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Harvard University: Difference between revisions
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| caption = [[Heraldry of Harvard University#Harvard University coat of arms|Coat of arms]] | | caption = [[Heraldry of Harvard University#Harvard University coat of arms|Coat of arms]] | ||
| latin_name = Universitas Harvardiana<ref>{{Cite book |title=Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University |date=1894 |publisher=[[Hodges Figgis|Hodges, Figgis & Co.]] |isbn=9781355361602 |publication-place=[[Dublin]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Ireland]] |language=en-IE }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Peter John |author-link=Peter John Anderson |title=Record of the Celebration of the Quatercentenary of the University of Aberdeen: From 25th to 28th September, 1906 |date=1907 |publisher=Aberdeen University Press ([[University of Aberdeen]]) |isbn=9781363625079 |publication-place=[[Aberdeen]], | | latin_name = Universitas Harvardiana<ref>{{Cite book |title=Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University |date=1894 |publisher=[[Hodges Figgis|Hodges, Figgis & Co.]] |isbn=9781355361602 |publication-place=[[Dublin]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Ireland]] |language=en-IE }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Peter John |author-link=Peter John Anderson |title=Record of the Celebration of the Quatercentenary of the University of Aberdeen: From 25th to 28th September, 1906 |date=1907 |publisher=Aberdeen University Press ([[University of Aberdeen]]) |isbn=9781363625079 |publication-place=[[Aberdeen]], United Kingdom |language=en-GB |asin=B001PK7B5G}}</ref> | ||
| motto = {{lang|la|[[Veritas#Mottos|Veritas]]}} ([[Latin]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Samuel Eliot Morison|title=The Founding of Harvard College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329|year=1968|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-31450-4|page=329|access-date=October 17, 2020|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154250/https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329|url-status=live}}</ref> | | motto = {{lang|la|[[Veritas#Mottos|Veritas]]}} ([[Latin]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Samuel Eliot Morison|title=The Founding of Harvard College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329|year=1968|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-31450-4|page=329|access-date=October 17, 2020|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154250/https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| mottoeng = "Truth" | | mottoeng = "Truth" | ||
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Harvard was founded and authorized by the [[Massachusetts General Court]], the governing legislature of [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial]]-era [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].<ref>[https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=880222&p=6323072# "Harvard Charter of 1650"], [[Harvard Library]]</ref> While never formally affiliated with any [[Religious denomination|denomination]], Harvard trained [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational]] clergy until its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized in the 18th century. | Harvard was founded and authorized by the [[Massachusetts General Court]], the governing legislature of [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial]]-era [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].<ref>[https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=880222&p=6323072# "Harvard Charter of 1650"], [[Harvard Library]]</ref> While never formally affiliated with any [[Religious denomination|denomination]], Harvard trained [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational]] clergy until its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized in the 18th century. | ||
By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the [[Boston Brahmin|Boston elite]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865|last=Story|first=Ronald|journal=Journal of Social History|volume=8|issue=3 |year=1975|pages=94–121|doi=10.1353/jsh/8.3.94|s2cid=147208647 |issn = 0022-4529 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Farrell|first=Betty G.|title=Elite Families: Class and Power in Nineteenth-Century Boston|year=1993|isbn=0-7914-1593-7|publisher=State University of New York Press}}</ref> Following the | By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the [[Boston Brahmin|Boston elite]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865|last=Story|first=Ronald|journal=Journal of Social History|volume=8|issue=3 |year=1975|pages=94–121|doi=10.1353/jsh/8.3.94|s2cid=147208647 |issn = 0022-4529 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Farrell|first=Betty G.|title=Elite Families: Class and Power in Nineteenth-Century Boston|year=1993|isbn=0-7914-1593-7|publisher=State University of New York Press}}</ref> Following the American Civil War, under [[President of Harvard University|Harvard president]] [[Charles William Eliot]]'s long tenure from 1869 to 1909, Harvard developed multiple professional schools, which transformed it into a modern [[research university]]. In 1900, Harvard co-founded the [[Association of American Universities]].<ref name="AAU">{{cite web |title=Member Institutions and years of Admission |url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521132512/http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |archive-date=May 21, 2012 |access-date=August 28, 2010 |website=aau.edu |publisher=Association of American Universities |language=en-US}}</ref> [[James B. Conant]] led the university through the [[Great Depression]] and [[World War II]], and liberalized admissions after the war. | ||
