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==Cultural history== | ==Cultural history== | ||
The Oval Office has become associated in Americans' minds with the presidency itself through memorable images, such as a young [[John F. Kennedy, Jr.]] peering through the front panel of his father's desk, President [[Richard Nixon]] speaking by telephone with the [[Apollo 11]] astronauts during their moonwalk, and [[Amy Carter]] bringing her [[Siamese cat]] Misty Malarky Ying Yang to brighten her father President [[Jimmy Carter]]'s day. Several presidents have [[Oval Office address|addressed the nation]] from the Oval Office on occasion. Examples include Kennedy presenting news of the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] (1962), Nixon [[SP 3-125: Richard Nixon's address announcing his intention to resign the presidency|announcing his resignation from office]] (1974),<ref>{{cite news|last1=Herbers|first1=John|title=The 37th President Is First to Quit Post|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/990808onthisday_big.html#article|access-date=6 February 2017|work=The New York Times|issue=9 August 1974}}</ref> [[Ronald Reagan]] following the [[Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster]] (1986),<ref>{{cite web|title=Address to the Nation on the Explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger|url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/address-nation-explosion-space-shuttle-challenger|website=reaganlibrary.gov|access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> and | The Oval Office has become associated in Americans' minds with the presidency itself through memorable images, such as a young [[John F. Kennedy, Jr.]] peering through the front panel of his father's desk, President [[Richard Nixon]] speaking by telephone with the [[Apollo 11]] astronauts during their moonwalk, and [[Amy Carter]] bringing her [[Siamese cat]] Misty Malarky Ying Yang to brighten her father President [[Jimmy Carter]]'s day. Several presidents have [[Oval Office address|addressed the nation]] from the Oval Office on occasion. Examples include Kennedy presenting news of the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] (1962), Nixon [[SP 3-125: Richard Nixon's address announcing his intention to resign the presidency|announcing his resignation from office]] (1974),<ref>{{cite news|last1=Herbers|first1=John|title=The 37th President Is First to Quit Post|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/990808onthisday_big.html#article|access-date=6 February 2017|work=The New York Times|issue=9 August 1974}}</ref> [[Ronald Reagan]] following the [[Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster]] (1986),<ref>{{cite web|title=Address to the Nation on the Explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger|url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/address-nation-explosion-space-shuttle-challenger|website=reaganlibrary.gov|access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> and George W. Bush in the wake of the September 11 attacks (2001).<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael E. Eidenmuller |url=https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911addresstothenation.htm |title=The Rhetoric of 9/11: President George W. Bush – Address to the Nation on 9-11-01 |publisher=Americanrhetoric.com |access-date=2017-02-06}}</ref> | ||
==History, 1789–1909 == | ==History, 1789–1909 == | ||
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===West Wing=== | ===West Wing=== | ||
[[File:The President's office by Detroit Photographic Company.jpg|thumb|Theodore Roosevelt Executive Office and Cabinet Room, {{circa}} 1904]] | [[File:The President's office by Detroit Photographic Company.jpg|thumb|Theodore Roosevelt Executive Office and Cabinet Room, {{circa}} 1904]] | ||
The [[West Wing]] was the idea of President | The [[West Wing]] was the idea of President Theodore Roosevelt, brought about by his wife's opinion that the second floor of the White House, then shared between bedrooms and offices, should be solely a domestic space. Completed in 1902, the one-story Executive Office Building was intended to be a temporary structure, for use until a permanent building was erected there or elsewhere.<ref>An architect, [[Daniel Burnham]], recommended that it be erected on the other side of Pennsylvania Avenue, in [[Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.|Lafayette Park]], to ensure that it would remain a temporary building. Seale, ''The President's House'', p. 664.</ref> Sitting the building west of the White House allowed the removal of a vast, dilapidated set of pre–Civil War greenhouses, which had been erected by President [[James Buchanan]].<ref>The greenhouses were disassembled and moved.</ref> | ||
