Radio Free Asia

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Stored: Radio Free Asia

Radio Free Asia
Type: Non-profit (Sub-organization)
Parent organization: U.S. Agency for Global Media
Top organization:
Employees: 250
Executive: President and CEO
Budget: $50M (Estimated for FY 2024)
Address: 2025 M Street NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036, USA
Website: https://www.rfa.org/
Creation Legislation: International Broadcasting Act of 1994
Wikipedia: Radio Free AsiaWikipedia Logo.png
Radio Free Asia
This map created from a Cargo query (Purge)
Mission
Radio Free Asia (RFA) provides accurate and timely news and information to Asian countries where a free press is not guaranteed, aiming to promote democratic values, human rights, and access to uncensored information. RFA's goal is to empower individuals with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions.
Services

Radio broadcasting; Online news; Multimedia content; Journalism training; Special reports

Regulations
Radio Free Asia
AbbreviationRFA
FormationMarch 12, 1996; 29 years ago (1996-03-12)[1]
Type501(c)(3) organization
52-1968145
PurposeBroadcast Media
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
Official languages
Burmese, Cantonese, English, Khmer, Korean, Lao, Mandarin, Tibetan, Uyghur, and Vietnamese
OwnerU.S. Agency for Global Media
President
Bay Fang[2]
Executive Editor
Min Mitchell[3]
Carolyn Bartholomew (Chair), Michael J. Green, Michael Kempner, Keith Richburg, Shanthi Kalathil, Allison Hooker
Parent organization
U.S. Agency for Global Media
Budget
$51.3 million (2023)
Staff253[4]
Website[{{{url}}} Official Site - {{{text}}}]

Radio Free Asia (RFA) is a news service that broadcasts radio programs and publishes online news, information, and commentary for its audiences in Asia.[5][6][7][8] The service, which provides editorially independent reporting,[6][7][8][9][10][11] has the stated mission of providing accurate and uncensored reporting to countries in Asia that have poor media environments and limited protections for speech and press freedom.[12][13][14] RFA is American government-funded, operates as a non-profit corporation, headquartered in Washington, D.C, with news bureaus and journalists in Asia, Europe, and Australia.

Based on Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, it was established by the US International Broadcasting Act of 1994 with the stated aim of "promoting democratic values and human rights", and countering the narratives and monopoly on information distribution of the Chinese Communist Party, as well as providing media reports about the North Korean government.[15][page needed] It is funded and supervised by the U.S. Agency for Global Media[16] (formerly Broadcasting Board of Governors), an independent agency of the United States government.

RFA digitally publishes news articles, photos, videos, and podcasts on its website and social media channels including Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, X in ten Asian languages for audiences in Mainland China, Hong Kong, North Korea, Laos, Cambodia,[17] Vietnam and Myanmar.[18]

History

After the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, American interest in starting a government broadcasting organization grew.[19] A more concrete concept for such an organization aimed towards Asian countries was first presented by then-United States Senator from Delaware, Joe Biden, and later became a part of President Bill Clinton's platform during his 1992 presidential campaign.[20] The International Broadcasting Act was passed by the Congress of the United States and signed by President Bill Clinton in 1994, officially establishing Radio Free Asia.[21]

Radio Free Asia was incorporated in March 1996, and began broadcasting in September 1996. Although RFA directors preferred to broadcast under the name "the Asia-Pacific Network", Republican representatives including Chris Smith and Jesse Helms insisted on returning the name to Radio Free Asia before broadcasting began, to which president Richard Richter complied. Radio Free Asia was forced to change the name in part due to financial pressures from the US government, for although they operated with an independent board, their initial $10 million dollar annual budget came from the Treasury.[22]

In 1997, the then US Deputy Secretary of State, Strobe Talbott, began talks with the government of Australia to purchase abandoned transmission facilities near Darwin, Northern Territory for the purpose of expanding RFA's signal to overcome jamming. Richter personally lobbied in Canberra to support this effort.[23] Although the Australian Government intended to sell the facilities to a foreign broadcaster, preference was given to the BBC over the fledgling RFA due to fears that such a sale would anger China, with Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs Alexander Downer stating, "we are certainly not in the game of provocatively damaging our relations with China."[23][24]

