-his-side-of-the-story/237326/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523231319/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/twitters-fifth-beatle-tells-his-side-of-the-story/237326/ |archive-date=May 23, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2011 |work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Andrew |title=A Conversation with Twitter Co-Founder Jack Dorsey |url=http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727073104/http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ |archive-date=July 27, 2009 |access-date=February 12, 2009 |website=[[The Daily Anchor]]}}</ref> The [[tipping point (sociology)|tipping point]] for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 [[South by Southwest Interactive]] (SXSWi) conference. During the event, [[Twitter usage]] increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meyers |first=Courtney Boyd |date=July 15, 2011 |title=5 years ago today Twitter launched to the public |url=https://thenextweb.com/twitter/2011/07/15/5-years-ago-today-twitter-launched-to-the-public/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427150843/https://thenextweb.com/twitter/2011/07/15/5-years-ago-today-twitter-launched-to-the-public/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=The Next Web}}</ref> | The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for [[Odeo]] employees.<ref name="Carlson-2011">{{Cite web |last=Carlson |first=Nicholas |date=April 13, 2011 |title=How Twitter Was Founded |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-twitter-was-founded-2011-4?op=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714111059/http://www.businessinsider.com/how-twitter-was-founded-2011-4?op=1 |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |access-date=September 4, 2013 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> The full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.<ref name="launch">{{Cite web |last=Arrington |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Arrington |date=July 15, 2006 |title=Odeo Releases Twttr |url=https://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501035557/https://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/ |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |access-date=September 18, 2010 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> In October 2006, [[Biz Stone]], [[Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]], Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo from the investors and shareholders.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42577600 | title=The real history of Twitter isn't so short and sweet | first=Nicholas | last=Carlson | work=[[NBC News]] | date=April 14, 2011}}</ref> Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Madrigal, Alexis |date=April 14, 2011 |title=Twitter's Fifth Beatle Tells His Side of the Story |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/twitters-fifth-beatle-tells-his-side-of-the-story/237326/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523231319/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/twitters-fifth-beatle-tells-his-side-of-the-story/237326/ |archive-date=May 23, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2011 |work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Andrew |title=A Conversation with Twitter Co-Founder Jack Dorsey |url=http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727073104/http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ |archive-date=July 27, 2009 |access-date=February 12, 2009 |website=[[The Daily Anchor]]}}</ref> The [[tipping point (sociology)|tipping point]] for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 [[South by Southwest Interactive]] (SXSWi) conference. During the event, [[Twitter usage]] increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meyers |first=Courtney Boyd |date=July 15, 2011 |title=5 years ago today Twitter launched to the public |url=https://thenextweb.com/twitter/2011/07/15/5-years-ago-today-twitter-launched-to-the-public/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427150843/https://thenextweb.com/twitter/2011/07/15/5-years-ago-today-twitter-launched-to-the-public/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=The Next Web}}</ref> | ||
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===Demographics=== | ===Demographics=== | ||
{{see also|Black Twitter}} | {{see also|Black Twitter}} | ||
In 2009, Twitter was mainly used by older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter.<ref name="teensdonttweet">{{cite news |first=Claire Cain |last=Miller |title=Who's Driving Twitter's Popularity? Not Teens |date=August 25, 2009 |work= | In 2009, Twitter was mainly used by older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter.<ref name="teensdonttweet">{{cite news |first=Claire Cain |last=Miller |title=Who's Driving Twitter's Popularity? Not Teens |date=August 25, 2009 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/26/technology/internet/26twitter.html |access-date=September 18, 2009 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427151114/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/26/technology/internet/26twitter.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[comScore]] only 11% of Twitter's users were aged 12 to 17.<ref name="teensdonttweet" /> According to a study by [[Sysomos]] in June 2009, women made up a slightly larger Twitter demographic than men—53% over 47%. It also stated that 5% of users accounted for 75% of all activity.<ref>{{cite web| author=Cheng, Alex| author2=Evans, Mark| title=Inside Twitter – An In-Depth Look Inside the Twitter World| date=June 2009| url=http://www.sysomos.com/insidetwitter/| publisher=[[Sysomos]]| access-date=February 23, 2011| archive-date=April 3, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403225641/https://www.sysomos.com/insidetwitter/| url-status=live}}</ref> According to Quancast, 27 million people in the US used Twitter in September 2009; 63% of Twitter users were under 35 years old; 60% of Twitter users were Caucasian, but a higher than average (compared to other Internet properties) were African American/black (16%) and Hispanic (11%); 58% of Twitter users have a total household income of at least US$60,000.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bluff, Brian |title=Who Uses Twitter? |date=May 2010 |url=http://www.site-seeker.com/_blogs/who-uses-twitter-demographic/ |publisher=site-seeker.com |access-date=September 22, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531203517/http://www.site-seeker.com/_blogs/who-uses-twitter-demographic/ |archive-date=May 31, 2010}}</ref> The prevalence of African American Twitter usage and in many popular hashtags has been the subject of research studies.<ref>{{cite web |first=Adrian |last=Chen |title=Why So Many Black People Are On Twitter |url=http://gawker.com/5802772/why-so-many-black-people-are-on-twitter |website=[[Gawker]] |publisher=[[Univision Communications]] |date=May 17, 2011 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511014501/https://gawker.com/5802772/why-so-many-black-people-are-on-twitter |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Nick |last=Saint |title=Why Is Twitter More Popular With Black People Than White People? |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-study-results-2010-4 |website=[[Business Insider]] |publisher=[[Axel Springer SE]] |date=April 30, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410171509/https://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-study-results-2010-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
