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Virginia: Difference between revisions
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On October 16, 1859, abolitionist [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] led a [[John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry|raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia]], in an attempt to start a slave revolt across the southern states. The polarized national response to his raid, capture, trial, and execution that December marked a tipping point for many who believed slavery would need to be ended by force.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2011/spring/brown.html |title= John Brown: America's First Terrorist? |magazine= Prologue Magazine |publisher= U.S. National Archives |date=Spring 2011 |volume= 43 |number= 1 |first= Paul |last= Finkelman |access-date= April 24, 2021}}</ref> Abraham Lincoln's 1860 election further convinced many southern supporters of slavery that his opposition to its expansion would ultimately mean the end of slavery across the country. The [[Battle of Fort Sumter|seizure of Fort Sumter]] by [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] forces on April 14, 1861, prompted Lincoln to call for a [[Union Army|federal army]] of [[President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers|75,000 men from state militias]].{{sfn|Jaffa|2000|pp=230-236, 357-358}} | On October 16, 1859, abolitionist [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] led a [[John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry|raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia]], in an attempt to start a slave revolt across the southern states. The polarized national response to his raid, capture, trial, and execution that December marked a tipping point for many who believed slavery would need to be ended by force.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2011/spring/brown.html |title= John Brown: America's First Terrorist? |magazine= Prologue Magazine |publisher= U.S. National Archives |date=Spring 2011 |volume= 43 |number= 1 |first= Paul |last= Finkelman |access-date= April 24, 2021}}</ref> Abraham Lincoln's 1860 election further convinced many southern supporters of slavery that his opposition to its expansion would ultimately mean the end of slavery across the country. The [[Battle of Fort Sumter|seizure of Fort Sumter]] by [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] forces on April 14, 1861, prompted Lincoln to call for a [[Union Army|federal army]] of [[President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers|75,000 men from state militias]].{{sfn|Jaffa|2000|pp=230-236, 357-358}} | ||
[[File:Currier and Ives - The Fall of Richmond, Va. on the Night of April 2d. 1865 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The | [[File:Currier and Ives - The Fall of Richmond, Va. on the Night of April 2d. 1865 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The Confederate States of Americaused [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] as their capital from May 1861 till April 1865, when they abandoned the city and set fire to [[Shockoe Slip|its downtown]].|alt=A color drawing of a city skyline in flames as a steady stream of people on horses or in horse-drawn carriages cross a long bridge over a river.]] | ||
The [[Virginia Secession Convention of 1861]] voted on April 17 [[Ordinance of Secession|to secede]] on the condition it was approved in a referendum the next month. The convention voted to join the Confederacy, which named [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] its capital on May 20.<ref name=Robertson>{{harvnb|Robertson|1993|pp=8–12}}</ref> During the May 23 referendum, armed pro-Confederate groups prevented the casting and counting of votes from areas that opposed secession. Representatives from 27 of these northwestern counties instead began the [[Wheeling Convention]], which organized a government loyal to the [[Union (Civil War)|Union]] and led to the separation of [[West Virginia]] as a new state.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.wvgazettemail.com/west-by-secession-virginia-the-wheeling-conventions-legal-vs-illegal-separation/article_c29e90c7-1863-51bc-8fe8-ae5ccca42134.html |title= West (by secession!) Virginia: The Wheeling Conventions, legal vs. illegal separation |agency= Associated Press |date= June 22, 2011 |first= Greg |last= Carroll |newspaper= The Free Lance-Star |access-date= April 24, 2021}}</ref> | The [[Virginia Secession Convention of 1861]] voted on April 17 [[Ordinance of Secession|to secede]] on the condition it was approved in a referendum the next month. The convention voted to join the Confederacy, which named [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] its capital on May 20.<ref name=Robertson>{{harvnb|Robertson|1993|pp=8–12}}</ref> During the May 23 referendum, armed pro-Confederate groups prevented the casting and counting of votes from areas that opposed secession. Representatives from 27 of these northwestern counties instead began the [[Wheeling Convention]], which organized a government loyal to the [[Union (Civil War)|Union]] and led to the separation of [[West Virginia]] as a new state.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.wvgazettemail.com/west-by-secession-virginia-the-wheeling-conventions-legal-vs-illegal-separation/article_c29e90c7-1863-51bc-8fe8-ae5ccca42134.html |title= West (by secession!) Virginia: The Wheeling Conventions, legal vs. illegal separation |agency= Associated Press |date= June 22, 2011 |first= Greg |last= Carroll |newspaper= The Free Lance-Star |access-date= April 24, 2021}}</ref> | ||