The university has ten academic faculties and a faculty attached to [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute]]. The [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]] offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate [[academic discipline]]s, and other faculties offer graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three campuses:<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculties and Allied Institutions |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611155105/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=August 27, 2010 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Office of the Provost, Harvard University}}</ref> | The university has ten academic faculties and a faculty attached to [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute]]. The [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]] offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate [[academic discipline]]s, and other faculties offer graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three campuses:<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculties and Allied Institutions |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611155105/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=August 27, 2010 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Office of the Provost, Harvard University}}</ref> | ||
the main campus, a {{convert|209|acre|ha|adj=on}} in Cambridge centered on [[Harvard Yard]]; an adjoining campus immediately across [[Charles River]] in the [[Allston]] neighborhood of | the main campus, a {{convert|209|acre|ha|adj=on}} in Cambridge centered on [[Harvard Yard]]; an adjoining campus immediately across [[Charles River]] in the [[Allston]] neighborhood of Boston; and the medical campus in Boston's [[Longwood Medical and Academic Area|Longwood Medical Area]].<ref name="Campus">{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Faculties and Allied Institutions |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_2012_physical_plant.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000940/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_2012_physical_plant.pdf |archive-date=May 23, 2013 |access-date=June 15, 2013 |publisher=Office of the Provost, Harvard University}}</ref> [[Harvard University endowment|Harvard's endowment]], valued at {{USD|50.7 billion|long=no}}, makes it the [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|wealthiest academic institution]] in the world.<ref name="BGendow" /><ref name="HFRendow" /> [[Harvard Library]], with more than 20 million volumes, is the world's largest [[academic library]]. | ||
Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers include [[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni|188 living billionaires]], [[List of presidents of the United States by education|eight U.S. presidents]], [[List of Harvard University politicians|24 heads of state and 31 heads of government]], founders of notable companies, [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|Nobel laureates]], [[Fields Medal]]ists, [[United States Congress|members of Congress]], [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellows]], [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], [[Marshall Scholarship|Marshall Scholars]], [[Turing Award|Turing Award Recipients]], [[Pulitzer Prize]] recipients, and [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholars]]; by most metrics, Harvard University ranks among the top universities in the world in each of these categories.<ref group="Notes" name="laureates">Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others more stringent.<br />{{cite web|url=https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/ |title=The '''official''' Harvard count, which is '''49''', only includes academicians affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to '''some 160 Nobel affiliates''', the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322165735/https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 }} | Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers include [[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni|188 living billionaires]], [[List of presidents of the United States by education|eight U.S. presidents]], [[List of Harvard University politicians|24 heads of state and 31 heads of government]], founders of notable companies, [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|Nobel laureates]], [[Fields Medal]]ists, [[United States Congress|members of Congress]], [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellows]], [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], [[Marshall Scholarship|Marshall Scholars]], [[Turing Award|Turing Award Recipients]], [[Pulitzer Prize]] recipients, and [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholars]]; by most metrics, Harvard University ranks among the top universities in the world in each of these categories.<ref group="Notes" name="laureates">Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others more stringent.<br />{{cite web|url=https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/ |title=The '''official''' Harvard count, which is '''49''', only includes academicians affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to '''some 160 Nobel affiliates''', the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322165735/https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 }} | ||
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[[File:harvard memorial church winter 2009.JPG|thumb|[[Memorial Church of Harvard University|Memorial Church]], dedicated and opened in 1932 on [[Harvard Yard]]]] | [[File:harvard memorial church winter 2009.JPG|thumb|[[Memorial Church of Harvard University|Memorial Church]], dedicated and opened in 1932 on [[Harvard Yard]]]] | ||
[[File:HarvardYard.jpg|thumb|[[Harvard Yard]] at the center of Harvard's main campus in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]]] | [[File:HarvardYard.jpg|thumb|[[Harvard Yard]] at the center of Harvard's main campus in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]]] | ||
The {{convert|209|acre|ha|adj=on}} main campus of Harvard University is centered on [[Harvard Yard]], colloquially known as "the Yard," in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], about {{convert|3|mi|km|0}} west-northwest of downtown | The {{convert|209|acre|ha|adj=on}} main campus of Harvard University is centered on [[Harvard Yard]], colloquially known as "the Yard," in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], about {{convert|3|mi|km|0}} west-northwest of downtown Boston, and extending to the surrounding [[Harvard Square]] neighborhood. The Yard houses several Harvard buildings, including four of the university's libraries, [[Houghton Library|Houghton]], [[Lamont Library|Lamont]], [[Pusey Library|Pusey]], and [[Widener Library|Widener]]. Also on Harvard Yard are [[Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)|Massachusetts Hall]], built between 1718 and 1720 and the university's oldest still standing building, [[Memorial Church of Harvard University|Memorial Church]], and [[University Hall (Harvard University)|University Hall]] | ||