Roosevelt moved the offices of the [[executive branch]] into the newly constructed wing in 1902. His workspace was a two-room suite of Executive Office and Cabinet Room, occupying the eastern third of the building. Its furniture, including the [[Theodore Roosevelt desk|president's desk]], was designed by architect [[Charles Follen McKim]], and executed by [[A. H. Davenport and Company]], both of Boston.<ref>William Allman, White House Curator, "Oval Office Tour, December 1, 2008," [[C-SPAN]] documentary, 14:45.</ref> Now much altered, the 1902 Executive Office survives as the Roosevelt Room, a windowless interior meeting room situated diagonally from the Oval Office. | Roosevelt moved the offices of the [[executive branch]] into the newly constructed wing in 1902. His workspace was a two-room suite of Executive Office and Cabinet Room, occupying the eastern third of the building. Its furniture, including the [[Theodore Roosevelt desk|president's desk]], was designed by architect [[Charles Follen McKim]], and executed by [[A. H. Davenport and Company]], both of Boston.<ref>William Allman, White House Curator, "Oval Office Tour, December 1, 2008," [[C-SPAN]] documentary, 14:45.</ref> Now much altered, the 1902 Executive Office survives as the Roosevelt Room, a windowless interior meeting room situated diagonally from the Oval Office. | ||
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A [[Federal furniture|Federal]] longcase clock, made in Boston by John and Thomas Seymour c. 1795–1805 – commonly known as the [[Oval Office grandfather clock]] – was purchased by the White House Historical Association in 1972, and has stood next to the Oval Office's northeast door since 1975.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/treasures-of-the-white-house-seymour-tall-case-clock|title=Treasures of the White House: Seymour Tall Case Clock|work=WHHA|access-date=2017-06-08|language=en}}</ref> | A [[Federal furniture|Federal]] longcase clock, made in Boston by John and Thomas Seymour c. 1795–1805 – commonly known as the [[Oval Office grandfather clock]] – was purchased by the White House Historical Association in 1972, and has stood next to the Oval Office's northeast door since 1975.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/treasures-of-the-white-house-seymour-tall-case-clock|title=Treasures of the White House: Seymour Tall Case Clock|work=WHHA|access-date=2017-06-08|language=en}}</ref> | ||
President | President Harry S. Truman replaced the Oval Office's 23-year-old dark green carpet in 1947. He had revised the [[seal of the president of the United States]] after World War II, and his blue-gray carpet incorporated the [[s:Executive Order 9646|1945 revised Seal]], represented monochromatically through varying depths of its cut pile. The Truman carpet remained in the office through the Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy administrations. Jacqueline Kennedy's redecoration of the Oval Office began on November 21, 1963, while she and President Kennedy were away on a trip to Texas. The following day, November 22, a red carpet was installed, just as the Kennedys were making their way through Dallas, where the president was assassinated.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brandus|first=Paul|title=Under This Roof The White House and the Presidency—21 Presidents, 21 Rooms, 21 Inside Stories|date=September 2015|publisher=Globe Pequot Press / Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-4930-0834-6|page=208}}</ref> Johnson had the red carpet removed and the Truman carpet reinstalled, and used the latter for his administration. Since Johnson, most administrations have created their own oval carpet, working with an interior designer and the [[White House Office of the Curator|Curator of the White House]]. | ||
====Desks==== | ====Desks==== | ||
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Artworks are selected from the White House collection or may be borrowed from museums or individuals for the length of an administration. | Artworks are selected from the White House collection or may be borrowed from museums or individuals for the length of an administration. | ||
[[File:Photograph of President Truman receiving a marble bust of Simon Bolivar from a Venezuelan delegation in the Oval... - NARA - 199531.jpg|thumb|President Harry Truman receiving a marble bust of Simon Bolivar from a Venezuelan delegation, December 27, 1946]] | [[File:Photograph of President Truman receiving a marble bust of Simon Bolivar from a Venezuelan delegation in the Oval... - NARA - 199531.jpg|thumb|President Harry Truman receiving a marble bust of Simon Bolivar from a Venezuelan delegation, December 27, 1946]] | ||