Twitter grew from 100 million monthly active users (MAUs) in September 2011,<ref>{{cite web |date=September 8, 2011 |last=Taylor |first=Chris |url=http://mashable.com/2011/09/08/twitter-has-100-million-active-users/ |title=Twitter has 100 million active users |website=[[Mashable]] |access-date=September 16, 2011 |archive-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420161305/http://mashable.com/2011/09/08/twitter-has-100-million-active-users/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to 255 million in March 2014,<ref name="investor.twitterinc.com">{{cite web |title=Twitter Reports First Quarter 2014 Results |url=https://investor.twitterinc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=843245 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609003245/https://investor.twitterinc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=843245 |archive-date=June 9, 2014 |access-date=June 9, 2014}}</ref> and more than 330 million in early 2019.<ref>Evette Alexander, [https://knightfoundation.org/articles/polarization-in-the-twittersphere-what-86-million-tweets-reveal-about-the-political-makeup-of-american-twitter-users-and-how-they-engage-with-news Polarization in the Twittersphere: What 86 million tweets reveal about the political makeup of American Twitter users and how they engage with news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607204955/https://knightfoundation.org/articles/polarization-in-the-twittersphere-what-86-million-tweets-reveal-about-the-political-makeup-of-american-twitter-users-and-how-they-engage-with-news/ |date=June 7, 2021 }} Knight Foundation/</ref><ref>Deen Freelon Associate Professor in the Hussman School of Journalism and Media, [https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/KF-Twitter-Report-Part1-v6.pdf Tweeting Left, Right & Center: How users and attention are distributed across Twitter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801171351/https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/KF-Twitter-Report-Part1-v6.pdf |date=August 1, 2021 }}, Knight Foundation.</ref><ref name="Twitter" /> In 2013, there were over 100 million users actively using Twitter daily and about 500 million tweets every day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter, Inc Common Stock |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000119312513390321/d564001ds1.htm#toc564001_1 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |archive-date=November 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107163510/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000119312513390321/d564001ds1.htm#toc564001_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2016 [[Pew Research Center|Pew research poll]] found that Twitter is used by 24% of all online US adults. It was equally popular with men and women (24% and 25% of online Americans respectively), but more popular with younger generations (36% of 18–29-year olds).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update-2016/|title=Social Media Update 2016|date=November 11, 2016|work=Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech|access-date=March 23, 2018|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029034937/https://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2019 survey conducted by the [[The Pew Charitable Trusts|Pew Foundation]] found that Twitter users are three times as likely to be younger than 50 years old, with the median age of adult U.S. users being 40. The survey found that 10% of users who are most active on Twitter are responsible for 80% of all tweets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sizing Up Twitter Users|date=April 24, 2019|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|publisher=Pew Research Center|first1=Stefan|last1=Wojcik|first2=Adam|last2=Hughes|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029223842/https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> | Twitter grew from 100 million monthly active users (MAUs) in September 2011,<ref>{{cite web |date=September 8, 2011 |last=Taylor |first=Chris |url=http://mashable.com/2011/09/08/twitter-has-100-million-active-users/ |title=Twitter has 100 million active users |website=[[Mashable]] |access-date=September 16, 2011 |archive-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420161305/http://mashable.com/2011/09/08/twitter-has-100-million-active-users/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to 255 million in March 2014,<ref name="investor.twitterinc.com">{{cite web |title=Twitter Reports First Quarter 2014 Results |url=https://investor.twitterinc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=843245 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609003245/https://investor.twitterinc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=843245 |archive-date=June 9, 2014 |access-date=June 9, 2014}}</ref> and more than 330 million in early 2019.<ref>Evette Alexander, [https://knightfoundation.org/articles/polarization-in-the-twittersphere-what-86-million-tweets-reveal-about-the-political-makeup-of-american-twitter-users-and-how-they-engage-with-news Polarization in the Twittersphere: What 86 million tweets reveal about the political makeup of American Twitter users and how they engage with news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607204955/https://knightfoundation.org/articles/polarization-in-the-twittersphere-what-86-million-tweets-reveal-about-the-political-makeup-of-american-twitter-users-and-how-they-engage-with-news/ |date=June 7, 2021 }} Knight Foundation/</ref><ref>Deen Freelon Associate Professor in the Hussman School of Journalism and Media, [https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/KF-Twitter-Report-Part1-v6.pdf Tweeting Left, Right & Center: How users and attention are distributed across Twitter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801171351/https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/KF-Twitter-Report-Part1-v6.pdf |date=August 1, 2021 }}, Knight Foundation.