In response to radio jamming efforts from China, Newt Gingrich and House Republican leaders helped to increase the budget of RFA and VOA, with further funding of RFA proposed as a way to combat China's political repression without levying trade restrictions that would anger American businesses.[20]

With the passage of the International Broadcasting Act in 1994, RFA was brought under auspices of the United States Information Agency where it remained until the agency's cessation of broadcasting duties and transitioned to U.S. Department of State operated Broadcasting Board of Governors in 1999. In September 2009, the 111th Congress amended the International Broadcasting Act to allow a one-year extension of the operation of Radio Free Asia.[25]

RFA broadcasts in nine languages, via shortwave, satellite transmissions, medium-wave (AM and FM radio).

The first transmission was in Mandarin Chinese and it is RFA's most broadcast language at twelve hours per day. RFA also broadcasts in Cantonese, Tibetan (Kham, Amdo, and Uke dialects), Uyghur, Burmese, Vietnamese, Lao, Khmer (to Cambodia) and Korean (to North Korea). The Korean service launched in 1997 with Jaehoon Ahn as its founding director.[26] Broadcasts in Khmer to Cambodia that began under the country's communist regime continue despite the country no longer being communist.[27] In 2017, RFA and other networks, such as Voice of America, were put under the then newly created U.S. Agency for Global Media that also sends representatives to its board of directors.[28]

In January 2022, RFA announced that it had appointed Carolyn Bartholomew as the new chair of its board of directors.[29][30] As of December 2023, its board members include: Michael J. Green, Michael Kempner, Keith Richburg, Shanthi Kalathil, and Allison Hooker.[31] RFA receives its funding through annual budget allocations from the U.S. Agency for Global Media.[32]

In March 2024, RFA announced the closure of its Hong Kong bureau, citing journalist safety concerns from Hong Kong's enactment of the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance.[33]

List of presidents

Name Term
Richard "Dick" Richter 1996–July 29, 2005[34][35]
Libby Liu September 2005[36]–November 2019[37]
Bay Fang November 20, 2019[37]–June 2020[38]
Stephen J. Yates December 2020[39]–January 22, 2021[40]
Bay Fang January 2021[41]–present

Radio jamming and Internet blocking

Further information: Radio jamming in China and Radio jamming in Korea

Since broadcasting began in 1996, Chinese authorities have consistently jammed RFA broadcasts.[42]

Three RFA reporters were denied access to China to cover U.S. President Bill Clinton's visit in June 1998. The Chinese embassy in Washington had initially granted visas to the three but revoked them shortly before President Clinton left Washington en route to Beijing. The White House and United States Department of State filed complaints with Chinese authorities over the matter but the reporters ultimately did not make the trip.[42][43]

The Vietnamese-language broadcast signal was also jammed by the Vietnamese government from the beginning.[44] Human rights legislation has been proposed in Congress that would allocate money to counter the jamming.[45] Research by the OpenNet Initiative, a project that monitors Internet filtering by governments worldwide, showed that the Vietnamese-language portion of the Radio Free Asia website was blocked by both of the tested ISPs in Vietnam, while the English-language portion was blocked by one of the two ISPs.[46]

To address radio jamming and Internet blocking by the governments of the countries that it broadcasts to, the RFA website contains instruction on how to create anti-jamming antennas and information on web proxies.[47]

On March 30, 2010, China's domestic internet censor, known as the Great Firewall, temporarily blocked all Google searches in China, due to an unintentional association with the long-censored term "rfa".[48] According to Google, the letters, associated with Radio Free Asia, were appearing in the URLs of all Google searches, thereby triggering China's filter to block search results.[49]

Arrests of Uyghur journalists' relatives

File:RFA Uighur journalists 2018.jpg
RFA's six Uyghur journalists (2018)

In 2014–2015 China arrested three brothers of RFA Uyghur Service journalist Shohret Hoshur. Their jailing was widely described by Western publishers as Chinese authorities' efforts to target Hoshur for his reports on otherwise unreported violent events of the Xinjiang conflict.[50][51][52][53] Much larger numbers of relatives of RFA's Uyghur-language staff have since been detained, including the family of Gulchehra Hoja.[54]

