Census Bureau: Difference between revisions

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 Despite these guarantees of confidentiality, the Census Bureau has some history of disclosures to other government agencies. In 1918, the Census Bureau released individual information regarding several hundred young men to the Justice Department and [[Selective Service]] system for the purpose of prosecutions for draft evasion.<ref>{{citation |url=http://aascpress.metapress.com/content/jk115283m54v4313/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701170027/http://aascpress.metapress.com/content/jk115283m54v4313/ |url-status=dead|archive-date=July 1, 2012|journal=[[Amerasia Journal]] |publisher=[[UCLA Asian American Studies Center]] Press|issn=0044-7471|volume=8|number=2|date=Fall–Winter 1981|pages=111–120|title=The Myth of Census Confidentiality |doi=10.17953/amer.8.2.jk115283m54v4313|last1=Okamura|first1=Raymond Y.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/census-confidentiality-checks-is-mail|title=Census Confidentiality? The Check's in the Mail|author=David Kopel|date=May 4, 1990|publisher=[[Cato Institute]]|author-link=David Kopel|access-date=February 9, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805183101/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/census-confidentiality-checks-is-mail|url-status=live}}</ref> During [[World War II]], the United States Census Bureau assisted the government's [[Japanese American internment]] efforts by providing confidential neighborhood information on [[Japanese-Americans]]. The bureau's role was denied for decades but was finally proven in 2007.<ref>{{citation|title=Confirmed: The U.S. Census Bureau Gave Up Names of Japanese-Americans in WW II|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=confirmed-the-us-census-b&sc=I100322|work=[[Scientific American]]|author=JR Minkel|date=March 30, 2007|access-date=March 20, 2010|archive-date=August 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829181345/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=confirmed-the-us-census-b&sc=I100322|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-03-30-census-role_N.htm |title=Papers show Census role in WWII camps |work=[[USA Today]] |author=Haya El Nasser |date=March 30, 2007 |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-date=August 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826005305/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-03-30-census-role_N.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
-United States census data are valuable for the country's political parties; [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] are highly interested in knowing the accurate number of persons in their respective districts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nobles|first=Melissa|date=2000|title=Shades of Citizenship: Race and the Census in Modern Politics|location=Stanford, CA|publisher=Stanford University Press|page=ix|isbn=9780804740135}}</ref> These insights are often linked to financial and economic strategies that are central to federal, state and city investments for locations of particular populations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Breiman|first1=Leo|date=1994|title=The 1991 Census Adjustment: Undercount or Bad Data?|journal=[[Statist. Sci.]]|volume=9|issue=4|pages=458–475|doi=10.1214/ss/1177010259|doi-access=free}}</ref> Such apportionments are designed to distribute political power across neutral spatial allocations; however, "because so much is at stake, the census also runs the risk of being politicized."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Margo|last2=Fienberg|first2=Stephen|date=1999|title=Who Counts?: The Politics of Census-Taking in Contemporary America|jstor=10.7758/9781610440059|publisher=[[Russell Sage Foundation]]|page=17|isbn=978-1-61044-005-9}}</ref>
+United States census data are valuable for the country's political parties; Democrats and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] are highly interested in knowing the accurate number of persons in their respective districts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nobles|first=Melissa|date=2000|title=Shades of Citizenship: Race and the Census in Modern Politics|location=Stanford, CA|publisher=Stanford University Press|page=ix|isbn=9780804740135}}</ref> These insights are often linked to financial and economic strategies that are central to federal, state and city investments for locations of particular populations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Breiman|first1=Leo|date=1994|title=The 1991 Census Adjustment: Undercount or Bad Data?|journal=[[Statist. Sci.]]|volume=9|issue=4|pages=458–475|doi=10.1214/ss/1177010259|doi-access=free}}</ref> Such apportionments are designed to distribute political power across neutral spatial allocations; however, "because so much is at stake, the census also runs the risk of being politicized."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Margo|last2=Fienberg|first2=Stephen|date=1999|title=Who Counts?: The Politics of Census-Taking in Contemporary America|jstor=10.7758/9781610440059|publisher=[[Russell Sage Foundation]]|page=17|isbn=978-1-61044-005-9}}</ref>
 Such political tensions highlight the complexity of [[Identity (social science)|identity]] and [[classification]]; some argue that unclear results from the population data "is due to distortions brought about by political pressures."<ref name="Petersen 1987 187–234">{{cite book|last=Petersen|first=William|editor-last1=Alonso|editor-first1=William|editor-last2=Starr|editor-first2=Paul|title=The Politics of Numbers|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofnumber00alon_0|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|date=1987|pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofnumber00alon_0/page/187 187–234]|chapter=Politics and the Measurement of Ethnicity|isbn=978-1-61044-002-8}}</ref> One frequently used example includes ambiguous ethnic counts, which often involves underenumeration and/or undercounting of minority populations.<ref name="Petersen 1987 187–234"/> Ideas about race, ethnicity and identity have also evolved in the United States, and such changes warrant examination of how these shifts have impacted the accuracy of census data over time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2015/02/06/103605/infographic-government-collection-of-race-and-ethnicity-data|title=Government collection of race and ethnicity data|last1=Ahmad|first1=Farah|last2=Hagler|first2=Jamal|publisher=[[Center for American Progress]]|date=February 6, 2015|access-date=November 18, 2017|archive-date=November 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110181801/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2015/02/06/103605/infographic-government-collection-of-race-and-ethnicity-data/|url-status=live}}</ref>