Central Intelligence Agency

From USApedia
Central Intelligence Agency
Type: Intelligence Agencies
Parent organization: United States Government (Independent)
Employees: 21575
Executive: Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
Budget: $15.6 billion (classified, approximate)
Address: 1000 Colonial Farm Rd, McLean, VA 22101
Website: https://www.cia.gov
Creation Legislation: National Security Act of 1947
Wikipedia: Central Intelligence AgencyWikipedia Logo.png
Central Intelligence Agency
This map created from a Cargo query (Purge)
Mission
To collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence to assist the President and senior US government policymakers in making decisions related to national security. The CIA also conducts covert operations when authorized by the President.
Services

Intelligence gathering; analysis; covert action; counterintelligence;

Regulations
Central Intelligence Agency
File:Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency.svg
Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency
File:Flag of the United States Central Intelligence Agency.svg
Flag of the Central Intelligence Agency
File:Aerial view of the Central Intelligence Agency headquarters, Langley, Virginia - Corrected and Cropped.jpg
George Bush Center for Intelligence in Langley, Virginia
Agency Overview
Formed September 18, 1947; 77 years ago (1947-09-18)
Preceding agency Office of Strategic Services[1]
Headquarters George Bush Center for Intelligence, Langley, Virginia, U.S.
Employees 21,575 (estimate)[2]
Annual budget $15 billion (as of 2013[update])[2][3][4]
Agency Executives William J. Burns, Director
David S. Cohen, Deputy Director
Kate Heinzelman, General Counsel
Parent department Office of the President of the United States
Parent agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence
Child agencies Directorate of Operations
Directorate of Science and Technology
Operations Support Branch
Website
cia.gov

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency,[5] metonymously as Langley[6] and historically as the Company,[7] is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations. The agency is headquartered in the George Bush Center for Intelligence in Langley, Virginia.

As a principal member of the United States Intelligence Community (IC), the CIA reports to the director of national intelligence and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the president and Cabinet. The agency's founding followed the dissolution of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) at the end of World War II by President Harry S. Truman, who created the Central Intelligence Group under the direction of a director of central intelligence by presidential directive on January 22, 1946.[8] The agency's creation was authorized by the National Security Act of 1947.

Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, the CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on intelligence gathering overseas, with only limited domestic intelligence collection.[9] The CIA serves as the national manager for HUMINT, coordinating activities across the IC. It also carries out covert action at the behest of the president.[10][11]

The CIA exerts foreign political influence through its paramilitary operations units, including its Special Activities Center.[12] The CIA was instrumental in establishing intelligence services in many countries, such as Germany's Federal Intelligence Service. It has also provided support to several foreign political groups and governments, including planning, coordinating, training in torture, and technical support. It was involved in many regime changes and carrying out terrorist attacks and planned assassinations of foreign leaders.[13][2]

Since 2004, the CIA is organized under the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). Despite having had some of its powers transferred to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size following the September 11 attacks. In 2013, The Washington Post reported that in the fiscal year 2010, the CIA had the largest budget of all intelligence community agencies, exceeding prior estimates.[2][14]

The CIA's role has expanded since its creation, now including covert paramilitary operations.[2] One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center (IOC), has shifted from counterterrorism to offensive cyber operations.[15]

The agency has been the subject of several controversies, including its use of torture, domestic wiretapping, propaganda, and alleged human rights violations and drug trafficking. In 2022, a CIA domestic surveillance program was uncovered that had not been subject to congressional oversight.[16][17]

Purpose

When the CIA was created, its purpose was to create a clearinghouse for foreign policy intelligence and analysis, collecting, analyzing, evaluating, and disseminating foreign intelligence, and carrying out covert operations.[18][19]

As of 2013, the CIA had five priorities:[2]

Organizational structure

Main article: Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency
File:CIA Director Burns.jpg
William J. Burns, the current Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
File:CIA ORG Structure.svg
The organization of the Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA has an executive office and five major directorates:

  • The Directorate of Digital Innovation
  • The Directorate of Analysis
  • The Directorate of Operations
  • The Directorate of Support
  • The Directorate of Science and Technology

