Executive agency

An Executive agency in the United States is an entity within the executive branch of the federal government that is responsible for implementing, administering, and enforcing federal laws as directed by the President, Congress, or through the Constitution.

Heads of these agencies are typically appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. Their tenure might be subject to the political changes, especially for cabinet secretaries who often resign or are replaced when there's a new administration. Agencies are accountable to both the President and Congress. The President can influence their operation through appointments and executive orders, while Congress oversees their actions through its legislative power, budget control, and oversight committees.

Types of Agencies

Cabinet-Level Departments

These are major agencies often referred to as departments, led by a Secretary who is a member of the President's Cabinet. Examples include the Department of Defense, the Department of State, and the Department of Health and Human Services.

Independent Agencies

These are not part of a Cabinet department and have more autonomy. Examples include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Federal Reserve System (which has a unique status with some independence from direct executive control).

Government Corporations

These operate similarly to private businesses but are owned by the government. Examples are the U.S. Postal Service and Amtrak.

Functions

Policy Implementation

Agencies execute the policies enacted by Congress. For instance, the Environmental Protection Agency implements environmental protection laws.

Regulation

Many agencies have regulatory powers to set rules and standards within their area of jurisdiction. For example, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates food, drugs, and cosmetics.

Services

Some agencies provide direct services to the public or specific sectors, like the Small Business Administration aiding small businesses.

Adjudication

Agencies can also act in a quasi-judicial capacity, resolving disputes related to their regulatory functions, like the Social Security Administration adjudicating benefit claims.