USApedia

Customs and Border Protection: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Customs and Border Protection (view source)

Revision as of 21:24, 12 April 2025

487 bytes added ,  12 April
no edit summary
VisualWikitext
 
No edit summary
 
(11 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Organization
|OrganizationName=Customs and Border Protection
|OrganizationType=Executive Department
|Mission=U.S. Customs and Border Protection is tasked with keeping terrorists and their weapons out of the U.S., while facilitating lawful international travel and trade. It aims to secure America's borders to protect the American people and economy.
|ParentOrganization=Department of Homeland Security
|TopOrganization=Department of Homeland Security
|CreationLegislation=Homeland Security Act of 2002
|Employees=60000
|Budget=$17.5 billion (fiscal year 2024)
|OrganizationExecutive=Commissioner
|Services=Border security; Immigration and customs enforcement; Trade facilitation; Cargo inspection; Agricultural pest and disease protection
|Regulations=Immigration and Nationality Act; Tariff Act of 1930; Plant Protection Act
|HeadquartersLocation=38.89333, -77.03003
|HeadquartersAddress=1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20229
|Website=https://www.cbp.gov
}}
{{Short description|American federal law enforcement agency}}
{{Short description|American federal law enforcement agency}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
 
{{Use American English|date=August 2018}}{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname        = U.S. Customs and Border Protection
| agencyname        = U.S. Customs and Border Protection
| patch            = Patch of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection.svg
| patchcaption      = CBP Patch
| logo              = Seal of U.S. Customs and Border Protection.png
| logocaption      = CBP Seal
| formed            = {{start date and age|2003|3|1}}
| formed            = {{start date and age|2003|3|1}}
| preceding1        = Some functions of the [[United States Department of Agriculture]]
| preceding1        = Some functions of the [[United States Department of Agriculture]]
Line 20: Line 31:
| sworn            = 45,741
| sworn            = 45,741
| minister1pfo      = [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]]
| minister1pfo      = [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]]
| chief1name        = [[Troy A. Miller]]
| chief1position    = Acting Commissioner
| chief1position    = Acting Commissioner
| chief2name        = Pete R. Flores
| chief2position    = Acting Deputy Commissioner
| chief2position    = Acting Deputy Commissioner
| parentagency      = [[United States Department of Homeland Security]]
| parentagency      = [[United States Department of Homeland Security]]
Line 34: Line 43:


CBP has a workforce of over 58,000 employees, including officers and agents, agriculture specialists, aircraft pilots, trade specialists, mission support staff, and canine enforcement officers and agents.
CBP has a workforce of over 58,000 employees, including officers and agents, agriculture specialists, aircraft pilots, trade specialists, mission support staff, and canine enforcement officers and agents.
*More than 21,180 CBP officers inspect and examine passengers and cargo at 328 ports of entry.<ref name="nyt-inside-border-patrol-2019">{{cite web |last1=Fernandez |first1=Manny |last2=Jordan |first2=Miriam |last3=Kanno-Youngs |first3=Zolan |last4=Dickerson |first4=Caitlin |title='People Actively Hate Us': Inside the Border Patrol's Morale Crisis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/15/us/border-patrol-culture.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 September 2019 |date=September 15, 2019}}</ref>
*More than 21,180 CBP officers inspect and examine passengers and cargo at 328 ports of entry.<ref name="nyt-inside-border-patrol-2019">{{cite web |last1=Fernandez |first1=Manny |last2=Jordan |first2=Miriam |last3=Kanno-Youngs |first3=Zolan |last4=Dickerson |first4=Caitlin |title='People Actively Hate Us': Inside the Border Patrol's Morale Crisis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/15/us/border-patrol-culture.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=15 September 2019 |date=September 15, 2019}}</ref>
*Over 2,200 CBP agriculture specialists work to curtail the spread of harmful pests and plant and animal diseases that may harm America's farms and food supply or cause [[Bioterrorism|bio-]] and [[agro-terrorism]].
*Over 2,200 CBP agriculture specialists work to curtail the spread of harmful pests and plant and animal diseases that may harm America's farms and food supply or cause [[Bioterrorism|bio-]] and [[agro-terrorism]].
*Over 21,370 [[United States Border Patrol|Border Patrol]] agents protect and patrol {{convert|1900|mi|km}} of [[Mexico–United States border|border with Mexico]] and {{convert|5000|mi|km}} of [[Canada–United States border|border with Canada]].
*Over 21,370 [[United States Border Patrol|Border Patrol]] agents protect and patrol {{convert|1900|mi|km}} of [[Mexico–United States border|border with Mexico]] and {{convert|5000|mi|km}} of [[Canada–United States border|border with Canada]].
Line 55: Line 64:
===Structure<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cbp.gov/document/publications/cbp-organization-chart | title=CBP Organization Chart &#124; U.S. Customs and Border Protection }}</ref>===
===Structure<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cbp.gov/document/publications/cbp-organization-chart | title=CBP Organization Chart &#124; U.S. Customs and Border Protection }}</ref>===
*Commissioner
*Commissioner
**Deputy Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner
***Office of Intelligence
*Office of Intelligence
***[[CBP Air and Marine Operations|Air and Marine Operations]]
*[[CBP Air and Marine Operations|Air and Marine Operations]]
***[[CBP Office of Field Operations|Office of Field Operations]]
*[[CBP Office of Field Operations|Office of Field Operations]]
***[[United States Border Patrol]]
*[[United States Border Patrol]]
***Office of Trade
*Office of Trade
***Enterprise Services Office
*Enterprise Services Office
****Office of Acquisition
Office of Acquisition
****Office of Finance
Office of Finance
****Office of Human Resources Management
Office of Human Resources Management