Harvard Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], including [[Sever Hall]], [[Harvard Hall]], and [[List of Harvard College freshman dormitories|freshman dormitories]]. Upperclassmen live in the twelve [[Harvard House system|residential houses]], located south of Harvard Yard near the [[Charles River]] and on [[Radcliffe Quadrangle (Harvard)|Radcliffe Quadrangle]], which formerly housed [[Radcliffe College]] students. Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |title=The Houses |publisher=Harvard College Dean of Students Office |access-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214033329/https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |url-status=live }}</ref> | Harvard Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], including [[Sever Hall]], [[Harvard Hall]], and [[List of Harvard College freshman dormitories|freshman dormitories]]. Upperclassmen live in the twelve [[Harvard House system|residential houses]], located south of Harvard Yard near the [[Charles River]] and on [[Radcliffe Quadrangle (Harvard)|Radcliffe Quadrangle]], which formerly housed [[Radcliffe College]] students. Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |title=The Houses |publisher=Harvard College Dean of Students Office |access-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214033329/https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
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=== Allston === | === Allston === | ||
{{Main|Harvard University's expansion in Allston, Massachusetts}} | {{Main|Harvard University's expansion in Allston, Massachusetts}} | ||
[[Harvard Business School]], [[Harvard Innovation Labs]], and many athletics facilities, including [[Harvard Stadium]], are located on a {{convert|358|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in the [[Allston]] section of | [[Harvard Business School]], [[Harvard Innovation Labs]], and many athletics facilities, including [[Harvard Stadium]], are located on a {{convert|358|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in the [[Allston]] section of Boston across the [[John W. Weeks Bridge]], which crosses the [[Charles River]] and connects the Allston and Cambridge campuses.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Tim|last=Logan|date=April 13, 2016|title=Harvard continues its march into Allston, with science complex|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/13/harvard-continues-its-march-into-allston-with-science-complex/7EVJQcLlS3XtbzKnGegR9M/story.html|access-date=January 24, 2022|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518165423/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/13/harvard-continues-its-march-into-allston-with-science-complex/7EVJQcLlS3XtbzKnGegR9M/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Allston Planning and Development / Office of the Executive Vice President |url=http://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508133917/https://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |access-date=September 7, 2016 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bayliss |first=Svea Herbst |date=January 21, 2007 |title=Harvard unveils big campus expansion |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-harvard-expansion-idUSN1110846820070112 |access-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105603/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-harvard-expansion-idUSN1110846820070112 |url-status=live }}</ref> | The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Allston Planning and Development / Office of the Executive Vice President |url=http://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508133917/https://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |access-date=September 7, 2016 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bayliss |first=Svea Herbst |date=January 21, 2007 |title=Harvard unveils big campus expansion |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-harvard-expansion-idUSN1110846820070112 |access-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105603/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-harvard-expansion-idUSN1110846820070112 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
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=== Longwood === | === Longwood === | ||
{{Main|Longwood Medical and Academic Area}} | {{Main|Longwood Medical and Academic Area}} | ||
[[File:Harvard Medical School HDR.jpg|thumb|[[Harvard Medical School]] in the [[Longwood Medical and Academic Area]] in | [[File:Harvard Medical School HDR.jpg|thumb|[[Harvard Medical School]] in the [[Longwood Medical and Academic Area]] in Boston]] | ||
The university's schools of [[Harvard Medical School|Medicine]], [[Harvard School of Dental Medicine|Dental Medicine]], and [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|Public Health]] are located on a {{convert|21|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in the [[Longwood Medical and Academic Area]] in | The university's schools of [[Harvard Medical School|Medicine]], [[Harvard School of Dental Medicine|Dental Medicine]], and [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|Public Health]] are located on a {{convert|21|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in the [[Longwood Medical and Academic Area]] in Boston, about {{convert|3.3|mi|km}} south of the Cambridge campus.<ref name="Campus" /> | ||
Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]], [[Boston Children's Hospital]], [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]], [[Dana–Farber Cancer Institute]], [[Joslin Diabetes Center]], and the [[Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering]]. Additional affiliates, including [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], are located throughout [[Greater Boston]]. | Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]], [[Boston Children's Hospital]], [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]], [[Dana–Farber Cancer Institute]], [[Joslin Diabetes Center]], and the [[Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering]]. Additional affiliates, including [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], are located throughout [[Greater Boston]]. | ||