Most presidents have hung a portrait of [[George Washington]] – usually the [[Rembrandt Peale]] Porthole portrait or the [[Charles Willson Peale]] three-quarter-length portrait – over the mantel at the north end of the room. A portrait of [[Andrew Jackson]] by [[Thomas Sully]] hung in the offices of Lyndon B. Johnson, Ronald Reagan, [[George H. W. Bush]] and Bill Clinton. A portrait of | Most presidents have hung a portrait of [[George Washington]] – usually the [[Rembrandt Peale]] Porthole portrait or the [[Charles Willson Peale]] three-quarter-length portrait – over the mantel at the north end of the room. A portrait of [[Andrew Jackson]] by [[Thomas Sully]] hung in the offices of Lyndon B. Johnson, Ronald Reagan, [[George H. W. Bush]] and Bill Clinton. A portrait of Abraham Lincoln by George Henry Story hung in George W. Bush's office, continued in Barack Obama's and currently hangs in Joe Biden's. Three landscapes and cityscapes – ''[[City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard]]'' by [[George Cooke (painter)|George Cooke]], ''Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay'' by Victor de Grailly, and ''The President's House'', a copy after [[William Henry Bartlett]] – have adorned the walls in multiple administrations. ''Passing the Outpost'' (1881) by [[Alfred Wordsworth Thompson]], a Revolutionary War genre scene of a carriage stopped at a British [[Security checkpoint|checkpoint]], hung in Gerald Ford's office, and in Jimmy Carter's and Ronald Reagan's.<ref>John Rousmaniere, ''The Union League Club 1863-2013'' (New York: Union League Club, 2013), pp. 198-200.</ref> ''[[The Avenue in the Rain]]'' by [[Childe Hassam]] and ''[[Working on the Statue of Liberty]]'' by [[Norman Rockwell]] flanked the ''Resolute'' desk in Bill Clinton's office and did the same in Barack Obama's. ''Avenue in the Rain'' currently hangs beside the ''Resolute'' desk in Joe Biden's office. | ||
Statuettes, busts, heads, and figurines are frequently displayed in the Oval Office. Abraham Lincoln has been the most common subject, in works by sculptors [[Augustus Saint-Gaudens]], [[Gutzon Borglum]], [[Adolph Alexander Weinman]], [[Leo Cherne]] and others. Over time, traditional busts of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, or Benjamin Franklin have given way to heads of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman or Dwight Eisenhower. Western bronzes by [[Frederic Remington]] have been frequent choices: Lyndon Johnson displayed ''[[The Bronco Buster]]'', as did [[Gerald Ford]], Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Presidents Reagan and George H.W. Bush added its companion piece, ''[[The Rattlesnake (Remington)|The Rattlesnake]]''. | Statuettes, busts, heads, and figurines are frequently displayed in the Oval Office. Abraham Lincoln has been the most common subject, in works by sculptors [[Augustus Saint-Gaudens]], [[Gutzon Borglum]], [[Adolph Alexander Weinman]], [[Leo Cherne]] and others. Over time, traditional busts of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, or Benjamin Franklin have given way to heads of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman or Dwight Eisenhower. Western bronzes by [[Frederic Remington]] have been frequent choices: Lyndon Johnson displayed ''[[The Bronco Buster]]'', as did [[Gerald Ford]], Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Presidents Reagan and George H.W. Bush added its companion piece, ''[[The Rattlesnake (Remington)|The Rattlesnake]]''. | ||
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===Alterations=== | ===Alterations=== | ||
[[Image:OvalFloor.jpg|thumb|The Oval Office floor has been replaced several times, most recently during the administration of | [[Image:OvalFloor.jpg|thumb|The Oval Office floor has been replaced several times, most recently during the administration of George W. Bush. The 2005 installation, based on the original 1933 design by Eric Gugler, features a contrasting cross pattern of [[quarter sawn]] oak and walnut.]] | ||
Since the present Oval Office's construction in 1934 during the administration of President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] the room has remained mostly unchanged architecturally.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} More than any president, Roosevelt left an impression on the room and its use. Doors and window frames have been modified slightly.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} A screen door on the east wall was removed after the installation of air conditioning. President Lyndon B. Johnson's row of wire service Teletype machines on the southeast wall required cutting plaster and flooring to accommodate wiring.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} The Georgian style plaster ornament has been cleaned to remove accumulated paint, and a series of electrified wall [[sconce (light fixture)|sconces]] have come and gone.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} | Since the present Oval Office's construction in 1934 during the administration of President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] the room has remained mostly unchanged architecturally.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} More than any president, Roosevelt left an impression on the room and its use. Doors and window frames have been modified slightly.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} A screen door on the east wall was removed after the installation of air conditioning. President Lyndon B. Johnson's row of wire service Teletype machines on the southeast wall required cutting plaster and flooring to accommodate wiring.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} The Georgian style plaster ornament has been cleaned to remove accumulated paint, and a series of electrified wall [[sconce (light fixture)|sconces]] have come and gone.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} | ||