</ref><ref name="Twitter" /> In 2013, there were over 100 million users actively using Twitter daily and about 500 million tweets every day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter, Inc Common Stock |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000119312513390321/d564001ds1.htm#toc564001_1 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |archive-date=November 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107163510/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000119312513390321/d564001ds1.htm#toc564001_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2016 [[Pew Research Center|Pew research poll]] found that Twitter is used by 24% of all online US adults. It was equally popular with men and women (24% and 25% of online Americans respectively), but more popular with younger generations (36% of 18–29-year olds).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update-2016/|title=Social Media Update 2016|date=November 11, 2016|work=Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech|access-date=March 23, 2018|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029034937/https://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2019 survey conducted by the [[The Pew Charitable Trusts|Pew Foundation]] found that Twitter users are three times as likely to be younger than 50 years old, with the median age of adult U.S. users being 40. The survey found that 10% of users who are most active on Twitter are responsible for 80% of all tweets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sizing Up Twitter Users|date=April 24, 2019|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|publisher=Pew Research Center|first1=Stefan|last1=Wojcik|first2=Adam|last2=Hughes|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029223842/https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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On July 22, 2023, Elon Musk announced that the service would be rebranded to "X",<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Twitter logo change: Five facts about the now-dead Twitter blue bird |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/twitter-logo-change-five-facts-about-the-now-dead-twitter-blue-bird-10777.htm |access-date=July 24, 2023 |website=Storyboard18 |language=en |archive-date=July 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723204022/https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/twitter-logo-change-five-facts-about-the-now-dead-twitter-blue-bird-10777.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> in his pursuit of creating an "[[Super-app|everything app]]".<ref name="independent2" /> Musk's Twitter profile picture, along with the platform's official accounts, and the icons when browsing/signing up for the platform, were updated to reflect the new logo.<ref>{{cite news |last=Savov |first=Vlad |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Musk Declares Fan-Submitted 'X' New Twitter Logo in Abrupt Shift |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-24/musk-declares-fan-submitted-x-new-twitter-logo-in-abrupt-shift |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724075425/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-24/musk-declares-fan-submitted-x-new-twitter-logo-in-abrupt-shift |url-status=live }}</ref> The logo ({{proper name|𝕏}}) is a Unicode [[Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols|mathematical alphanumeric symbol]] for the letter "X" styled in [[Blackboard bold|double-strike bold]]. | On July 22, 2023, Elon Musk announced that the service would be rebranded to "X",<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Twitter logo change: Five facts about the now-dead Twitter blue bird |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/twitter-logo-change-five-facts-about-the-now-dead-twitter-blue-bird-10777.htm |access-date=July 24, 2023 |website=Storyboard18 |language=en |archive-date=July 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723204022/https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/twitter-logo-change-five-facts-about-the-now-dead-twitter-blue-bird-10777.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> in his pursuit of creating an "[[Super-app|everything app]]".<ref name="independent2" /> Musk's Twitter profile picture, along with the platform's official accounts, and the icons when browsing/signing up for the platform, were updated to reflect the new logo.<ref>{{cite news |last=Savov |first=Vlad |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Musk Declares Fan-Submitted 'X' New Twitter Logo in Abrupt Shift |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-24/musk-declares-fan-submitted-x-new-twitter-logo-in-abrupt-shift |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724075425/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-24/musk-declares-fan-submitted-x-new-twitter-logo-in-abrupt-shift |url-status=live }}</ref> The logo ({{proper name|𝕏}}) is a Unicode [[Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols|mathematical alphanumeric symbol]] for the letter "X" styled in [[Blackboard bold|double-strike bold]]. | ||
Mike Proulx of '' | Mike Proulx of ''The New York Times'' was critical of this change, saying the brand value has been "wiped out". Mike Carr says the new logo gives a {{" '}}[[Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Big Brother]]' tech overlord vibe" in contrast to the "cuddly" nature of the previous bird logo.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mac |first1=Ryan |last2=Hsu |first2=Tiffany |date=July 24, 2023 |title=From Twitter to X: Elon Musk Begins Erasing an Iconic Internet Brand |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/24/technology/twitter-x-elon-musk.html |access-date=August 1, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731232510/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/24/technology/twitter-x-elon-musk.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Users [[review bomb]]ed the newly rebranded "X" app on the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|iOS App Store]] on the day it was revealed, and ''Rolling Stone''<nowiki/>'s Miles Klee said that the rebrand "reeks of desperation".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=August 2, 2023 |title=App Store users are downrating Twitter's rebranding to X with 1-star reviews |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/08/02/app-store-users-are-downrating-twitters-rebranding-to-x-with-1-star-reviews/ |access-date=September 18, 2023 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003140925/https://techcrunch.com/2023/08/02/app-store-users-are-downrating-twitters-rebranding-to-x-with-1-star-reviews/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Klee |first=Miles |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Twitter's 'X' Rebrand Is Elon Musk's Most Desperate Gimmick Yet |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/elon-musk-twitter-rebrand-x-doomed-1234794193/ |access-date=September 18, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003092421/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/elon-musk-twitter-rebrand-x-doomed-1234794193/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