RFA is the only station outside China that broadcasts in the Uyghur language.[54] It has been recognized by journalists of The Atlantic, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and The Economist for playing a role in exposing Xinjiang internment camps.[55][56][57] In particular, The New York Times regards certain RFA articles as part of the few reliable sources of information about Xinjiang.[50][needs update]

Xinjiang internment camps

In 2018, after RFA journalist Hoja published an interview with an individual who had been detained in the Xinjiang internment camps, Chinese authorities detained approximately two dozen of Hoja's relatives.[58][59][60] Later that year, Chinese authorities forcibly disappeared two brothers and five cousins of an editor for RFA's Uyghur language service.[61][62][63]

National Review has reported that as of 2021, eight of Radio Free Asia's fifteen staff of Uyghur ethnicity have family members who are detained in the Xinjiang internment camps.[59]

Mission

Radio Free Asia's functions, as listed in 22 U.S.C. § 6208, are to:

  1. provide accurate and timely information, news, and commentary about events in Asia and elsewhere; and
  2. be a forum for a variety of opinions and voices from within Asian nations whose people do not fully enjoy freedom of expression.

Additionally, the International Broadcasting Act of 1994 (Title III of Pub. L. 103–236), which authorized the creation of the RFA, contains the following paragraph:

The continuation of existing U.S. international broadcasting, and the creation of a new broadcasting service to people of the People's Republic of China and other countries of Asia, which lack adequate sources of free information and ideas, would enhance the promotion of information and ideas, while advancing the goals of U.S. foreign policy.

According to a Congressional Research Service report titled "U.S. International Broadcasting: Background and Issues for Reform" updated on December 15, 2016:

RFA’s target audiences are mandated by legislation and include countries in Asia where governments prohibit access to a free press, specifically the People’s Republic of China and its regions of Tibet and Xinjiang, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, North Korea and Vietnam. RFA was authorized as a nonfederal, private nonprofit corporation that would operate under a BBG grant, much like RFE/RL.

The RFA's mission statement is outlined on its website as follows:[13]

Radio Free Asia operates under a Congressional mandate to deliver uncensored, domestic news and information to China, Tibet, North Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Burma, among other places in Asia with poor media environments and few, if any, free speech protections.

— RFA

Reception

File:Radio Free Asia (logo).svg
The logo of Radio Free Asia from 2010 to Fall 2021

In 1999, Catharin Dalpino of the Brookings Institution, a former assistant secretary deputy for human rights, called Radio Free Asia "a waste of money" and elaborated that she believed its goals had more to do with domestic political symbolism than with supporting democratic movements in Asia, stating that "Wherever we feel there is an ideological enemy, we're going to have a Radio Free Something." Dalpino said she had reviewed scripts of RFA's broadcasts and viewed the station's reporting as unbalanced due to focus on the testimony of dissidents in exile rather than the events occurring in the countries themselves.[64][65] Lynne Weil, a director of communications and external affairs for the U.S. Agency for Global Media, has disputed descriptions of government-funded outlets as propaganda, referring to outlets such as BBC as examples of non-propagandist journalism funded by a government entity.[66] In 2001, Richter stated that congressional interference in the organization was minimal, saying that he "wanted to make sure we weren't just getting set up to be a kill-the-Commie organization."[67]

Monroe Price, director of the Center for Global Communication Studies, described RFA as "a modern iteration of Cold War use of the airwaves, emphasizing a turn from the traditional Cold War targets to new ones" and argued that the goals of RFA prove that the "instruments of international broadcasting are a reflection of the priorities and internal politics of the sending nation."[68]

Vietnamese newspapers such as the state-run Nhân Dân have criticized the goals of RFA and broadcasts into the country, with a writer for Nhân Dân accusing the network of attempting to "interfere in other countries' internal affairs."[69]

Chinese citizens calling in to RFA have expressed a wide range of opinions on the network, both positive and negative, many calling from pay phones to hide their identities.[67]

