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National Guard: Difference between revisions
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On September 24, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas National Guard to ensure the safe entry of the [[Little Rock Nine]] to [[Little Rock Central High School]] the following day. Governor [[Orval Faubus]] had previously used members of the guard to deny the students entry to the school.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eisenhower-domestic/|title=Domestic Politics under Eisenhower|date=August 17, 2022|website=PBS.org|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0925.html|title=President Sends Troops To Little Rock, Federalizes Arkansas National Guard; Tells Nation He Acted To Avoid Anarchy|last=Lewis|first=Anthony|date=September 24, 1957|website=The New York Times|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref> | On September 24, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas National Guard to ensure the safe entry of the [[Little Rock Nine]] to [[Little Rock Central High School]] the following day. Governor [[Orval Faubus]] had previously used members of the guard to deny the students entry to the school.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eisenhower-domestic/|title=Domestic Politics under Eisenhower|date=August 17, 2022|website=PBS.org|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0925.html|title=President Sends Troops To Little Rock, Federalizes Arkansas National Guard; Tells Nation He Acted To Avoid Anarchy|last=Lewis|first=Anthony|date=September 24, 1957|website=The New York Times|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref> | ||
The New York National Guard were ordered by Governor [[Nelson A. Rockefeller]] to respond to the [[1964 Rochester race riot|Rochester 1964 race riot]] in July of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/27/archives/1000-national-guardsmen-are-sent-into-rochester-to-help-halt-race.html//|title=1,000 National Guardsmen Are Sent Into Rochester To Help Halt Race Riots; Rockefeller Acts; 120 Seized in Day of Looting – Copter Crash Kills 3|date=July 27, 1964|website=The New York Times|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref> The [[California Army National Guard]] were mobilized by the Governor of California [[Pat Brown|Edmund Gerald Brown Sr.]] during the [[Watts Riots]], in August 1965, to provide security and help restore order.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-12-ca-975-story.html|title=National Guard Actions in '65 Watts Rioting|date=May 12, 1990|website= | The New York National Guard were ordered by Governor [[Nelson A. Rockefeller]] to respond to the [[1964 Rochester race riot|Rochester 1964 race riot]] in July of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/27/archives/1000-national-guardsmen-are-sent-into-rochester-to-help-halt-race.html//|title=1,000 National Guardsmen Are Sent Into Rochester To Help Halt Race Riots; Rockefeller Acts; 120 Seized in Day of Looting – Copter Crash Kills 3|date=July 27, 1964|website=The New York Times|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref> The [[California Army National Guard]] were mobilized by the Governor of California [[Pat Brown|Edmund Gerald Brown Sr.]] during the [[Watts Riots]], in August 1965, to provide security and help restore order.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-12-ca-975-story.html|title=National Guard Actions in '65 Watts Rioting|date=May 12, 1990|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref> | ||
Elements of the [[Ohio Army National Guard]] were ordered to [[Kent State University]] by Ohio's governor [[Jim Rhodes]] to quell anti-Vietnam War protests, culminating in their [[Kent State shootings|shooting into a crowd of students]] on May 4, 1970, killing four and injuring nine. The massacre was followed by the [[Student strike of 1970]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240503-kent-state-university-1970-protests-that-shook-the-us|title=Kent State shootings: The 1970 student protest that shook the U.S.|last=Kelly|first=Dan|date=May 4, 2024|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref> | Elements of the [[Ohio Army National Guard]] were ordered to [[Kent State University]] by Ohio's governor [[Jim Rhodes]] to quell anti-Vietnam War protests, culminating in their [[Kent State shootings|shooting into a crowd of students]] on May 4, 1970, killing four and injuring nine. The massacre was followed by the [[Student strike of 1970]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240503-kent-state-university-1970-protests-that-shook-the-us|title=Kent State shootings: The 1970 student protest that shook the U.S.|last=Kelly|first=Dan|date=May 4, 2024|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref> | ||
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During the early 1980s, the governors of California and Maine refused to allow deployment of their states' National Guard units to Central America. In 1986, Congress passed the Montgomery Amendment, which prohibited state governors from withholding their consent. In 1990, the Supreme Court ruled against the governor of Minnesota, who had sued over the deployment of the state's National Guard units to Central America.<ref name="David Evans">{{cite news|last=Evans|first=David|date=June 12, 1990|title=Supreme Court Confirms U.S. Control Over Guard|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-06-12-9002170920-story.html}}</ref> | During the early 1980s, the governors of California and Maine refused to allow deployment of their states' National Guard units to Central America. In 1986, Congress passed the Montgomery Amendment, which prohibited state governors from withholding their consent. In 1990, the Supreme Court ruled against the governor of Minnesota, who had sued over the deployment of the state's National Guard units to Central America.<ref name="David Evans">{{cite news|last=Evans|first=David|date=June 12, 1990|title=Supreme Court Confirms U.S. Control Over Guard|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-06-12-9002170920-story.html}}</ref> | ||
During the [[1992 Los Angeles Riots]], when portions of south central Los Angeles erupted in chaos, overwhelming the [[Los Angeles Police Department]]'s ability to contain the violence, the [[California Army National Guard]] and selected units of the [[California Air National Guard]] were mobilized to help restore order. The National Guard were attributed with five shootings of people suspected of violating the [[curfew]] order placed on the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://defense360.csis.org/buttressing-institutional-integrity-in-an-election-year-federal-force-deployment-during-l-a-riots-1992/|title=Buttressing Institutional Integrity in an Election Year: Federal Force Deployment during L.A. Riots (1992)|last=Nair|first=Devi|date=October 27, 2020|website=Defense 360|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-10-mn-2506-story.html|title=U.S. Army, Marine Troops Withdraw From Los Angeles; Disorder; Police officers reportedly demoralized by public bickering over their readiness and performance, National Guard units tox remain for a while|last=Newton|first=Jim|date=May 10, 1992|website= | During the [[1992 Los Angeles Riots]], when portions of south central Los Angeles erupted in chaos, overwhelming the [[Los Angeles Police Department]]'s ability to contain the violence, the [[California Army National Guard]] and selected units of the [[California Air National Guard]] were mobilized to help restore order. The National Guard were attributed with five shootings of people suspected of violating the [[curfew]] order placed on the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://defense360.csis.org/buttressing-institutional-integrity-in-an-election-year-federal-force-deployment-during-l-a-riots-1992/|title=Buttressing Institutional Integrity in an Election Year: Federal Force Deployment during L.A. Riots (1992)|last=Nair|first=Devi|date=October 27, 2020|website=Defense 360|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-10-mn-2506-story.html|title=U.S. Army, Marine Troops Withdraw From Los Angeles; Disorder; Police officers reportedly demoralized by public bickering over their readiness and performance, National Guard units tox remain for a while|last=Newton|first=Jim|date=May 10, 1992|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref> | ||
[[File:ANG40InfantryDivisionLosAngelesRiot1992.jpg|thumb|left|Following the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]], 4,000 National Guardsmen patrolled the city.]] | [[File:ANG40InfantryDivisionLosAngelesRiot1992.jpg|thumb|left|Following the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]], 4,000 National Guardsmen patrolled the city.]] | ||