****Office of Training and Development
Office of Training and Development
****Office of Information and Technology
Office of Information and Technology
***Operations Support Office
*Operations Support Office
****Office of International Affairs
Office of International Affairs
***Office of Chief Counsel  
*Office of Chief Counsel  
***Office of Congressional Affairs
*Office of Congressional Affairs
***Office of Intergovernmental Public Liaison
*Office of Intergovernmental Public Liaison
***Office of Privacy and Diversity
*Office of Privacy and Diversity
***Office of Professional Responsibility
*Office of Professional Responsibility
***Office of Public Affairs
*Office of Public Affairs
***Office of Trade Relations
*Office of Trade Relations


===List of commissioners of U.S. Customs and Border Protection ===
===List of commissioners of U.S. Customs and Border Protection ===
Line 100: Line 109:
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2003|03|01|2005|11|25}}
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2003|03|01|2005|11|25}}
| alt_party = Republican Party (United States)
| alt_party = Republican Party (United States)
| alt_officeholder = [[George W. Bush]]
| alt_officeholder = George W. Bush
| alt_officeholder_sort = Bush, George
| alt_officeholder_sort = Bush, George
| alt_officeholder_party = Republican Party (United States)
| alt_officeholder_party = Republican Party (United States)
Line 117: Line 126:
| acting = y
| acting = y
| alt_party = ?
| alt_party = ?
| alt_officeholder = [[George W. Bush]]
| alt_officeholder = George W. Bush
| alt_officeholder_sort = Bush, George
| alt_officeholder_sort = Bush, George
| alt_officeholder_party = Republican Party (United States)
| alt_officeholder_party = Republican Party (United States)
Line 133: Line 142:
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2006|06|06|2009|02|27}}
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2006|06|06|2009|02|27}}
| alt_party = ?
| alt_party = ?
| alt_officeholder = [[George W. Bush]]
| alt_officeholder = George W. Bush
| alt_officeholder_sort = Bush, George
| alt_officeholder_sort = Bush, George
| alt_officeholder_party = Republican Party (United States)
| alt_officeholder_party = Republican Party (United States)
Line 378: Line 387:
{{Main|United States Customs Service}}
{{Main|United States Customs Service}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:US Customs.jpg|thumb|right|U.S. Customs Inspectors, late 19th century]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:US Customs.jpg|thumb|right|U.S. Customs Inspectors, late 19th century]] -->
Responding to an urgent need for revenue following the [[American Revolutionary War]], the First [[United States Congress]] passed, and President [[George Washington]] signed on July 4, the [[Tariff of 1789]], which authorized the collection of [[duty (economics)|duties]] on [[imports]]. Four weeks later, on July 31, the fifth [[List of United States federal legislation, 1789–1901|act of Congress]] established the [[United States Customs Service]] and its [[Port of entry|ports of entry]].
Responding to an urgent need for revenue following the American Revolutionary War, the First [[United States Congress]] passed, and President [[George Washington]] signed on July 4, the [[Tariff of 1789]], which authorized the collection of [[duty (economics)|duties]] on [[imports]]. Four weeks later, on July 31, the fifth [[List of United States federal legislation, 1789–1901|act of Congress]] established the [[United States Customs Service]] and its [[Port of entry|ports of entry]].