Though some presidents have chosen to do day-to-day work in a smaller study just west of the Oval Office, most use the actual Oval Office for work and meetings. Traffic from the large numbers of staff, visitors, and pets over time takes its toll. There have been four sets of flooring in the Oval Office. The original floor was made of [[cork (material)|cork]] installed over softwood; however, President Eisenhower was an avid [[golf]]er and damaged the floor with his golf spikes. Johnson had the floor replaced in the mid-1960s with wood-grain [[linoleum]]. In 1982, President [[Ronald Reagan]] had the floor replaced with [[Quarter sawing|quarter sawn]] oak and walnut, in a cross parquet pattern similar in design to a 1933 Eric Gugler sketch, which had never been executed. In August 2005, the floor was replaced again under President | Though some presidents have chosen to do day-to-day work in a smaller study just west of the Oval Office, most use the actual Oval Office for work and meetings. Traffic from the large numbers of staff, visitors, and pets over time takes its toll. There have been four sets of flooring in the Oval Office. The original floor was made of [[cork (material)|cork]] installed over softwood; however, President Eisenhower was an avid [[golf]]er and damaged the floor with his golf spikes. Johnson had the floor replaced in the mid-1960s with wood-grain [[linoleum]]. In 1982, President [[Ronald Reagan]] had the floor replaced with [[Quarter sawing|quarter sawn]] oak and walnut, in a cross parquet pattern similar in design to a 1933 Eric Gugler sketch, which had never been executed. In August 2005, the floor was replaced again under President George W. Bush, in exactly the same pattern as the Reagan floor. | ||
===Conservation=== | ===Conservation=== | ||
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File:Kennedy children visit the Oval Office, October 1962.jpg|[[John F. Kennedy]]'s children visit the Oval Office. | File:Kennedy children visit the Oval Office, October 1962.jpg|[[John F. Kennedy]]'s children visit the Oval Office. | ||
File:Richard M. Nixon and Bob Hope in the oval office. Bob Hope is putting into an ashtray held by the President. - NARA - 194433.tif|President [[Richard M. Nixon]] and [[Bob Hope]] play golf in the Oval Office. | File:Richard M. Nixon and Bob Hope in the oval office. Bob Hope is putting into an ashtray held by the President. - NARA - 194433.tif|President [[Richard M. Nixon]] and [[Bob Hope]] play golf in the Oval Office. | ||
File:Oval Office from above.jpg|View from above: President | File:Oval Office from above.jpg|View from above: President George W. Bush seated at lower left holds meeting. | ||
Image:Paul Kagame with George Bush March 4, 2003.jpg|Traditional hand-shake photo seated in front of the fireplace. President G. W. Bush at right, the guest ([[Paul Kagame]], President of Rwanda) to the left. One of the rare images where there is fire in the fireplace. | Image:Paul Kagame with George Bush March 4, 2003.jpg|Traditional hand-shake photo seated in front of the fireplace. President G. W. Bush at right, the guest ([[Paul Kagame]], President of Rwanda) to the left. One of the rare images where there is fire in the fireplace. | ||
File:P082914PS-0000 (15379615486).jpg|View from fireplace mantel: President [[Barack Obama]] from the back sitting near the fireplace with view toward desk, Rose Garden doorway at left, private study door ajar at right, and door to his secretary's office ajar at far left. | File:P082914PS-0000 (15379615486).jpg|View from fireplace mantel: President [[Barack Obama]] from the back sitting near the fireplace with view toward desk, Rose Garden doorway at left, private study door ajar at right, and door to his secretary's office ajar at far left. | ||
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| Oval Office replica at [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum]].[[File:FDR Oval Office.tif|100px|right]] | | Oval Office replica at [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum]].[[File:FDR Oval Office.tif|100px|right]] | ||
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| | | Harry S. Truman<br />1945–1953 | ||
| [[File:Photograph of President Truman's desk and other furnishings in the Oval Office of the White House. - NARA - 199460.jpg|100px]] | | [[File:Photograph of President Truman's desk and other furnishings in the Oval Office of the White House. - NARA - 199460.jpg|100px]] | ||