Executive Office

Further information: Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

The director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) is appointed by the president with Senate confirmation and reports directly to the director of national intelligence (DNI); in practice, the CIA director interfaces with the director of national intelligence (DNI), Congress, and the White House, while the deputy director (DD/CIA) is the internal executive of the CIA and the chief operating officer (COO/CIA), known as executive director until 2017, leads the day-to-day work[20] as the third-highest post of the CIA.[21] The deputy director is formally appointed by the director without Senate confirmation,[21][22] but as the president's opinion plays a great role in the decision,[22] the deputy director is generally considered a political position, making the chief operating officer the most senior non-political position for CIA career officers.[23]

The Executive Office also supports the U.S. military, including the U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command, by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating with field activities. The associate deputy director of the CIA is in charge of the day-to-day operations of the agency. Each branch of the agency has its own director.[20] The Office of Military Affairs (OMA), subordinate to the associate deputy director, manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands, who produce and deliver regional and operational intelligence and consume national intelligence produced by the CIA.[24]

Directorate of Analysis

The Directorate of Analysis, through much of its history known as the Directorate of Intelligence (DI), is tasked with helping "the President and other policymakers make informed decisions about our country's national security" by looking "at all the available information on an issue and organiz[ing] it for policymakers".[25] The directorate has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and three that focus on policy, collection, and staff support.[26] There are regional analytical offices covering the Near East and South Asia, Russia, and Europe; and the Asia–Pacific, Latin America, and Africa.

Directorate of Operations

Main article: Directorate of Operations (CIA)

The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence (mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources), and for covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities between other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their HUMINT operations. This directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense announced in 2012 its intention to organize its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS),[27] under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). Contrary to some public and media misunderstanding, DCS is not a "new" intelligence agency but rather a consolidation, expansion and realignment of existing Defense HUMINT activities, which have been carried out by DIA for decades under various names, most recently as the Defense Human Intelligence Service.[28]

This Directorate is known to be organized by geographic regions and issues, but its precise organization is classified.[29]

Directorate of Science & Technology

Main article: Directorate of Science & Technology

The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, and manage technical collection disciplines and equipment. Many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services.

The development of the U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, for instance, was done in cooperation with the United States Air Force. The U-2's original mission was clandestine imagery intelligence over denied areas such as the Soviet Union.[30] It was subsequently provided with signals intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence capabilities and is now operated by the Air Force.

A DS&T organization analyzed imagery intelligence collected by the U-2 and reconnaissance satellites called the National Photointerpretation Center (NPIC), which had analysts from both the CIA and the military services. Subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).[citation needed]

Directorate of Support

Main article: Directorate of Support

The Directorate of Support has organizational and administrative functions to significant units including:

  • The Office of Security
  • The Office of Communications
  • The Office of Information Technology

Directorate of Digital Innovation

The Directorate of Digital Innovation (DDI) focuses on accelerating innovation across the Agency's mission activities. It is the Agency's newest directorate. The Langley, Virginia-based office's mission is to streamline and integrate digital and cybersecurity capabilities into the CIA's espionage, counterintelligence, all-source analysis, open-source intelligence collection, and covert action operations.[31] It provides operations personnel with tools and techniques to use in cyber operations. It works with information technology infrastructure and practices cyber tradecraft.[32] This means retrofitting the CIA for cyberwarfare. DDI officers help accelerate the integration of innovative methods and tools to enhance the CIA's cyber and digital capabilities on a global scale and ultimately help safeguard the United States. They also apply technical expertise to exploit clandestine and publicly available information (also known as open-source data) using specialized methodologies and digital tools to plan, initiate and support the technical and human-based operations of the CIA.[33] Before the establishment of the new digital directorate, offensive cyber operations were undertaken by the CIA's Information Operations Center.[34] Little is known about how the office specifically functions or if it deploys offensive cyber capabilities.[31]

The directorate had been covertly operating since approximately March 2015 but formally began operations on October 1, 2015.[35] According to classified budget documents, the CIA's computer network operations budget for fiscal year 2013 was $685.4 million. The NSA's budget was roughly $1 billion at the time.[36]

Rep. Adam Schiff, the California Democrat who served as the ranking member of the House Intelligence Committee, endorsed the reorganization. "The director has challenged his workforce, the rest of the intelligence community, and the nation to consider how we conduct the business of intelligence in a world that is profoundly different from 1947 when the CIA was founded," Schiff said.[37]