For nearly 125 years, the U.S. Customs Service was the primary source of governmental funds, which paid for the nation's early growth and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/about/history|title=CBP Through the Years – U.S. Customs and Border Protection|website=Cbp.gov|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> Purchases include the [[Louisiana]] and [[Oregon]] territories; [[Florida]], Alaska, and [[Washington, D.C.]]; funding the [[National Road]] and the [[Transcontinental railroad|Transcontinental Railroad]]; building many of the United States' [[lighthouse]]s; and military academies.
For nearly 125 years, the U.S. Customs Service was the primary source of governmental funds, which paid for the nation's early growth and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/about/history|title=CBP Through the Years – U.S. Customs and Border Protection|website=Cbp.gov|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> Purchases include the [[Louisiana]] and [[Oregon]] territories; [[Florida]], Alaska, and [[Washington, D.C.]]; funding the [[National Road]] and the [[Transcontinental railroad|Transcontinental Railroad]]; building many of the United States' [[lighthouse]]s; and military academies.
Line 386: Line 395:
===U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)===
===U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:INS 1924.jpg|thumb|Immigration inspectors, c. 1924]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:INS 1924.jpg|thumb|Immigration inspectors, c. 1924]] -->
Shortly after the [[American Civil War]], some states started to pass their own immigration laws, which prompted the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] to rule in ''[[Chy Lung v. Freeman]]'' in 1875 that immigration was a federal responsibility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17109431320863199074&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr|title=Chy Lung v. Freeman, 92 US 275 - Supreme Court 1876 - Google Scholar}}</ref>  The [[Immigration Act of 1891]] established an Office of the Superintendent of Immigration within the [[United States Department of the Treasury]]. This office was responsible for admitting, rejecting, and processing all immigrants seeking admission to the United States and for implementing national immigration policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/26%20stat%201084.pdf|date=1891|title=Fifty First Congress|website=Library.uwb.edu|access-date=4 August 2019|archive-date=November 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121120520/http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/26%20stat%201084.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Immigrant inspectors", as they were then called, were stationed at major U.S. [[port of entry|ports of entry]] collecting manifests of arriving passengers. A "head tax" of fifty cents was collected on each immigrant.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/our-history/agency-history/early-american-immigration-policies|title=Early American Immigration Policies|website=Uscis.gov|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
Shortly after the American Civil War, some states started to pass their own immigration laws, which prompted the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] to rule in ''[[Chy Lung v. Freeman]]'' in 1875 that immigration was a federal responsibility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17109431320863199074&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr|title=Chy Lung v. Freeman, 92 US 275 - Supreme Court 1876 - Google Scholar}}</ref>  The [[Immigration Act of 1891]] established an Office of the Superintendent of Immigration within the [[United States Department of the Treasury]]. This office was responsible for admitting, rejecting, and processing all immigrants seeking admission to the United States and for implementing national immigration policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/26%20stat%201084.pdf|date=1891|title=Fifty First Congress|website=Library.uwb.edu|access-date=4 August 2019|archive-date=November 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121120520/http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/26%20stat%201084.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Immigrant inspectors", as they were then called, were stationed at major U.S. [[port of entry|ports of entry]] collecting manifests of arriving passengers. A "head tax" of fifty cents was collected on each immigrant.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/our-history/agency-history/early-american-immigration-policies|title=Early American Immigration Policies|website=Uscis.gov|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en}}</ref>