Controversies and disputes

In early November 2012, Ngabo Jigme, director of the Tibetan language department of Radio Free Asia (RFA), was suddenly fired. It is said that the reason why Ngapoi Jigme was fired by RFA was that he allowed the Tibetan language department to express "opposition to the Tibetan government-in-exile" and because Ngapoi Jigme was "disrespectful" to the 14th Dalai Lama. This caused dissatisfaction with the Tibetan government-in-exile; RFA was pressured to fire Ngabo Jigme. Although the Tibetan government-in-exile and RFA denied it, the incident was still questioned by many parties. RFA's long-term consultant Maura Moynihan called it a "scandal"[70] and Tibetan writer An Leye Calling this a "farce", American Tibetologist Elliot Sperling said "there are several assertions that the political conspiracy of exiled government leaders to put pressure on the RFA was the main reason for Ngabo Jigme's dismissal".[71]

On May 10, 2020, RFA published a news article titled "China Border Inspection Strengthens Inspection of Entry and Exit Nationals, International Students Had Their Passports Cut," [72] which contained a screenshot of a Reddit post by a user who said his passport had been clipped by China's border inspections. However, it was later revealed that the user's attached picture was stolen from someone else. The news triggered criticism from mainland Chinese media, saying that the facts stated in the news were inconsistent with the situation.[73]

On 11 May 2021, Fact-checker First Draft News found that Chinese- and Cantonese-language versions of Radio Free Asia (RFA) published anti-vaccine misinformation regarding the Chinese vaccines, particularly the ones manufactured by Sinopharm and Sinovac. The investigation found the RFA articles amplified misleading claims about the vaccine programs, and its stories were reprinted by popular tabloid newspapers to reinforce the anti-vaccine misinformation. The RFA site did not cover suspected adverse events related to Western-made vaccines. Wen-Ying Sylvia Chou, program director at the National Cancer Institute, believed these articles caused vaccine hesitancy and global public health risks. Masato Kajimoto, a misinformation expert and journalism professor at the University of Hong Kong, suggested the articles were biased toward anti-Beijing messages and repeated unsubstantiated claims made by unreliable sources, such as The Epoch Times.[74]

Awards

Radio Free Asia has received several awards for its journalism, including:

Broadcasting information

Broadcasting Information (Channels 1, 2, 3, 4)
Language Service Target audience Launch Date Daily
Broadcast Hours
Mandarin China September 1996 24 Hours, Daily

÷ over 3 channels

Tibetan Tibet Autonomous Region
Qinghai		 December 1996 23 Hours, Daily, 1 ch
Burmese Myanmar February 1997 8 Hours, Daily

÷ over 3 channels

Vietnamese Vietnam February 1997 8 Hours, Daily

÷ over 2 channels

Korean North Korea March 1997 9 Hours, Daily, 1 ch
Cantonese Guangdong
Guangxi
Hong Kong
Macau		 May 1998 7 Hours, Daily

÷ over 2 channels

Lao Laos August 1997 5 Hours, Daily, 1 ch
Khmer Cambodia September 1997 5 Hours, Daily, 1 ch
Uyghur Xinjiang December 1998 6 Hours, Daily, 1 ch

See also

File:Portal-puzzle.png United States portal
File:Portal-puzzle.png Politics portal
File:Portal-puzzle.png Radio portal