==Logo evolution== | ==Logo evolution== | ||
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After a number of high-profile hacks of official accounts, including those of the [[Associated Press]] and ''[[The Guardian]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=April 30, 2013 |title=Twitter Warns news Organisations Amid Syrian Hacking Attacks |url=http://descrier.co.uk/technology/2013/04/twitter-warns-news-organisations-amid-syrian-hacking-attacks/ |access-date=April 30, 2013 |publisher=Descrier}}</ref> in April 2013, Twitter announced a two-factor login verification as an added measure against hacking.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Salvador |date=May 23, 2013 |title=Twitter adds two-step verification option to help fend off hackers |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-twitter-two-step-verification-hackers-20130523,0,5416038.story |access-date=June 10, 2013}}</ref> | After a number of high-profile hacks of official accounts, including those of the [[Associated Press]] and ''[[The Guardian]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=April 30, 2013 |title=Twitter Warns news Organisations Amid Syrian Hacking Attacks |url=http://descrier.co.uk/technology/2013/04/twitter-warns-news-organisations-amid-syrian-hacking-attacks/ |access-date=April 30, 2013 |publisher=Descrier}}</ref> in April 2013, Twitter announced a two-factor login verification as an added measure against hacking.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Salvador |date=May 23, 2013 |title=Twitter adds two-step verification option to help fend off hackers |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-twitter-two-step-verification-hackers-20130523,0,5416038.story |access-date=June 10, 2013}}</ref> | ||
On July 15, 2020, a [[2020 Twitter bitcoin scam|major hack of Twitter]] affected 130 high-profile accounts, both verified and unverified ones such as [[Barack Obama]], [[Bill Gates]], and [[Elon Musk]]; the hack allowed [[bitcoin]] scammers to send tweets via the compromised accounts that asked the followers to send bitcoin to a given public address, with the promise to double their money.<ref name="Statt">{{Cite web |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=July 15, 2020 |title=Barack Obama, Joe Biden, Elon Musk, Apple, and others hacked in unprecedented Twitter attack |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/15/21326200/elon-musk-bill-gates-twitter-hack-bitcoin-scam-compromised |access-date=July 15, 2020 |website=The Verge}}</ref> Within a few hours, Twitter disabled tweeting and reset passwords from all verified accounts.<ref name="Statt" /> Analysis of the event revealed that the scammers had used [[social engineering (security)|social engineering]] to obtain credentials from Twitter employees to access an administration tool used by Twitter to view and change these accounts' personal details as to gain access as part of a "[[smash and grab]]" attempt to make money quickly, with an estimated {{USD|120,000}} in bitcoin deposited in various accounts before Twitter intervened.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |last2=Popper |first2=Nathaniel |date=July 17, 2020 |title=Hackers Tell the Story of the Twitter Attack From the Inside |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/technology/twitter-hackers-interview.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717210005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/technology/twitter-hackers-interview.html |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2020 |work= | On July 15, 2020, a [[2020 Twitter bitcoin scam|major hack of Twitter]] affected 130 high-profile accounts, both verified and unverified ones such as [[Barack Obama]], [[Bill Gates]], and [[Elon Musk]]; the hack allowed [[bitcoin]] scammers to send tweets via the compromised accounts that asked the followers to send bitcoin to a given public address, with the promise to double their money.<ref name="Statt">{{Cite web |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=July 15, 2020 |title=Barack Obama, Joe Biden, Elon Musk, Apple, and others hacked in unprecedented Twitter attack |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/15/21326200/elon-musk-bill-gates-twitter-hack-bitcoin-scam-compromised |access-date=July 15, 2020 |website=The Verge}}</ref> Within a few hours, Twitter disabled tweeting and reset passwords from all verified accounts.<ref name="Statt" /> Analysis of the event revealed that the scammers had used [[social engineering (security)|social engineering]] to obtain credentials from Twitter employees to access an administration tool used by Twitter to view and change these accounts' personal details as to gain access as part of a "[[smash and grab]]" attempt to make money quickly, with an estimated {{USD|120,000}} in bitcoin deposited in various accounts before Twitter intervened.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |last2=Popper |first2=Nathaniel |date=July 17, 2020 |title=Hackers Tell the Story of the Twitter Attack From the Inside |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/technology/twitter-hackers-interview.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717210005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/technology/twitter-hackers-interview.html |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2020 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Several law enforcement entities including the FBI launched investigations into the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McMillan |first1=Robert |last2=Volz |first2=Dustin |date=July 19, 2020 |title=FBI Investigates Twitter Hack Amid Broader Concerns About Platform's Security |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/fbi-investigates-twitter-hack-amid-broader-concerns-about-platforms-security-11594922537 |access-date=July 7, 2020 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> | ||