In the early 20th century, [[United States Congress|Congress]]'s primary interest in immigration was protecting American workers and wages – the reason it had become a federal concern in the first place. This made immigration more a matter of commerce than revenue; hence, in 1903, Congress transferred the Bureau of Immigration to the newly created [[Department of Commerce and Labor]].<ref>''[http://www.cbp.gov/about/history/legacy/immigration-history U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service – Populating a Nation: A History of Immigration and Naturalization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220233531/http://www.cbp.gov/about/history/legacy/immigration-history |date=2014-12-20 }}'', cbp.gov, Retrieved December 20, 2014.</ref>
In the early 20th century, [[United States Congress|Congress]]'s primary interest in immigration was protecting American workers and wages – the reason it had become a federal concern in the first place. This made immigration more a matter of commerce than revenue; hence, in 1903, Congress transferred the Bureau of Immigration to the newly created [[Department of Commerce and Labor]].<ref>''[http://www.cbp.gov/about/history/legacy/immigration-history U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service – Populating a Nation: A History of Immigration and Naturalization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220233531/http://www.cbp.gov/about/history/legacy/immigration-history |date=2014-12-20 }}'', cbp.gov, Retrieved December 20, 2014.</ref>


After [[World War I]], Congress attempted to stem the flow of immigrants, still mainly coming from Europe, by passing laws in [[Emergency Quota Act|1921]] and [[Immigration Act of 1924|1924]] limiting the number of newcomers by assigning a quota to each nationality based upon its representation in previous [[U.S. census]] figures. Each year, the [[U.S. State Department]] issued a limited number of [[visa (document)|visas]]; only those immigrants who had obtained them and could present valid visas were permitted entry.
After World War I, Congress attempted to stem the flow of immigrants, still mainly coming from Europe, by passing laws in [[Emergency Quota Act|1921]] and [[Immigration Act of 1924|1924]] limiting the number of newcomers by assigning a quota to each nationality based upon its representation in previous [[U.S. census]] figures. Each year, the [[U.S. State Department]] issued a limited number of [[visa (document)|visas]]; only those immigrants who had obtained them and could present valid visas were permitted entry.


The [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]] was formed in 1933 by a merger of the Bureau of Immigration and the Bureau of Naturalization. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] moved the Immigration and Naturalization Service from the [[United States Department of Labor|Department of Labor]] to the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] in 1940.
The [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]] was formed in 1933 by a merger of the Bureau of Immigration and the Bureau of Naturalization. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] moved the Immigration and Naturalization Service from the [[United States Department of Labor|Department of Labor]] to the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] in 1940.
Line 400: Line 409:
CBP became an official agency of the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] on March 1, 2003, combining employees from the [[Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service]] (specifically the Plant Protection Quarantine inspectors),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/safeguarding/downloads/implementation_reports/year3report.pdf|title=Safeguarding Implementation – Nearing the Finish|date=September 2003|work=[[Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service]]|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=March 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307020221/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/safeguarding/downloads/implementation_reports/year3report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Immigration and Naturalization Service|United States Immigration and Naturalization Service]] (specifically, immigration inspectors and the [[United States Border Patrol]]), and the [[United States Customs Service]].  This transformation was led by former commissioner [[Robert C. Bonner]].
CBP became an official agency of the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] on March 1, 2003, combining employees from the [[Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service]] (specifically the Plant Protection Quarantine inspectors),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/safeguarding/downloads/implementation_reports/year3report.pdf|title=Safeguarding Implementation – Nearing the Finish|date=September 2003|work=[[Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service]]|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=March 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307020221/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/safeguarding/downloads/implementation_reports/year3report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Immigration and Naturalization Service|United States Immigration and Naturalization Service]] (specifically, immigration inspectors and the [[United States Border Patrol]]), and the [[United States Customs Service]].  This transformation was led by former commissioner [[Robert C. Bonner]].