References

  1. ↑ "History". https://www.rfa.org/about/info/history-04202007142923.html. 
  2. ↑ "Bay Fang Named Radio Free Asia's New President". November 20, 2019. https://www.rfa.org/about/releases/bayfang_president-11202019123259.html. 
  3. ↑ "Min Mitchell, Executive Editor". Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/about/directors/min-mitchell-executive-editor. 
  4. ↑ "RFA – USAGM". https://www.usagm.gov/our-work/strategy-and-results/strategic-priorities/budget-submissions/. 
  5. ↑ Wong, Edward (March 3, 2016). "Tibetan Monk, 18, Dies After Self-Immolation to Protest Chinese Rule". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/04/world/asia/china-tibet-self-immolations.html. 
  6. ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 Denyer, Simon (February 28, 2018). "China detains relatives of U.S. reporters in apparent punishment for Xinjiang coverage". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/china-detains-relatives-of-us-reporters-in-apparent-punishment-for-xinjiang-coverage/2018/02/27/4e8d84ae-1b8c-11e8-8a2c-1a6665f59e95_story.html. "Their reporting for the U.S. government-funded news organization has offered one of the only independent sources of information about the crackdown in the province" 
  7. ↑ Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 Ball, Molly (December 16, 2017). "When the Presses Stop". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/01/the-cambodia-daily-bernie-krisher/546563/. 
  8. ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 Beitsch, Rebecca (April 6, 2021). "In departure from Trump, State affirms editorial freedom of Voice of America". The Hill. https://thehill.com/policy/international/546793-in-departure-from-trump-state-affirms-editorial-freedom-of-voice-of. "USAGM, which runs Radio Free Europe, Radio Free Asia, and other networks, is funded by the government but operates under an editorial "firewall" designed to block any interference in its coverage." 
  9. ↑ "Radio Free Asia shuts Hong Kong bureau over new security law – DW – 03/29/2024" (in en). dw.com. 29 March 2024. https://www.dw.com/en/radio-free-asia-shuts-hong-kong-bureau-over-new-security-law/a-68701043. "RFA is funded by the US Congress but with a mandate of editorial independence." 
  10. ↑ Yi, Joseph; Bahk, Junbeom (18 September 2022). "Bounded Exit and Voice in North Korea" (in en). International Migration. doi:10.1111/imig.13053. ISSN 0020-7985. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/imig.13053. 
  11. ↑ Ward, Alex (18 June 2020). "Trump and Steve Bannon want to turn a US-funded global media network into Breitbart 2.0". Vox. https://www.vox.com/2020/6/18/21295549/trump-bannon-pack-global-media-china-wednesday-massacre. 
  12. ↑ "VOA, Radio Free Asia get editors back post-Trump but worry about damage". France 24. AFP. January 26, 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210126-voa-radio-free-asia-get-editors-back-post-trump-but-worry-about-damage. 
  13. ↑ Jump up to: 13.0 13.1 "Mission". https://www.rfa.org/about/info/mission.html. 
  14. ↑ Folkenflik, David (January 15, 2021). "New Chief's Ties Shock Radio Free Asia, While Pompeo Visit To VOA Stirs Outcry". National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2021/01/15/956934808/new-chiefs-ties-shock-radio-free-asia-while-pompeo-visit-to-voa-stirs-outcry. 
  15. ↑ David Welch (November 27, 2013). "ch. 7; Radio Free Asia And China's Harmonious Society (Gary D. Rawnsley)". Propaganda, Power and Persuasion: From World War I to Wikileaks. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-737-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=CpDPBAAAQBAJ. 
  16. ↑ "RFA". https://www.usagm.gov/networks/rfa/. 
  17. ↑ Multiple sources:
  18. ↑ "Radio Free Asia | USAGov". https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/radio-free-asia. 
  19. ↑ Susan B. Epstein: CRS Report for Congress Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
  20. ↑ Jump up to: 20.0 20.1 Mann, Jim (October 1, 1997). "Republican Voltage Keeps Radio Free Asia Buzzing". Los Angeles Times. 
  21. ↑ "Radio Free Asia, Taiwan Sales Approved". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 1, 1994. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/01/world/radio-free-asia-taiwan-sales-approved.html. 