Office of Congressional Affairs

The Office of Congressional Affairs (OCA) serves as the liaison between the CIA and the US Congress. The OCA states that it aims to ensures that Congress is fully and currently informed of intelligence activities.[38]

The office is the CIA's primary interface with Congressional oversight committees, leadership, and members. It is responsible for all matters pertaining to congressional interaction and oversight of US intelligence activities. It claims that it aims to:[39]

  • ensure that Congress is kept informed of intelligence issues and activities by providing timely briefings and notifications
  • facilitate prompt and complete responses to congressional requests for information and inquiries
  • maintaining a record of the Agency's interaction with Congress
  • track legislation that could affect the Agency
  • educate Agency personnel about their responsibility to keep Congress fully and currently informed

Training

Further information: CIA University, National Intelligence University, and Warrenton Training Center

The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention.[40][41]

In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002.[40][25] CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff.[40][41] The facility works in partnership with the National Intelligence University, and includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.[25][42][43]

For later stage training of student operations officers, there is at least one classified training area at Camp Peary, near Williamsburg, Virginia. Students are selected, and their progress evaluated, in ways derived from the OSS, published as the book Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services.[44] Additional mission training is conducted at Harvey Point, North Carolina.[45]

The primary training facility for the Office of Communications is Warrenton Training Center, located near Warrenton, Virginia. The facility was established in 1951 and has been used by the CIA since at least 1955.[46][47]

Budget

Main article: United States intelligence budget

Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified.[2] Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend "un-vouchered" government money.[48] The government showed its 1997 budget was $26.6 billion for the fiscal year.[49] The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's HUMINT budget is $2.3 billion, the SIGINT budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. "Covert action programs," including a variety of activities such as the CIA's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.[2]

There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget.[50] As a result, reports revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character "[". billion in Template:CURRENTISOYEAR),[51] and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US$26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character "[". billion in Template:CURRENTISOYEAR).[52] There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion,[53] and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA.[2]

After the Marshall Plan was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were secretly made available to the CIA. A portion of the enormous M-fund, established by the U.S. government during the post-war period for reconstruction of Japan, was secretly steered to the CIA.[54]

Open-source intelligence

Further information: Foreign Broadcast Information Service and Open Source Center

Until the 2004 reorganization of the intelligence community, one of the "services of common concern" that the CIA provided was open-source intelligence from the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS).[55] FBIS, which had absorbed the Joint Publication Research Service, a military organization that translated documents,[56] moved into the National Open Source Enterprise under the Director of National Intelligence.

During the Reagan administration, Michael Sekora (assigned to the DIA), worked with agencies across the intelligence community, including the CIA, to develop and deploy a technology-based competitive strategy system called Project Socrates. Project Socrates was designed to utilize open-source intelligence gathering almost exclusively. The technology-focused Socrates system supported such programs as the Strategic Defense Initiative in addition to private sector projects.[57][58]

Increasingly, the CIA is a major consumer of social media intelligence.[59] CIA launched a Twitter account in June 2014.[60] CIA also launched its own .onion website to collect anonymous feedback.[61]

Outsourcing and privatization

See also: Intelligence Outsourcing

Many of the duties and functions of Intelligence Community activities, not the CIA alone, are being outsourced and privatized. Mike McConnell, former Director of National Intelligence, was about to publicize an investigation report of outsourcing by U.S. intelligence agencies, as required by Congress.[62] However, this report was then classified.[63][64] Hillhouse speculates that this report includes requirements for the CIA to report:[63][65]

  • different standards for government employees and contractors;
  • contractors providing similar services to government workers;
  • analysis of costs of contractors vs. employees;
  • an assessment of the appropriateness of outsourced activities;
  • an estimate of the number of contracts and contractors;
  • comparison of compensation for contractors and government employees;
  • attrition analysis of government employees;
  • descriptions of positions to be converted back to the employee model;
  • an evaluation of accountability mechanisms;
  • an evaluation of procedures for "conducting oversight of contractors to ensure identification and prosecution of criminal violations, financial waste, fraud, or other abuses committed by contractors or contract personnel"; and
  • an "identification of best practices of accountability mechanisms within service contracts."