[[W. Ralph Basham]] was nominated to the post of commissioner by President [[George W. Bush]] on June 6, 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/wbasham-bio.html|title=W. Ralph Basham|website=Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref> Basham had 28 years of experience as a law enforcement manager, including serving as the head of the [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] and the [[Federal Law Enforcement Training Center]]. He had also served as the chief of staff for the [[Transportation Security Administration]]. It is the largest federal law enforcement agency and works closely with [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] (ICE), [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA), and [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI).
[[W. Ralph Basham]] was nominated to the post of commissioner by President George W. Bush on June 6, 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/wbasham-bio.html|title=W. Ralph Basham|website=Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref> Basham had 28 years of experience as a law enforcement manager, including serving as the head of the [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] and the [[Federal Law Enforcement Training Center]]. He had also served as the chief of staff for the [[Transportation Security Administration]]. It is the largest federal law enforcement agency and works closely with [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] (ICE), [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA), and [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI).


In 2007, the [[U.S. Border Patrol]] joined two units, the [[Border Patrol Tactical Unit]] (BORTAC) and the [[Border Patrol, Search, Trauma and Rescue|Border Patrol Search, Trauma, and Rescue Unit]] (BORSTAR), to form the U.S. Border Patrol's Special Operations Group (SOG),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Border%20Patrol%20Special%20Operations%20Group.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318214228/http://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Border%20Patrol%20Special%20Operations%20Group.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Special Operations Group PDF|archive-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref> headquartered in El Paso, Texas. BORTAC and BORSTAR direct their nationally dispersed assets from the SOG, providing the U.S. Border Patrol with immediate tactical and emergency response assets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/operations/special-operations|title=Special Operations – U.S. Customs and Border Protection|website=Cbp.gov|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref>
In 2007, the [[U.S. Border Patrol]] joined two units, the [[Border Patrol Tactical Unit]] (BORTAC) and the [[Border Patrol, Search, Trauma and Rescue|Border Patrol Search, Trauma, and Rescue Unit]] (BORSTAR), to form the U.S. Border Patrol's Special Operations Group (SOG),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Border%20Patrol%20Special%20Operations%20Group.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318214228/http://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Border%20Patrol%20Special%20Operations%20Group.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Special Operations Group PDF|archive-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref> headquartered in El Paso, Texas. BORTAC and BORSTAR direct their nationally dispersed assets from the SOG, providing the U.S. Border Patrol with immediate tactical and emergency response assets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/operations/special-operations|title=Special Operations – U.S. Customs and Border Protection|website=Cbp.gov|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref>
Line 533: Line 542:
===Air and marine enforcement and interdiction agents===
===Air and marine enforcement and interdiction agents===
*[[CBP Office of Air and Marine Operations]] (AMO)
*[[CBP Office of Air and Marine Operations]] (AMO)
**'''Aviation enforcement agents (AEA)'''<br />An aviation enforcement agent serves as the primary federal law enforcement officer aboard AMO aircraft.<ref name="AMOAnnual2015">{{cite report |date=2015 |title=Annual Review 2015 |url=https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2016-Dec/Annual_Review_FINAL_2015.pdf |publisher=U.S. Customs and Border Protection Air and Marine Operations|page=6|access-date=February 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/careers/join-cbp/which-cbp-career/air-and-marine/aviation-enforcement-agent|title=CBP Careers – Aviation Enforcement Agent|website=Cbp.gov|date=July 1, 2015|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303162357/https://www.cbp.gov/careers/join-cbp/which-cbp-career/air-and-marine/aviation-enforcement-agent|url-status=dead}}</ref>
'''Aviation enforcement agents (AEA)'''<br />An aviation enforcement agent serves as the primary federal law enforcement officer aboard AMO aircraft.<ref name="AMOAnnual2015">{{cite report |date=2015 |title=Annual Review 2015 |url=https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2016-Dec/Annual_Review_FINAL_2015.pdf |publisher=U.S. Customs and Border Protection Air and Marine Operations|page=6|access-date=February 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/careers/join-cbp/which-cbp-career/air-and-marine/aviation-enforcement-agent|title=CBP Careers – Aviation Enforcement Agent|website=Cbp.gov|date=July 1, 2015|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303162357/https://www.cbp.gov/careers/join-cbp/which-cbp-career/air-and-marine/aviation-enforcement-agent|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**'''Air interdiction agents (AIA)'''<br />Air interdiction agents serve as the pilot in command of an AMO aircraft.<ref name="AMOAnnual2015"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/careers/join-cbp/which-cbp-career/air-and-marine/air-interdiction-agent|title=CBP Careers – Air Interdiction Agent|website=Cbp.gov|date=July 1, 2015|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303153635/https://www.cbp.gov/careers/join-cbp/which-cbp-career/air-and-marine/air-interdiction-agent|url-status=dead}}</ref>
'''Air interdiction agents (AIA)'''<br />Air interdiction agents serve as the pilot in command of an AMO aircraft.<ref name="AMOAnnual2015"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/careers/join-cbp/which-cbp-career/air-and-marine/air-interdiction-agent|title=CBP Careers – Air Interdiction Agent|website=Cbp.gov|date=July 1, 2015|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303153635/https://www.cbp.gov/careers/join-cbp/which-cbp-career/air-and-marine/air-interdiction-agent|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**'''Marine interdiction agents (MIA)'''<br />Marine interdiction agents are either the vessel commander or a crew member aboard an AMO vessel.<ref name="AMOAnnual2015"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/careers/join-cbp/which-cbp-career/air-and-marine/marine-interdiction-agent|title=CBP Careers – Marine Interdiction Agent|website=Cbp.gov|date=July 1, 2015|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303163907/https://www.cbp.gov/careers/join-cbp/which-cbp-career/air-and-marine/marine-interdiction-agent|url-status=dead}}</ref>
'''Marine interdiction agents (MIA)'''<br />Marine interdiction agents are either the vessel commander or a crew member aboard an AMO vessel.<ref name="AMOAnnual2015"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/careers/join-cbp/which-cbp-career/air-and-marine/marine-interdiction-agent|title=CBP Careers – Marine Interdiction Agent|website=Cbp.gov|date=July 1, 2015|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303163907/https://www.cbp.gov/careers/join-cbp/which-cbp-career/air-and-marine/marine-interdiction-agent|url-status=dead}}</ref>