  22. ↑ Mann, Jim (September 30, 1996). "After 5 Years of Political Wrangling, Radio Free Asia Becomes a Reality". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-09-30-mn-49050-story.html. 
  23. ↑ Jump up to: 23.0 23.1 Clark, Pilita; Skehan, Craig (November 3, 1997). "Cabinet in a jam over US radio bid". The Sydney Morning Herald. 
  24. ↑ Greene, Gervase (November 6, 1997). "US facing rejection on Radio Free Asia broadcasts from NT". The Age. https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/122857988/. 
  25. ↑ Bill Text Versions for the 111th Congress, 2009–2010. The Library of Congress.[1] Archived March 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ Brown, Emma (June 10, 2011). "Jaehoon Ahn, reporter and Post researcher, dies". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/jaehoon-ahn-reporter-and-post-researcher-dies/2011/06/09/AGNjEGPH_story.html. 
  27. ↑ "Radio Free Asia Targets Indonesia". Far Eastern Economic Review 165 (39). October 3, 2002. 
  28. ↑ "US Launches New Mandarin Network as Washington and Beijing Battle for Global Influence". South China Morning Post. November 24, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3039109/us-launches-new-mandarin-network-washington-and-beijing-battle. 
  29. ↑ "RFA Welcomes Carolyn Bartholomew as New Board Chair" (in en). https://www.rfa.org/about/releases/rfa-welcomes-carolyn-bartholomew-as-new-board-chair. 
  30. ↑ "Carolyn Bartholomew, Chair" (in en). https://www.rfa.org/about/directors/governance/carolyn-bartholomew-chair. 
  31. ↑ "Governance" (in en). https://www.rfa.org/about/directors/governance. 
  32. ↑ "USAGM" (in en-US). https://www.usagm.gov/our-work/strategy-and-results/strategic-priorities/budget-submissions/. 
  33. ↑ "US-funded Radio Free Asia closes its Hong Kong bureau over safety concerns under new security law" (in en). 2024-03-29. https://apnews.com/article/radio-free-asia-close-bureau-hong-kong-eb5dcb279c29fcca223e2dabcca6d9b4. 
  34. ↑ "Radio Free Asia Founding President Retires" (in en). https://www.rfa.org/about/RFA_Richter_retirement-20050719.html-09072007182704.html. 
  35. ↑ "Statement of RFA President on the Passing of Dick Richter, RFA's Founding President" (in en). https://www.rfa.org/about/releases/dick_richter-07022018120607.html. 
  36. ↑ "Libby Liu, President" (in en). https://www.rfa.org/english/about-old/directors/rfa_libbyliu.html. 
  37. ↑ Jump up to: 37.0 37.1 "Bay Fang Named Radio Free Asia's New President" (in en). https://www.rfa.org/about/releases/bayfang_president-11202019123259.html. 
  38. ↑ "New U.S. broadcasting chief fires agency heads". Associated Press. Washington. June 17, 2020. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/06/17/michael-park-voice-of-america-327713. 
  39. ↑ "Stephen Yates joins U.S. international broadcasting as President of RFA" (in en-US). https://www.usagm.gov/2020/12/22/stephen-yates-joins-u-s-international-broadcasting-as-president-of-rfa/. 
  40. ↑ Folkenflik, David (January 22, 2021). "USAGM Chief Fires Trump Allies Over Radio Free Europe And Other Networks" (in en). https://www.npr.org/2021/01/22/959848852/usagm-chief-fires-trump-allies-over-radio-free-europe-and-other-networks. 
  41. ↑ Fromer, Jacob (January 26, 2021). "A quick Biden fix: Trump appointees ousted from US broadcasting agency" (in en). https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3119220/quick-biden-fix-trump-appointees-ousted-top-us-broadcasting. 
  42. ↑ Jump up to: 42.0 42.1 Mann, Jim (June 23, 1998). "China Bars 3 Journalists From Clinton's Trip". https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jun-23-mn-62697-story.html. 
  43. ↑ Sieff/Scully "Radio Free Asia reporters stay home; Clinton kowtows to Beijing's ban, critics contend", The Washington Times, June 24, 1998
  44. ↑ "Radio Free Asia says broadcasts to Vietnam are being jammed". CNN. February 7, 1997. http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9702/07/briefs.am/radio.free.asia.html. 
  45. ↑ "H.R. 1587 Vietnam Human Rights Act of 2004". Congressional Budget Office. June 24, 2004. http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdoc.cfm?index=5639&type=0&sequence=0. 
  46. ↑ "OpenNet Initiative: Vietnam". OpenNet Initiative. http://opennet.net/research/profiles/vietnam. 