On August 5, 2022, Twitter disclosed that a bug introduced in a June 2021 update to the service allowed threat actors to link email addresses and phone numbers to twitter user's accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter confirms zero-day used to expose data of 5.4 million accounts |url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/twitter-confirms-zero-day-used-to-expose-data-of-54-million-accounts/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=BleepingComputer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2022 |title=Twitter Confirms Data Breach That Exposed Data Of 5.4 Million Users; Attackers May Still Have Data |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/twitter-confirms-data-breach-that-exposed-data-of-5-4-million-users-attackers-may-still-have-data-5709259.html |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=News18}}</ref> The bug was reported through Twitter's [[bug bounty program]] in January 2022 and subsequently fixed. While Twitter originally believed no one had taken advantage of the vulnerability, it was later revealed that a user on the online hacking forum [[BreachForums|Breach Forums]] had used the vulnerability to compile a list of over 5.4 million user profiles, which they offered to sell for $30,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paganini |first=Pierluigi |date=August 5, 2022 |title=Twitter confirms zero-day used to access data of 5.4 million accounts |url=https://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/134087/data-breach/twitter-zero-day-data-leak.html |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=Security Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Dylan |work=[[The Brussels Times]]|title=Twitter admits to data breach exposing contact info for 5.4 million accounts |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/business/269326/twitter-admits-to-data-breach-exposing-contact-info-for-5-4-million-accounts |access-date=August 11, 2022 }}</ref> The information compiled by the hacker includes user's screen names, location and email addresses which could be used in [[phishing]] attacks or used to deanonymize accounts running under pseudonyms. | On August 5, 2022, Twitter disclosed that a bug introduced in a June 2021 update to the service allowed threat actors to link email addresses and phone numbers to twitter user's accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter confirms zero-day used to expose data of 5.4 million accounts |url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/twitter-confirms-zero-day-used-to-expose-data-of-54-million-accounts/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=BleepingComputer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2022 |title=Twitter Confirms Data Breach That Exposed Data Of 5.4 Million Users; Attackers May Still Have Data |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/twitter-confirms-data-breach-that-exposed-data-of-5-4-million-users-attackers-may-still-have-data-5709259.html |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=News18}}</ref> The bug was reported through Twitter's [[bug bounty program]] in January 2022 and subsequently fixed. While Twitter originally believed no one had taken advantage of the vulnerability, it was later revealed that a user on the online hacking forum [[BreachForums|Breach Forums]] had used the vulnerability to compile a list of over 5.4 million user profiles, which they offered to sell for $30,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paganini |first=Pierluigi |date=August 5, 2022 |title=Twitter confirms zero-day used to access data of 5.4 million accounts |url=https://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/134087/data-breach/twitter-zero-day-data-leak.html |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=Security Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Dylan |work=[[The Brussels Times]]|title=Twitter admits to data breach exposing contact info for 5.4 million accounts |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/business/269326/twitter-admits-to-data-breach-exposing-contact-info-for-5-4-million-accounts |access-date=August 11, 2022 }}</ref> The information compiled by the hacker includes user's screen names, location and email addresses which could be used in [[phishing]] attacks or used to deanonymize accounts running under pseudonyms. | ||
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===Privacy=== | ===Privacy=== | ||
Tweets are public, but users can also send private "direct messages".<ref name=Rushe /> Information about who has chosen to follow an account and who a user has chosen to follow is also public, though accounts can be changed to "protected" which limits this information (and all tweets) to approved followers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classroom.synonym.com/hide-followers-following-twitter-13288.html |title=How to Hide Your Followers & Who You Are Following on Twitter {{pipe}} The Classroom {{pipe}} Synonym |publisher=Classroom.synonym.com |date=November 9, 2015 |access-date=December 7, 2015}}</ref> Twitter collects [[personally identifiable information]] about its users and shares it with third parties as specified in its [[privacy policy]]. The service also reserves the right to sell this information as an asset if the company changes hands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter Privacy Policy |url=https://www.twitter.com/privacy/ |date=May 14, 2007 |via=Twitter |access-date=March 11, 2009 |archive-date=June 25, 2009 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090625120644/https%3A//twitter.com/privacy |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Welsh |first1=Caitlin |last2=Schroeder |first2=Stan |date=August 31, 2023 |title=We read X's new privacy policy so you don't have to |url=https://mashable.com/article/x-twitter-privacy-policy-update |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref> Advertisers can [[behavioral targeting|target users]] based on their history of tweets and may quote tweets in ads<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hansell |first=Saul |title=Advertisers Are Watching Your Every Tweet |url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/advertisers-are-watching-your-every-tweet/ |date=July 16, 2009 |work= | Tweets are public, but users can also send private "direct messages".