According to investigative journalist Tim Shorrock:

...what we have today with the intelligence business is something far more systemic: senior officials leaving their national security and counterterrorism jobs for positions where they essentially perform the same jobs they once held at the CIA, the NSA, and other agencies – but for double or triple the salary and profit. It's a privatization of the highest order, in which our collective memory and experience in intelligence – our crown jewels of spying, so to speak – are owned by corporate America. There is essentially no government oversight of this private sector at the heart of our intelligence empire. And the lines between public and private have become so blurred as to be nonexistent.[66][67]

Congress had required an outsourcing report by March 30, 2008:[65]

The Director of National Intelligence has been granted the authority to increase the number of positions (FTEs) on elements in the Intelligence Community by up to 10% should there be a determination that activities performed by a contractor should be done by a U.S. government employee."[65]

The problem is two-fold. Part of the problem, according to Author Tim Weiner, is that political appointees designated by recent presidential administrations have sometimes been under-qualified or over-zealous politically. Large scale purges have taken place in the upper echelons of the CIA, and when those talented individuals are pushed out the door, they have frequently gone on to found new independent intelligence companies which can suck up CIA talent.[68] Another part of the contracting problem comes from Congressional restrictions on the number of employees within the IC. According to Hillhouse, this resulted in 70% of the de facto workforce of the CIA's National Clandestine Service being made up of contractors. "After years of contributing to the increasing reliance upon contractors, Congress is now providing a framework for the conversion of contractors into federal government employees – more or less."[65] The number of independent contractors hired by the Federal government across the intelligence community has skyrocketed. So, not only does the CIA have trouble hiring, but those hires will frequently leave their permanent employ for shorter term contract gigs which have much higher pay and allow for more career mobility.[68]

As with most government agencies, building equipment often is contracted. The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), responsible for the development and operation of airborne and spaceborne sensors, long was a joint operation of the CIA and the United States Department of Defense. The NRO had been significantly involved in the design of such sensors, but the NRO, then under DCI authority, contracted more of the design that had been their tradition, and to a contractor without extensive reconnaissance experience, Boeing. The next-generation satellite Future Imagery Architecture project "how does heaven look," which missed objectives after $4 billion in cost overruns, was the result of this contract.[69][70]

Some of the cost problems associated with intelligence come from one agency, or even a group within an agency, not accepting the compartmented security practices for individual projects, requiring expensive duplication.[71]