  47. ↑ "RFA: Anti-jamming antenna". http://www.rfa.org/about/help/Anti-Jamming-05022007110912.html. 
  48. ↑ Censky, Annalyn (March 30, 2010). "Google blames China's 'great firewall' for outage". CNN. https://money.cnn.com/2010/03/30/technology/google_china/. 
  49. ↑ "Google says China's "great firewall" blocked search" (in ja). Reuters. March 31, 2010. https://jp.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47326420100331. 
  50. ↑ Jump up to: 50.0 50.1 Forsythe, Michael (July 31, 2015). "A Voice From China's Uighur Homeland, Reporting From the U.S.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/01/world/asia/a-voice-from-chinas-uighur-homeland-reporting-from-the-united-states.html. 
  51. ↑ Casey, Michael (July 9, 2015). "China's War Against One American Journalist". Slate. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2015/07/shohret_hoshur_s_brothers_are_being_disappeared_by_the_chinese_government.html. 
  52. ↑ Denyur, Simon (January 8, 2015). "China uses long-range intimidation of U.S. reporter to suppress Xinjiang coverage". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/china-uses-long-range-intimidation-of-us-reporter-to-suppress-xinjiang-coverage/2015/01/08/1098c8ab-6a12-449d-87f4-8654e2f4c5ab_story.html. 
  53. ↑ Editorial Board (June 9, 2015). "China exports repression beyond its borders". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/tyranny-beyond-borders/2015/06/09/39cb0344-0e96-11e5-adec-e82f8395c032_story.html. 
  54. ↑ Jump up to: 54.0 54.1 "To suppress news of Xinjiang's gulag, China threatens Uighurs abroad". The Economist. October 23, 2019. https://www.economist.com/china/2019/10/23/to-suppress-news-of-xinjiangs-gulag-china-threatens-uighurs-abroad. 
  55. ↑ "Knowledge of China's gulag owes much to American-backed radio". The Economist. October 26, 2019. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/10/26/knowledge-of-chinas-gulag-owes-much-to-american-backed-radio. 
  56. ↑ Hiatt, Fred (November 3, 2019). "In China, every day is Kristallnacht". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/11/03/china-every-day-is-kristallnacht/. 
  57. ↑ "What It's Like to Report on Rights Abuses Against Your Own Family". The Atlantic. March 1, 2019. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/03/radio-free-asia-uighur-service/583687/. 
  58. ↑ Greenberg, Ilan (June 23, 2021). "How China threatens prominent Uyghurs — in the US, in China and everywhere". Coda Story. https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/uyghur-journalist-retaliation/. 
  59. ↑ Jump up to: 59.0 59.1 Nordlinger, Jay (May 4, 2021). "A Uyghur Daughter, and Journalist". National Review. https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/05/a-uyghur-daughter-and-journalist/. 
  60. ↑ Hoja, Gulchehra (December 5, 2019). "Uighur journalist Gulchehra Hoja on exposing China's detention camps". FT Magazine. https://www.ft.com/content/7ed40e3c-1624-11ea-9ee4-11f260415385. 
  61. ↑ McCormick, Andrew (March 1, 2019). "What It's Like to Report on Rights Abuses Against Your Own Family". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/03/radio-free-asia-uighur-service/583687/. 
  62. ↑ Ramzy, Austin (March 1, 2018). "After U.S.-Based Reporters Exposed Abuses, China Seized Their Relatives". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/01/world/asia/china-xinjiang-rfa.html. 
  63. ↑ Lipes, Joshua; Hoshur, Shohret (March 3, 2021). "Brothers of RFA Journalist Confirmed Detained by Xinjiang Authorities". Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/brothers-03032021193155.html. 
  64. ↑ Hopkins, Mark (1999). "A Babel of Broadcasts". Columbia Journalism Review 38 (2): 44. ISSN 0010-194X. https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA55292344. "'The U.S. is propagandizing the world with a jumble of wasteful, redundant radio and TV programs – Voice of America, Radio Free This-and-That.' [...] Brookings Institution Asian scholar Catharin Dalpino says, 'I do think Radio Free Asia is propagandistic.'" 
  65. ↑ "A new agency with a bold mission is set to boost America's broadcast efforts overseas.". May 1, 1999. http://www.govexec.com/magazine/1999/05/broadcast-news/6021/. 