<ref name=Rushe /> Information about who has chosen to follow an account and who a user has chosen to follow is also public, though accounts can be changed to "protected" which limits this information (and all tweets) to approved followers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classroom.synonym.com/hide-followers-following-twitter-13288.html |title=How to Hide Your Followers & Who You Are Following on Twitter {{pipe}} The Classroom {{pipe}} Synonym |publisher=Classroom.synonym.com |date=November 9, 2015 |access-date=December 7, 2015}}</ref> Twitter collects [[personally identifiable information]] about its users and shares it with third parties as specified in its [[privacy policy]]. The service also reserves the right to sell this information as an asset if the company changes hands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter Privacy Policy |url=https://www.twitter.com/privacy/ |date=May 14, 2007 |via=Twitter |access-date=March 11, 2009 |archive-date=June 25, 2009 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090625120644/https%3A//twitter.com/privacy |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Welsh |first1=Caitlin |last2=Schroeder |first2=Stan |date=August 31, 2023 |title=We read X's new privacy policy so you don't have to |url=https://mashable.com/article/x-twitter-privacy-policy-update |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref> Advertisers can [[behavioral targeting|target users]] based on their history of tweets and may quote tweets in ads<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hansell |first=Saul |title=Advertisers Are Watching Your Every Tweet |url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/advertisers-are-watching-your-every-tweet/ |date=July 16, 2009 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 17, 2009}}</ref> directed specifically to the user. | ||
Twitter launched the [[Beta version#Beta|beta version]] of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, allowing people with public profiles to announce their account name. The profile pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html |title=Twitter Power Players Get Shiny 'Verified' Badges |first=Caroline |last=McCarthy |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=June 12, 2009 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |archive-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503090313/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Twitter launched the [[Beta version#Beta|beta version]] of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, allowing people with public profiles to announce their account name. The profile pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html |title=Twitter Power Players Get Shiny 'Verified' Badges |first=Caroline |last=McCarthy |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=June 12, 2009 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |archive-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503090313/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
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In May 2011, a [[claimant]] known as "CTB" in the case of ''[[CTB v News Group Newspapers|CTB v Twitter Inc.]]'' took action against Twitter at the [[High Court of Justice|High Court of Justice of England and Wales]],<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-20/twitter-inc-unknown-posters-sued-by-athlete-known-as-ctb-at-u-k-court.html "Twitter Inc., Unknown Posters Sued by Athlete Known as 'CTB' at U.K. Court"] Bloomberg L.P..com May 20, 2011</ref> requesting that the company release details of account holders. This followed gossip posted on Twitter about professional footballer [[Ryan Giggs]]'s private life. This led to the [[2011 British privacy injunctions controversy]] and the "super-injunction".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/news/culture-media-and-sport/twitter-users-served-with-privacy-injunction-$21388933.htm |title=Twitter users served with privacy injunction |publisher=Politics.co.uk |access-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523133024/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/culture-media-and-sport/twitter-users-served-with-privacy-injunction-$21388933.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tony Wang, the head of Twitter in Europe, said that people who do "bad things" on the site would need to defend themselves under the laws of their own jurisdiction in the event of controversy and that the site would hand over information about users to the authorities when it was legally required to do so.<ref name="wang">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13546847|work=[[BBC News]] |location=UK |title=Twitter's European boss Tony Wang gives legal warning|date=May 25, 2011 |access-date=May 25, 2011}}</ref> He also suggested that Twitter would accede to a UK court order to divulge names of users responsible for "illegal activity" on the site.<ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/twitter-chief-hints-he-may-have-to-divulge-users-names-2289187.html|work=[[The Independent]] |location=UK |title=Twitter chief hints he may have to divulge users' names|date=May 26, 2011 |access-date=December 13, 2011 |first=Lewis |last=Smith}}</ref> | In May 2011, a [[claimant]] known as "CTB" in the case of ''[[CTB v News Group Newspapers|CTB v Twitter Inc.]]'' took action against Twitter at the [[High Court of Justice|High Court of Justice of England and Wales]],<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-20/twitter-inc-unknown-posters-sued-by-athlete-known-as-ctb-at-u-k-court.html "Twitter Inc., Unknown Posters Sued by Athlete Known as 'CTB' at U.K. Court"] Bloomberg L.P..com May 20, 2011</ref> requesting that the company release details of account holders. This followed gossip posted on Twitter about professional footballer [[Ryan Giggs]]'s private life. This led to the [[2011 British privacy injunctions controversy]] and the "super-injunction".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/news/culture-media-and-sport/twitter-users-served-with-privacy-injunction-$21388933.htm |title=Twitter users served with privacy injunction |publisher=Politics.co.uk |access-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523133024/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/culture-media-and-sport/twitter-users-served-with-privacy-injunction-$21388933.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tony Wang, the head of Twitter in Europe, said that people who do "bad things" on the site would need to defend themselves under the laws of their own jurisdiction in the event of controversy and that the site would hand over information about users to the authorities when it was legally required to do so.<ref name="wang">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13546847|work=[[BBC News]] |location=UK |title=Twitter's European boss Tony Wang gives legal warning|date=May 25, 2011 |access-date=May 25, 2011}}</ref> He also suggested that Twitter would accede to a UK court order to divulge names of users responsible for "illegal activity" on the site.<ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/twitter-chief-hints-he-may-have-to-divulge-users-names-2289187.html|work=[[The Independent]] |location=UK |title=Twitter chief hints he may have to divulge users' names|date=May 26, 2011 |access-date=December 13, 2011 |first=Lewis |last=Smith}}</ref> | ||
