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Secretaries of military departments, in turn, normally exercise authority over their forces by delegation through their respective service chiefs (i.e., [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff of the Army]], [[Commandant of the United States Marine Corps|Commandant of the Marine Corps]], [[Chief of Naval Operations]],  [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force|Chief of Staff of the Air Force]], and [[Chief of Space Operations]]) over forces not assigned to a [[Unified Combatant Command|Combatant Command]].<ref name="Polmar, Norman 2005 20">{{cite book |author=Polmar, Norman |chapter=Defense Organization |title=The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet|publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-59114-685-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/navalinstitutegu0018polm/page/20 20]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MwyTX-iA2wC&pg=PA20|url=https://archive.org/details/navalinstitutegu0018polm/page/20}}</ref>
Secretaries of military departments, in turn, normally exercise authority over their forces by delegation through their respective service chiefs (i.e., [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff of the Army]], [[Commandant of the United States Marine Corps|Commandant of the Marine Corps]], [[Chief of Naval Operations]],  [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force|Chief of Staff of the Air Force]], and [[Chief of Space Operations]]) over forces not assigned to a [[Unified Combatant Command|Combatant Command]].<ref name="Polmar, Norman 2005 20">{{cite book |author=Polmar, Norman |chapter=Defense Organization |title=The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet|publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-59114-685-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/navalinstitutegu0018polm/page/20 20]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MwyTX-iA2wC&pg=PA20|url=https://archive.org/details/navalinstitutegu0018polm/page/20}}</ref>


Secretaries of Military Departments and service chiefs do not possess operational command authority over U.S. troops (this power was stripped from them in the [[Defense Reorganization Act of 1958]]), and instead, Military Departments are tasked solely with "the training, provision of equipment, and administration of troops."<ref name="Polmar, Norman 2005 20" /><gallery class="center" caption="Military Departments of the Department of Defense">
Secretaries of Military Departments and service chiefs do not possess operational command authority over U.S. troops (this power was stripped from them in the [[Defense Reorganization Act of 1958]]), and instead, Military Departments are tasked solely with "the training, provision of equipment, and administration of troops."
File:United States Department of the Army Seal.svg|[[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]]
* [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]]
File:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg|[[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]]
* [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]]
File:Seal of the US Air Force.svg|[[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]]
* [[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]]
</gallery><gallery class="center" caption="Military Services of the Department of Defense">
 
File:Mark of the United States Army.svg|[[United States Army|U.S. Army]]
Military Services of the Department of Defense
File:Emblem of the United States Marine Corps.svg|[[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]]
* [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]
File:Emblem of the United States Navy.svg|[[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]
* [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]]
File:Mark of the United States Air Force.svg|[[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]
* [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]
File:United States Space Force emblem.png|[[United States Space Force|U.S. Space Force]]
* [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]
</gallery>
* [[United States Space Force|U.S. Space Force]]
 
===Unified Combatant Commands===
===Unified Combatant Commands===
{{main|Unified combatant command}}[[File:GCCMAP 2019.png|thumb|U.S. Department of Defense combatant command areas of responsibility]]A [[unified combatant command]] is a military command composed of personnel/equipment from at least two Military Departments, which has a broad/continuing mission.<ref>{{cite book |author=Watson, Cynthia A. |title=Combatant Commands: Origins, Structure, and Engagements |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010|isbn=978-0-313-35432-8|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v183dxvXOa0C&pg=PA3}}</ref><ref name="ABA-p44">{{cite book |editor=Whitley, Joe D. |title=Homeland security: legal and policy issues |chapter=Unified Combatant Commands and USNORTHCOM |publisher=American Bar Association |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60442-462-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJI54yr1ymQC&pg=PA44|display-editors=etal}}</ref>
{{main|Unified combatant command}}[[File:GCCMAP 2019.png|thumb|U.S. Department of Defense combatant command areas of responsibility]]A [[unified combatant command]] is a military command composed of personnel/equipment from at least two Military Departments, which has a broad/continuing mission.<ref>{{cite book |author=Watson, Cynthia A. |title=Combatant Commands: Origins, Structure, and Engagements |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010|isbn=978-0-313-35432-8|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v183dxvXOa0C&pg=PA3}}</ref><ref name="ABA-p44">{{cite book |editor=Whitley, Joe D. |title=Homeland security: legal and policy issues |chapter=Unified Combatant Commands and USNORTHCOM |publisher=American Bar Association |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60442-462-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJI54yr1ymQC&pg=PA44|display-editors=etal}}</ref>