  66. ↑ Chuck, Elizabeth (July 20, 2013). "Taxpayer money at work: US-funded foreign broadcasts finally available in the US". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/taxpayer-money-work-us-funded-foreign-broadcasts-finally-available-us-flna6c10694595. 
  67. ↑ Jump up to: 67.0 67.1 Gamerman, Ellen (April 7, 2001). "China Calling". The Baltimore Sun. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2001-04-07-0104070173-story.html. 
  68. ↑ Price, Monroe (2003). "Public diplomacy and the transformation of international broadcasting". Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal 21 (1): 51–85. 
  69. ↑ Mares, Peter (2013). Losing Control: Freedom of the Press in Asia. ANU Press. p. 250. JSTOR j.ctt5vj71c.18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vj71c.18. 
  70. ↑ "看莫拉女士评论解雇晋美事件-瑞典茉莉-万维博客-万维读者网（电脑版）". https://blog.creaders.net/u/4775/201302/137696.html. 
  71. ↑ "Uneasy moments for Tibetans as leading US supporter alleges misuse of funds". The Times of India. 2012-11-29. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uneasy-moments-for-tibetans-as-leading-us-supporter-alleges-misuse-of-funds/articleshow/17408172.cms. 
  72. ↑ "中国边检加强盘查出入境国人 有留学生被剪护照 — 普通话主页". Radio Free Asia. 2022-06-12. https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/ql1-05102022051016.html. 
  73. ↑ Zheng, Shujing (2022-05-14). "明查｜中国公民赴加留学护照被剪？发布者用盗图，账号已注销". The Paper. https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_18074487. 
  74. ↑ Chen, Keenan (11 May 2021). "Misleading information about China's Covid-19 vaccines could have global ramifications.". https://firstdraftnews.org/articles/sinovac-sinopharm-and-misinformation-online/. 
  75. ↑ "Investigative Reporting Rewarded in Hong-Kong". June 27, 2008. https://www.rfa.org/about/awards/cantonese-06272008135806.html. 
  76. ↑ "Commentator Wins 'Courage in Journalism' Award". Radio Free Asia. May 13, 2010. https://www.rfa.org/about/awards/woeser-05132010140807.html. 
  77. ↑ "Gulchehra Hoja". https://www.iwmf.org/community/gulchehra-hoja/. 
  78. ↑ "2019 Edward R. Murrow Awards". https://www.rtdna.org/content/2019_national_edward_r_murrow_award_winners. 
  79. ↑ "2014 Sigma Delta Chi Award Honorees". https://www.spj.org/sdxa14.asp. 
  80. ↑ "Radio Free Asia Wins Regional Edward R. Murrow Award" (in en). Washington. April 18, 2013. https://www.rfa.org/about/awards/murrow-04252013094354.html. 
  81. ↑ "2013 Regional Edward R. Murrow Award Winners" (in en). https://www.rtdna.org/content/2013_regional_edward_r_murrow_award_winners. 
  82. ↑ "Radio Free Asia Wins Gracie for Web Coverage of Uyghur Women". February 24, 2010. https://www.rfa.org/about/releases/gracie-04292013103949.html. 
  83. ↑ "Burke Honors reporting in Korea and China". https://www.rfa.org/about/awards/burke-05212010145014.html. 
  84. ↑ "RFA Wins Major Environmental Reporting Prize". Radio Free Asia. July 28, 2010. https://www.rfa.org/about/awards/mekong-09282010111818.html. 
  85. ↑ "2021 National Edward R. Murrow Award winners". https://www.rtdna.org/content/2021_national_edward_r_murrow_award_winners. 
  86. ↑ "BenarNews — an RFA Affiliate — Wins Murrow Award for COVID Report". https://www.usagm.gov/2021/08/18/benarnews-an-rfa-affiliate-wins-murrow-award-for-covid-report/. 
  87. ↑ "Preserving the Erased Decade of the Chinese Feminist Movement". https://awards.journalists.org/entries/preserving-the-erased-decade-of-the-chinese-feminist-movement/. 
  88. ↑ "2024 National Edward R. Murrow Award Winners - Radio Television Digital News Association". https://www.rtdna.org/2024-national-edward-r-murrow-award-winners#NetworkRadio. 
  89. ↑ Duggan, Paul; Clarence Williams (November 1, 2008). "Cover-Up Alleged in D.C. Killing Of Lawyer". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/31/AR2008103102290.html. 

Further reading

  • Engelhardt, Tom (1998). The End of Victory Culture. Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1-55849-133-3. 
  • Laville, Helen; Wilford, Hugh (1996). The US Government, Citizen Groups And the Cold War. The State-Private Network. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35608-3. 
  • Thussu, Daya Kishan (2000). International Communication. Continuity and Change. Arnold. ISBN 0-340-74130-9. 

External links

  1. REDIRECT Template:U.S. Agency for Global Media

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