Twitter acquired [[Dasient]], a startup that offers malware protection for businesses, in January 2012. Twitter announced plans to use Dasient to help remove hateful advertisers on the website.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/24/twitter-dasient-security-startup_n_1227842.html|title=Twitter Buys Dasient Security Startup To Combat Spam|work=HuffPost | date=January 24, 2012}}</ref> Twitter also offered a feature which would allow tweets to be removed selectively by country, before deleted tweets used to be removed in all countries.<ref name="BBC_censor">{{cite news |date=January 27, 2012|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16753729|title=Twitter to selectively 'censor' tweets by country|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2012/01/tweets-still-must-flow.html "Twitter Blog – Tweets still must flow"] January 26, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.</ref> The first use of the policy was to block the account of German [[neo-Nazi]] group [[Besseres Hannover]] on October 18, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nicholas |last=Kulish |title=Twitter Blocks Germans' Access to Neo-Nazi Group |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/world/europe/twitter-blocks-access-to-neo-nazi-group-in-germany.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018151821/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/world/europe/twitter-blocks-access-to-neo-nazi-group-in-germany.html |archive-date=October 18, 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website= | Twitter acquired [[Dasient]], a startup that offers malware protection for businesses, in January 2012. Twitter announced plans to use Dasient to help remove hateful advertisers on the website.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/24/twitter-dasient-security-startup_n_1227842.html|title=Twitter Buys Dasient Security Startup To Combat Spam|work=HuffPost | date=January 24, 2012}}</ref> Twitter also offered a feature which would allow tweets to be removed selectively by country, before deleted tweets used to be removed in all countries.<ref name="BBC_censor">{{cite news |date=January 27, 2012|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16753729|title=Twitter to selectively 'censor' tweets by country|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2012/01/tweets-still-must-flow.html "Twitter Blog – Tweets still must flow"] January 26, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.</ref> The first use of the policy was to block the account of German [[neo-Nazi]] group [[Besseres Hannover]] on October 18, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nicholas |last=Kulish |title=Twitter Blocks Germans' Access to Neo-Nazi Group |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/world/europe/twitter-blocks-access-to-neo-nazi-group-in-germany.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018151821/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/world/europe/twitter-blocks-access-to-neo-nazi-group-in-germany.html |archive-date=October 18, 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The New York Times |date=October 18, 2012 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> The policy was used again the following day to remove [[anti-Semitic]] French tweets with the hashtag #unbonjuif ("a good Jew").<ref>{{cite news |title=Twitter removes French anti-Semitic tweets |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-20004671 |website=[[BBC News]] |publisher=BBC |date=October 19, 2012 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> | ||
Followed the sharing of images showing the killing of American journalist [[James Foley (journalist)|James Foley]] in 2014, Twitter said that in certain cases it would delete pictures of people who had died after requests from family members and "authorized individuals".<ref>{{cite web |date=August 20, 2014 |title=Twitter Is Trying to Block Images of James Foley's Death |url=https://www.yahoo.com/tech/twitter-trying-to-block-images-of-james-foleys-death-95278352899.html |access-date=September 6, 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! Tech}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=501860042338213889|user=wexler|first=Nu|last=Wexler|title=Twitter policy on media concerning a deceased user|date=August 19, 2014}}</ref> | Followed the sharing of images showing the killing of American journalist [[James Foley (journalist)|James Foley]] in 2014, Twitter said that in certain cases it would delete pictures of people who had died after requests from family members and "authorized individuals".<ref>{{cite web |date=August 20, 2014 |title=Twitter Is Trying to Block Images of James Foley's Death |url=https://www.yahoo.com/tech/twitter-trying-to-block-images-of-james-foleys-death-95278352899.html |access-date=September 6, 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! Tech}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=501860042338213889|user=wexler|first=Nu|last=Wexler|title=Twitter policy on media concerning a deceased user|date=August 19, 2014}}</ref> | ||
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====Public figures==== | ====Public figures==== | ||
