Hawaii: Difference between revisions

The history of Hawaii's economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries: [[sandalwood]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=274 |title=Hawaii sandalwood trade |publisher=Hawaiihistory.org |access-date=November 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005214518/http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=274 |archive-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> [[whaling]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=287 |title=Whaling in Hawaii |publisher=Hawaiihistory.org |date=June 16, 1999 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005214600/http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=287 |archive-date=October 5, 2011 }}</ref> sugarcane, [[pineapple]], the military, tourism and education. By the 1840s, sugar plantations had gained a strong foothold in the Hawaiian economy, due to a high demand of sugar in the United States and rapid transport via steamships.<ref name="MacLennan 2004 37–62"/> Sugarcane plantations were tightly controlled by American missionary families and businessmen known as "[[Big Five (Hawaii)|the Big Five]]", who monopolized control of the sugar industry's profits.<ref name="MacLennan 2004 37–62"/><ref name="Huard"/> By the time Hawaiian annexation was being considered in 1898, sugarcane producers turned to cultivating tropical fruits like pineapple, which became the principal export for Hawaiʻi's plantation economy.<ref name="Huard"/><ref name="MacLennan 2004 37–62"/> Since statehood in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry, contributing 24.3% of the gross state product (GSP) in 1997, despite efforts to diversify. The state's gross output for 2003 was {{US$|47}}{{spaces}}billion; per capita income for Hawaii residents in 2014 was {{US$|54,516}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.hawaii.gov/Economic-Development/Per-capita-GDP-by-Year/qnar-gix3/data |title=Per capita GDF by year |publisher=State of Hawaii |access-date=August 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911221546/https://data.hawaii.gov/Economic-Development/Per-capita-GDP-by-Year/qnar-gix3/data |archive-date=September 11, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaiian exports include food and clothing. These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy, due to the shipping distance to viable markets, such as the [[West Coast of the United States]]. The state's food exports include coffee, macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, sugarcane and honey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiibeekeepers.org/history.php |title=A History of Honey Bees in the Hawaiian Islands |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908102027/http://www.hawaiibeekeepers.org/history.php |archive-date=September 8, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{as of|2015|December}}, the state's unemployment rate was 3.2%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Local Area Unemployment Statistics|url=http://www.bls.gov/lau/|website=www.bls.gov|publisher=US Bureau of Labor Statistics|access-date=February 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725005015/https://www.bls.gov/lau/|archive-date=July 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, the United States military spent {{US$|12.2}}{{spaces}}billion in Hawaii, accounting for 18% of spending in the state for that year. 75,000 United States Department of Defense personnel live in Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/06/ap-military-spending-strong-in-hawaii-060111/ |title=Study: Military spent $12B in Hawaii in 2009 |work=[[Military Times]] |date=June 1, 2011 |access-date=June 1, 2011 |archive-date=September 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904070338/http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/06/ap-military-spending-strong-in-hawaii-060111/ |url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Hawaii at that time had the fourth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 7.2%.<ref>{{cite web |last=Frank |first=Robert |title=Top states for millionaires per capita |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/top-states-for-millionaires-per-capita.html |url-status=live |publisher=CNBC |date=January 15, 2014 |access-date=January 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122061516/http://www.cnbc.com/id/101338309 |archive-date=January 22, 2014}}</ref>

While Hawaii is internationally recognized as a state of the United States while also being broadly accepted as such in mainstream understanding, the [[Legal status of Hawaii|legality of this status]] has been questioned in U.S. District Court,<ref name=district/> the U.N., and other international forums.<ref name=UN-forum/> Domestically, the debate is a topic covered in the [[Kamehameha Schools]] curriculum,<ref name=curriculum/> and in classes at the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catalog.hawaii.edu/schoolscolleges/hawaiian/kamakakuokalani.htm|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201051929/http://www.catalog.hawaii.edu/schoolscolleges/hawaiian/kamakakuokalani.htm|archive-date=December 1, 2017|access-date=November 24, 2017|title=Kamakakuokalani Center for Hawaiian Studies}}</ref>

The [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]] views the [[overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii]] in 1893 as illegal, and views the subsequent [[Newlands Resolution|annexation of Hawaii by the United States]] as illegal as well; the movement seeks some form of greater autonomy for Hawaii, such as [[associated state|free association]] or independence from the United States.<ref name="HIunpo"/><ref name="Hawaii1893">{{cite web|url=http://hawaii-nation.org/rape.html|title=The Rape of Paradise: The Second Century Hawaiʻians Grope Toward Sovereignty As The U.S. President Apologizes|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191212/http://hawaii-nation.org/rape.html|archive-date=March 3, 2016|work=Perceptions Magazine|author=Johnny Liberty|author2=Richard Neff Hubbard|date=March–April 1996|pages=18–25|via=Hawai`i Independent & Sovereign|access-date=October 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hawaiisov">{{cite news|url=http://www.govexec.com/state-local/2014/08/hawaii-sovereignty-department-interior-hearings/91247/|title=As Feds Hold Hearings, Native Hawaiians Press Sovereignty Claims|date=August 12, 2014|publisher=Government Executive|agency=Government Executive|last1=Grass|first1=Michael|access-date=October 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007091037/http://www.govexec.com/state-local/2014/08/hawaii-sovereignty-department-interior-hearings/91247/|archive-date=October 7, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=mn8TAgAAQBAJ|page=294}}|title=The United States Social Forum: Perspectives of a Movement|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2010|isbn=978-0-557-32373-9|page=294|author=United States Social Forum. Book Committee}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8ep_MtL5BacC|page=153}}|title=Hawaii—The Fake State|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4251-7524-5|page=153|author=Aran Alton Ardaiz}}</ref>