AMO is the world's largest civilian aviation and maritime law enforcement organization. Its mission is to protect the American people and nation's critical infrastructure through the coordinated use of air and marine assets to detect, interdict and prevent acts of terrorism and the unlawful movement of people, illegal drugs, and other contraband toward or across the borders of the United States. Air and marine interdiction agents are endowed with the authority to enforce Title 8 (Aliens and Nationality) and Title 19 (Customs) of the United States Code in addition to the general law enforcement powers bestowed upon federal law enforcement agents.
AMO is the world's largest civilian aviation and maritime law enforcement organization. Its mission is to protect the American people and nation's critical infrastructure through the coordinated use of air and marine assets to detect, interdict and prevent acts of terrorism and the unlawful movement of people, illegal drugs, and other contraband toward or across the borders of the United States. Air and marine interdiction agents are endowed with the authority to enforce Title 8 (Aliens and Nationality) and Title 19 (Customs) of the United States Code in addition to the general law enforcement powers bestowed upon federal law enforcement agents.
Line 747: Line 756:
In an article entitled "''DHS Decision-Making: Competence or Character?''", James Giermanski states that the fundamental problem within CBP is that the agency has weak and sometimes flawed management. He says that DHS and CBP suffer from "seriously flawed decision-making", citing the "door only" policy, radio frequency identification technology, and lack of focus on exports which contain bombs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/2122485/build-ci-sdlc/dhs-decision-making--competence-or-character-.html|title=Decision-Making: Competence or Character?|author=Gradijan, Dave|website=Csoonline.com|date=January 11, 2008|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref>
In an article entitled "''DHS Decision-Making: Competence or Character?''", James Giermanski states that the fundamental problem within CBP is that the agency has weak and sometimes flawed management. He says that DHS and CBP suffer from "seriously flawed decision-making", citing the "door only" policy, radio frequency identification technology, and lack of focus on exports which contain bombs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/2122485/build-ci-sdlc/dhs-decision-making--competence-or-character-.html|title=Decision-Making: Competence or Character?|author=Gradijan, Dave|website=Csoonline.com|date=January 11, 2008|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref>


The agency's practice of performing internal document checks on buses and trains running entirely within U.S. territory has been called "coercive, unconstitutional, and tainted by [[racial profiling]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=Bernstein, Nina|title=Border Sweeps in North Reach Miles Into U.S.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/30/nyregion/30border.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 29, 2010|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref>
The agency's practice of performing internal document checks on buses and trains running entirely within U.S. territory has been called "coercive, unconstitutional, and tainted by [[racial profiling]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=Bernstein, Nina|title=Border Sweeps in North Reach Miles Into U.S.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/30/nyregion/30border.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 29, 2010|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref>


The [[United States Court of International Trade]] found that CBP improperly classified merchandise when it had untrained chemists testifying before the court. The court found that there were errors in the laboratory reports, that CBP destroyed the evidence, and the tests used by the chemist did not meet any [[Daubert standard]]s.<ref>[https://www.cit.uscourts.gov/SlipOpinions/Slip_op00/00-9.pdf ''THOM S. ZANI D/B/A WHOLESALE ART & FRAME LTD., Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES, defendant''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108205448/http://www.cit.uscourts.gov/SlipOpinions/Slip_op00/00-9.pdf |date=January 8, 2017 }} Retrieved April 10, 2018.</ref>
The [[United States Court of International Trade]] found that CBP improperly classified merchandise when it had untrained chemists testifying before the court. The court found that there were errors in the laboratory reports, that CBP destroyed the evidence, and the tests used by the chemist did not meet any [[Daubert standard]]s.<ref>[https://www.cit.uscourts.gov/SlipOpinions/Slip_op00/00-9.pdf ''THOM S. ZANI D/B/A WHOLESALE ART & FRAME LTD., Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES, defendant''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108205448/http://www.cit.uscourts.gov/SlipOpinions/Slip_op00/00-9.pdf |date=January 8, 2017 }} Retrieved April 10, 2018.</ref>
Line 809: Line 818:
|title='People Actively Hate Us': Inside the Border Patrol's Morale Crisis. Overwhelmed by desperate migrants and criticized for mistreating the people in their care, many agents have grown defensive, insular and bitter
|title='People Actively Hate Us': Inside the Border Patrol's Morale Crisis. Overwhelmed by desperate migrants and criticized for mistreating the people in their care, many agents have grown defensive, insular and bitter
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/15/us/border-patrol-culture.html  
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/15/us/border-patrol-culture.html  
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 September 2021 |date=September 15, 2019}}
|newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=15 September 2021 |date=September 15, 2019}}


==External links==
==External links==
Retrieved from ‘https://openusaproject.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/9918...32750’