[[Jonathan Zittrain]], professor of Internet law at [[Harvard Law School]], said that "the qualities that make Twitter seem inane and half-baked are what makes it so powerful."<ref>{{registration required|date=February 2011}} {{Cite news| first=Noam | last=Cohen | title=Twitter on the Barricades: Six Lessons Learned | date=June 20, 2009 | work= | [[Jonathan Zittrain]], professor of Internet law at [[Harvard Law School]], said that "the qualities that make Twitter seem inane and half-baked are what makes it so powerful."<ref>{{registration required|date=February 2011}} {{Cite news| first=Noam | last=Cohen | title=Twitter on the Barricades: Six Lessons Learned | date=June 20, 2009 | work=The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/weekinreview/21cohenweb.html?_r=1&hp | access-date = June 21, 2009 }}</ref> In that same vein, and with Sigmund Freud in mind, political communications expert Matthew Auer observed that well-crafted tweets by public figures often deliberately mix trivial and serious information so as to appeal to all three parts of the reader's personality: the id, ego, and superego.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Matthew |last1=Auer |title=The Policy Sciences of Social Media |journal=Policy Studies Journal |year=2011 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=709–736 |doi=10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00428.x |s2cid=153590593 }}</ref> The poets [[Mira Gonzalez]] and [[Tao Lin]] published a book titled ''Selected Tweets'' featuring selections of their tweets over some eight years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/06/08/mira-gonzalez-tao-lin-twitter-interview-with-juliet-escoria|title=Mira Gonzalez And Tao Lin's Selected Tweets Is Deeper Than It Seems|publisher=The Fader|date=June 8, 2015|last=Escoria|first=Julia|access-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> The novelist [[Rick Moody]] wrote a short story for Electric Literature called "Some Contemporary Characters", composed entirely of tweets.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rick Moody's Twitter Short Story Draws Long List of Complaints|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2009/12/01/rick-moodys-twitter-short-story-draws-long-list-of-complaints/|date=December 1, 2009|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=May 19, 2012|first=Steven|last=Kurutz}}</ref> | ||
Many commentators have suggested that Twitter radically changed the format of reporting due to instant, short, and frequent communication.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Impact of Twitter on Journalism {{!}} Off Book|url=https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/2c19b182-83df-4168-b61b-158d993e8de2/the-impact-of-twitter-on-journalism/|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=PBS LearningMedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chamberlain|first=Craig|title=How has Twitter changed news coverage?|url=https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/267046|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=news.illinois.edu}}</ref> According to ''[[The Atlantic]]'' writers Benjamin M. Reilly and Robinson Meyer, Twitter has an outsized impact on the public discourse and media. "Something happens on Twitter; celebrities, politicians and journalists talk about it, and it's circulated to a wider audience by Twitter's algorithms; journalists write about the dustup." This can lead to an argument on a Twitter feed looking like a "debate roiling the country... regular people are left with a confused, agitated view of our current political discourse".<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 12, 2020|title=Twitter Is Not as Important as Journalists Make It Seem|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/letters/archive/2020/02/twitter-is-bad-for-the-news/605782/|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=The Atlantic}}</ref> In a 2018 article in the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'', Matthew Ingram argued much the same about Twitter's "oversized role" and that it promotes immediacy over newsworthiness.<ref name="Ingram-2021">{{Cite web|title=Do journalists pay too much attention to Twitter?|url=https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/journalists-on-twitter-study.php|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=Columbia Journalism Review}}</ref> In some cases, inauthentic and provocative tweets were taken up as common opinion in mainstream articles. Writers in several outlets unintentionally cited the opinions of Russian [[Internet Research Agency]]-affiliated accounts.<ref name="Ingram-2021" /><ref name="Luk">{{Cite web|title=Most major outlets have used Russian tweets as sources for partisan opinion: study|url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/tweets-russia-news.php|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=Columbia Journalism Review}}</ref> | Many commentators have suggested that Twitter radically changed the format of reporting due to instant, short, and frequent communication.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Impact of Twitter on Journalism {{!}} Off Book|url=https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/2c19b182-83df-4168-b61b-158d993e8de2/the-impact-of-twitter-on-journalism/|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=PBS LearningMedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chamberlain|first=Craig|title=How has Twitter changed news coverage?|url=https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/267046|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=news.illinois.edu}}</ref> According to ''[[The Atlantic]]'' writers Benjamin M. Reilly and Robinson Meyer, Twitter has an outsized impact on the public discourse and media. "Something happens on Twitter; celebrities, politicians and journalists talk about it, and it's circulated to a wider audience by Twitter's algorithms; journalists write about the dustup." This can lead to an argument on a Twitter feed looking like a "debate roiling the country... regular people are left with a confused, agitated view of our current political discourse".<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 12, 2020|title=Twitter Is Not as Important as Journalists Make It Seem|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/letters/archive/2020/02/twitter-is-bad-for-the-news/605782/|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=The Atlantic}}</ref> In a 2018 article in the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'', Matthew Ingram argued much the same about Twitter's "oversized role" and that it promotes immediacy over newsworthiness.<ref name="Ingram-2021">{{Cite web|title=Do journalists pay too much attention to Twitter?|url=https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/journalists-on-twitter-study.php|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=Columbia Journalism Review}}</ref> In some cases, inauthentic and provocative tweets were taken up as common opinion in mainstream articles. Writers in several outlets unintentionally cited the opinions of Russian [[Internet Research Agency]]-affiliated accounts.<ref name="Ingram-2021" /><ref name="Luk">{{Cite web|title=Most major outlets have used Russian tweets as sources for partisan opinion: study|url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/tweets-russia-news.php|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=Columbia Journalism Review}}</ref> | ||