See also

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Notes

  1. ↑ "History of the CIA". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia/index.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Gellman, Barton; Miller, Greg (August 29, 2013). "U.S. spy network's successes, failures and objectives detailed in 'black budget' summary". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html. 
  3. ↑ Kopel, Dave (July 28, 1997). "CIA Budget: An Unnecessary Secret". http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/cia-budget-unnecessary-secret. 
  4. ↑ "Cloak Over the CIA Budget". The Washington Post. November 29, 1999. https://fas.org/sgp/news/1999/11/wp112999.html. 
  5. ↑ L. Britt Snider (2008), The Agency and the Hill, CIA's Relationship with Congress, 1946-2004, Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA, ISBN 978-1-929667-17-8, https://archive.org/details/agencyhillciasre0000snid 
  6. ↑ "Central Intelligence Agency | Encyclopedia.com". Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-government/us-government/central-intelligence-agency. 
  7. ↑ "Appeals: the Company" (in en). https://public.oed.com/appeals/company/. 
  8. ↑ "71. Presidential Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities". U.S. State Department Historian. January 22, 1946. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d71. 
  9. ↑ "How does the FBI differ from the Central Intelligence Agency?" (in en-us). https://www.fbi.gov/about/faqs/how-does-the-fbi-differ-from-the-central-intelligence-agency. 
  10. ↑ "Additional pre-hearing questions for Mr. John O. Brennan upon his nomination to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency". 2013. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/prehearing%20%285%29.pdf. 
  11. ↑ Woodward, Bob (November 18, 2001). "Secret CIA Units Playing Central Combat Role". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/CIA18.html. 
  12. ↑ Phillips, Tom (October 23, 2006). "Paraguay in a spin about Bush's alleged 100,000 acre hideaway". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips. 
  13. ↑ Greg Grandin (2011). The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War Archived July 29, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. University of Chicago Press. p. 75 Archived October 31, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 9780226306902.
  14. ↑ Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community (March 1, 1996). "Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence. Chapter 13 – The Cost of Intelligence". http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html. 
  15. ↑ Gellman, Barton; Nakashima, Ellen (September 3, 2013). "U.S. spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story.html. 
  16. ↑ Savage, Charlie (June 6, 2023). "CIA is Collecting in Bulk Certain Data Affecting Americans, Senators Warn - The New York Times". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/10/us/politics/cia-data-privacy.html. 
  17. ↑ "The CIA has secretly been collecting [REDACTED"] (in en-US). February 22, 2022. https://www.rcfp.org/pclob-leadership-cia-surveillance/. 
  18. ↑ Rudgers, David F. (2000). Creating the secret state : the origins of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1943-1947. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1024-2. https://archive.org/details/creatingsecretst0000rudg/page/114/mode/1up?q=%22on+June+20+1946%22. 
  19. ↑ "National Intelligence Authority Directive No. 5 - Functions of the Director of Central Intelligence". https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d160. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Leadership". December 30, 2011. https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Windrem, Robert (November 14, 2013). "Sisterhood of Spies: Women crack the code at the CIA". https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/sisterhood-spies-women-crack-code-cia-f2D11594601. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Holmes, Oliver (February 3, 2017). "CIA deputy director linked to torture at Thailand black site". https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/cia-deputy-director-gina-haspel-linked-torture-thailand-black-site. 
  23. ↑ "Meroe Park Joins Butterfield Board". October 6, 2017. http://investors.butterfieldgroup.com/current-news/2017/10-06-2017-214238579. 
  24. ↑ "CIA Support to the US Military During the Persian Gulf War". June 16, 1997. https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "Offices of CIA – Intelligence & Analysis – History" (in en). CIA. https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/history.html. 
  26. ↑ "Intelligence & Analysis". https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/index.html. 
  27. ↑ Miller, Greg (December 1, 2012). "DIA to send hundreds more spies overseas". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dia-to-send-hundreds-more-spies-overseas/2012/12/01/97463e4e-399b-11e2-b01f-5f55b193f58f_story.html. 
  28. ↑ Eric Schmitt (April 23, 2012). "Defense Department Plans New Intelligence Gathering Service" Archived January 17, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times.
  29. ↑ Blanton, Thomas S.; Evans, Michael L.; Martin, Kate (July 17, 2000). "Defense HUMINT Service Organizational Chart". The "Death Squad Protection" Act: Senate Measure Would Restrict Public Access to Crucial Human Rights Information Under the Freedom of Information Act. George Washington University National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 34. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB34/13-01.htm. 
  30. ↑ Pocock, Chris (2005). 50 Years of the U-2: The Complete Illustrated History of the 'Dragon Lady'. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. p. 404. ISBN 0-7643-2346-6. LCCN 89012535. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "New CIA director inherits an agency that is quickly developing cyber capabilities". January 27, 2017. https://www.fedscoop.com/new-cia-director-inherits-agency-quickly-developing-cyber-capabilities/. 
  32. ↑ "Digital Innovation – Central Intelligence Agency". https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/digital-innovation/index.html. 