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|[[File:Harry Truman Pres Lib oval office.jpg|100px|right]]Oval Office replica at [[Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum|Harry S. Truman Presidential Library]].<br /><br /><br />[[File:Andrew Jackson statue County Courthouse KC Missouri.jpg|100px|right]]In 1933, as presiding judge of [[Jackson County, Missouri]], Truman commissioned sculptor Charles Keck to create a larger-than-life equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson for the under-construction [[Jackson County Courthouse (Kansas City, Missouri)|Kansas City Courthouse]]. The new courthouse was dedicated on December 27, 1934, and Truman's 10-year-old daughter Margaret unveiled the statue. Keck presented a model of the equestrian statue to Truman, which he later displayed in his Oval Office.<ref>Brian Burnes, ''Harry S. Truman: His Life and Times'' (Kansas City, MO: Kansas City Star Books, 2003), p. 101.</ref> | |[[File:Harry Truman Pres Lib oval office.jpg|100px|right]]Oval Office replica at [[Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum|Harry S. Truman Presidential Library]].<br /><br /><br />[[File:Andrew Jackson statue County Courthouse KC Missouri.jpg|100px|right]]In 1933, as presiding judge of [[Jackson County, Missouri]], Truman commissioned sculptor Charles Keck to create a larger-than-life equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson for the under-construction [[Jackson County Courthouse (Kansas City, Missouri)|Kansas City Courthouse]]. The new courthouse was dedicated on December 27, 1934, and Truman's 10-year-old daughter Margaret unveiled the statue. Keck presented a model of the equestrian statue to Truman, which he later displayed in his Oval Office.<ref>Brian Burnes, ''Harry S. Truman: His Life and Times'' (Kansas City, MO: Kansas City Star Books, 2003), p. 101.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Dwight D. Eisenhower<br />1953–1961 | ||
| [[File:EisenhowerAtomicEnergyAct.jpg|100px]] | | [[File:EisenhowerAtomicEnergyAct.jpg|100px]] | ||
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|First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] restored the [[Resolute desk|''Resolute'' desk]].<br />[[File:Redecorated Oval Office with President Kennedy's effects.jpg|100px|right]]<br />The Oval Office was undergoing redecoration at the time of Kennedy's assassination. Lyndon B. Johnson retained the new white drapery, but chose not to use the new red rug.<ref>[http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/special/renovation-1961.htm Kennedy Oval Office] from White House Museum. Scroll to bottom for photo.</ref> | |First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] restored the [[Resolute desk|''Resolute'' desk]].<br />[[File:Redecorated Oval Office with President Kennedy's effects.jpg|100px|right]]<br />The Oval Office was undergoing redecoration at the time of Kennedy's assassination. Lyndon B. Johnson retained the new white drapery, but chose not to use the new red rug.<ref>[http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/special/renovation-1961.htm Kennedy Oval Office] from White House Museum. Scroll to bottom for photo.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Lyndon B. Johnson<br />1963–1969 | ||
| [[File:LBJ watching TV in the Oval Office.jpg|100px]] | | [[File:LBJ watching TV in the Oval Office.jpg|100px]] | ||
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| [[File:Clinton exhibit Presidential Library Little Rock AR 2013-06-07 023.jpg|100px|right]] Oval Office replica at [[William J. Clinton Presidential Library]]. | | [[File:Clinton exhibit Presidential Library Little Rock AR 2013-06-07 023.jpg|100px|right]] Oval Office replica at [[William J. Clinton Presidential Library]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | George W. Bush<br />2001–2009 | ||
| [[File:OvalOffice.whitehouse.jpg|100px]]<br />[[File:President George W. Bush meets with Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper in the Oval Office.jpg|100px]] | | [[File:OvalOffice.whitehouse.jpg|100px]]<br />[[File:President George W. Bush meets with Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper in the Oval Office.jpg|100px]] | ||
| Ken Blasingame, 2001 | | Ken Blasingame, 2001 | ||
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* [http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=46159c03b721329c36337aa0ecbb48fb Google Sketchup 3D Model] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811155020/http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=46159c03b721329c36337aa0ecbb48fb |date=August 11, 2006 }} | * [http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=46159c03b721329c36337aa0ecbb48fb Google Sketchup 3D Model] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811155020/http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=46159c03b721329c36337aa0ecbb48fb |date=August 11, 2006 }} | ||
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/31/oval-office-makeover_n_700495.html 2010 Oval Office Makeover] | * [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/31/oval-office-makeover_n_700495.html 2010 Oval Office Makeover] | ||
* [https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/09/01/garden/20100902-oval-slideshow.html An Office Fitted for a President] – slideshow by '' | * [https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/09/01/garden/20100902-oval-slideshow.html An Office Fitted for a President] – slideshow by ''The New York Times'' | ||
{{White House|state=collapsed}} | {{White House|state=collapsed}} | ||