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Harvard has the largest [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|university endowment]] in the world, valued at about {{USD|50.7 billion|long=no}} as of 2023.<ref name=BGendow/><ref name=HFRendow/> | Harvard has the largest [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|university endowment]] in the world, valued at about {{USD|50.7 billion|long=no}} as of 2023.<ref name=BGendow/><ref name=HFRendow/> | ||
During the [[Great Recession|recession of 2007–2009]], it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vidya B. Viswanathan and Peter F. Zhu |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Residents Protest Vacancies in Allston |language=en-US |newspaper=Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025755/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref> The endowment has since recovered.<ref>{{cite news |author=Healy |first=Beth |date=January 28, 2010 |title=Harvard endowment leads others down |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821024541/http://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |archive-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work= | During the [[Great Recession|recession of 2007–2009]], it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vidya B. Viswanathan and Peter F. Zhu |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Residents Protest Vacancies in Allston |language=en-US |newspaper=Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025755/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref> The endowment has since recovered.<ref>{{cite news |author=Healy |first=Beth |date=January 28, 2010 |title=Harvard endowment leads others down |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821024541/http://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |archive-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Wall Street Journal|first=John|last=Hechinger|title=Harvard Hit by Loss as Crisis Spreads to Colleges|page=A1|date=December 4, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Munk |first=Nina |date=July 20, 2009 |title=Nina Munk on Hard Times at Harvard |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true¤tPage=all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829115742/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true¤tPage=all |archive-date=August 29, 2010 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew M. Rosenfield |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319001438/http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|archive-date=March 19, 2009|title=Understanding Endowments, Part I|work=Forbes|date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref> | ||
About {{USD|2 billion|long=no}} of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|title=A Singular Mission|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209142638/https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> | About {{USD|2 billion|long=no}} of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|title=A Singular Mission|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209142638/https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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File:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr circa 1930-edit.jpg|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]] (AB, 1861, LLB) | File:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr circa 1930-edit.jpg|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]] (AB, 1861, LLB) | ||
File:Charles Sanders Peirce.jpg|Philosopher, logician, and mathematician [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] (AB, 1862, SB 1863) | File:Charles Sanders Peirce.jpg|Philosopher, logician, and mathematician [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] (AB, 1862, SB 1863) | ||
File:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate | File:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)<ref>{{cite web |title=Theodore Roosevelt - Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/roosevelt/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=September 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905033556/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/roosevelt/biographical/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
File:WEB DuBois 1918.jpg|Sociologist and civil rights activist<br />[[W. E. B. Du Bois]] (PhD, 1895) | File:WEB DuBois 1918.jpg|Sociologist and civil rights activist<br />[[W. E. B. Du Bois]] (PhD, 1895) | ||
File:Robert Frost NYWTS 4.jpg|Poet [[Robert Frost]] (no degree) | File:Robert Frost NYWTS 4.jpg|Poet [[Robert Frost]] (no degree) | ||
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File:Benazir Bhutto.jpg|11th and 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Benazir Bhutto]] (AB, 1973, Radcliffe College) | File:Benazir Bhutto.jpg|11th and 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Benazir Bhutto]] (AB, 1973, Radcliffe College) | ||
File:Ben Bernanke official portrait.jpg|14th Chair of the Federal Reserve and Nobel laureate in economics [[Ben Bernanke]] (AB, 1975; AM, 1975) | File:Ben Bernanke official portrait.jpg|14th Chair of the Federal Reserve and Nobel laureate in economics [[Ben Bernanke]] (AB, 1975; AM, 1975) | ||
File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|43rd President of the United States | File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|43rd President of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)<ref>{{cite web |last1=L. Gregg II |first1=Gary |title=George W. Bush: Life Before the Presidency |date=October 4, 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812225623/https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
File:Official roberts CJ.jpg|17th Chief Justice of the United States [[John Roberts]] (AB, 1976; JD, 1979) | File:Official roberts CJ.jpg|17th Chief Justice of the United States [[John Roberts]] (AB, 1976; JD, 1979) | ||
File:Bill Gates June 2015.jpg|Microsoft founder and philanthropist [[Bill Gates]] (College, 1977;<ref group="a" name="nodegree">Nominal Harvard College class year: did not graduate</ref> LLD [[Honorary degree|hc]], 2007) | File:Bill Gates June 2015.jpg|Microsoft founder and philanthropist [[Bill Gates]] (College, 1977;<ref group="a" name="nodegree">Nominal Harvard College class year: did not graduate</ref> LLD [[Honorary degree|hc]], 2007) | ||