  33. ↑ "Digital Targeter – Central Intelligence Agency". https://www.cia.gov/careers/opportunities/support-professional/digital-targeter.html. 
  34. ↑ "CIA's New 'Digital Innovation' Division Can't Seem to Keep its Own Secrets". March 8, 2017. https://theintercept.com/2017/03/08/cias-new-digital-innovation-division-cant-seem-to-keep-its-own-secrets/. 
  35. ↑ Lyngaas, Sean (October 1, 2015). "Inside the CIA's new Digital Directorate". https://fcw.com/articles/2015/10/01/cia-digital-directorate.aspx. 
  36. ↑ Gellman, Barton; Miller, Greg (August 29, 2013). "'Black budget' summary details U.S. spy network's successes, failures and objectives". https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html. 
  37. ↑ "CIA Creates Digital Innovation Directorate". https://www.bankinfosecurity.com/cia-creates-digital-innovation-directorate-a-7991. 
  38. ↑ "Congressional Affairs". 26 March 2013. https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/congressional-affairs. Retrieved 10 June 2016.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  39. ↑ "Who We Are". 23 January 2013. https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/congressional-affairs/who-we-are.html. Retrieved 10 June 2016.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Wendt, Jeff. "A feature interview with Frans Bax, President, CIA University". Today's Campus. http://www.todayscampus.com/articles/load.aspx?art=1638. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  42. ↑ "Life in HR: Learning Resources". February 12, 2013. https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/human-resources/learning-resources.html. 
  43. ↑ "Training Resources". January 23, 2013. https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/training-resources.html. 
  44. ↑ The OSS Assessment Staff (1969). Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services. Johnson Reprint Corporation (original printing by Rinehart and Company, Inc.). 
  45. ↑ Weiner, Tim (March 20, 1998). "Is the Explosion-Noisy Base a C.I.A. Spy School? What Base?". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/20/world/is-the-explosion-noisy-base-a-cia-spy-school-what-base.html. 
  46. ↑ Pike, John (2001). "Warrenton Station B". https://fas.org/irp/facility/warrenton_b.htm. 
  47. ↑ "Office of the General Counsel". October 31, 1954. http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP86B00269R000100110003-5.pdf. 
  48. ↑ Pedlow, Gregory W.; Welzenbach, Donald E. (1992). The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954–1974. Washington, D.C.: History Staff, Central Intelligence Agency. pp. 43–44. http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/. 
  49. ↑ "Statement of the Director of Central Intelligence Regarding the Disclosure of the Aggregate Intelligence Budget for Fiscal Year 1997". October 15, 1997. https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/press-release-archive-1997-1/pr101597.html. 
  50. ↑ "Declaration of Steven Aftergood". May 5, 2003. Case No. 02-1146 (RMU). https://fas.org/sgp/foia/2002/aftergood.html. 
  51. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (September 1, 1965). "CIA Cost Reduction Program". https://fas.org/sgp/foia/1947/cia050405att.pdf. 
  52. ↑ "CIA Discloses FY 1998 Intelligence Budget Total". March 20, 1998. https://fas.org/sgp/foia/intel98.html. 
  53. ↑ Shane, Scott (November 8, 2005). "Official Reveals Budget for U.S. Intelligence". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/08/politics/08budget.html. 
  54. ↑ Legacy of Ashes, p. 28.
  55. ↑ Mercado, Stephen (April 15, 2007). "Reexamining the Distinction Between Open Information and Secrets". https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/Vol49no2/reexamining_the_distinction_3.htm. 
  56. ↑ "Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS)". Harvard College Library. http://hcl.harvard.edu/research/guides/jprs/. 
  57. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  58. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  59. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  60. ↑ Pfeiffer, Eric (June 6, 2014). "CIA outwits impersonators by embracing Twitter, Facebook". https://news.yahoo.com/cia-launches-twitter-and-facebook-accounts-210535915.html. 
  61. ↑ Makuch, Ben (May 7, 2019). "The CIA Will Use its New Dark Web Site to Collect Anonymous Tips". Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/xwnyew/the-cia-will-use-its-new-dark-web-site-to-collect-anonymous-tips. 
  62. ↑ "Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, Conference Committee Report". December 6, 2007. https://fas.org/irp/congress/2007_rpt/hrpt110-478.pdf. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Hillhouse, R. J. (July 8, 2007). "Who Runs the CIA? Outsiders for Hire". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/06/AR2007070601993_pf.html. 
  64. ↑ Keefe, Patrick Radden (June 25, 2007). "Don't Privatize Our Spies". The New York Times. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E6D91731F936A15755C0A9619C8B63. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Hillhouse, R. J. (December 18, 2007). "CIA Contractors: Double or Nothin'". http://www.thespywhobilledme.com/the_spy_who_billed_me/2007/12/cia-contractors.html. 
  66. ↑ Shorrock, Tim (May 29, 2008). "Former high-ranking Bush officials enjoy war profits". http://www.salon.com/news/excerpt/2008/05/29/spies_for_hire/print.html. 
  67. ↑ Hurt III, Harry (June 15, 2008). "The Business of Intelligence Gathering". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/business/15shelf.html. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ashes
  69. ↑ Butler, Amy (March 20, 2005). "SBIRS High in the Red Again". Aviation Week. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2F03215p02.xml. 
  70. ↑ Taubman, Philip (November 11, 2007). "In Death of Spy Satellite Program, Lofty Plans and Unrealistic Bids". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/washington/11satellite.html. 
  71. ↑ Rich, Ben R. (1996). Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years of Lockheed. Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-316-74330-5. https://archive.org/details/skunkworks00benr. 

References

External links

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