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|OrganizationName=National Guard
|OrganizationName=National Guard
|OrganizationType=State and Local Government Agencies (Sub-organization)
|OrganizationType=State and Local Government Agencies (Sub-organization)
|Mission=The National Guard provides military forces to the states, territories, and the District of Columbia for domestic emergencies, combat missions, counter-drug operations, and reconstruction efforts, ensuring both homeland security and support in times of need. It operates under both state and federal command, responding to the dual mission of state-level assistance and national defense.
|Mission=National Guard aids states and nation in emergencies, combat, and drug ops, balancing homeland security and defense.
|ParentOrganization=Department of Defense
|TopOrganization=Department of Defense
|CreationLegislation=Militia Act of 1903 (Dick Act)
|CreationLegislation=Militia Act of 1903 (Dick Act)
|Employees=430000
|Employees=430000
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It required the states to divide their militias into two sections. The law recommended the title "National Guard" for the first section, known as the organized militia, and "Reserve Militia" for all others.<ref>32 Stat. 775 (1903)</ref>
It required the states to divide their militias into two sections. The law recommended the title "National Guard" for the first section, known as the organized militia, and "Reserve Militia" for all others.<ref>32 Stat. 775 (1903)</ref>


During [[World War I]], Congress passed the [[National Defense Act of 1916]], which required the use of the term "National Guard" for the state militias and further regulated them. Congress also authorized the states to maintain [[State Defense Forces|Home Guards]], which were reserve forces outside the National Guards deployed by the federal government.<ref>40 Stat. 181 (1917)</ref>
During World War I, Congress passed the [[National Defense Act of 1916]], which required the use of the term "National Guard" for the state militias and further regulated them. Congress also authorized the states to maintain [[State Defense Forces|Home Guards]], which were reserve forces outside the National Guards deployed by the federal government.<ref>40 Stat. 181 (1917)</ref>


In 1933, with the passage of the National Guard Mobilization Act, Congress finalized the split between the National Guard and the traditional state militias by mandating that all federally funded soldiers take a dual enlistment/commission and thus enter both the state National Guard and the National Guard of the United States, a newly created federal reserve force. The [[National Defense Act of 1947]] created the Air Force as a separate branch of the Armed Forces and concurrently created the Air National Guard of the United States as one of its reserve components, mirroring the Army's structure.
In 1933, with the passage of the National Guard Mobilization Act, Congress finalized the split between the National Guard and the traditional state militias by mandating that all federally funded soldiers take a dual enlistment/commission and thus enter both the state National Guard and the National Guard of the United States, a newly created federal reserve force. The [[National Defense Act of 1947]] created the Air Force as a separate branch of the Armed Forces and concurrently created the Air National Guard of the United States as one of its reserve components, mirroring the Army's structure.
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The Marquis de Lafayette [[Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States|visited]] the U.S. in 1824–25. The 2nd Battalion, 11th New York Artillery, was one of many militia commands who turned out in welcome. This unit decided to adopt the title "National Guard," in honor of Lafayette's [[French National Guard]]. The Battalion, later the 7th Regiment, was prominent in the line of march on the occasion of Lafayette's final passage through New York en route home to France. Taking note of the troops named for his old command, Lafayette alighted from his carriage, walked down the line, clasping each officer by the hand as he passed.<ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/,1825. By an officer in the late army] Retrieved 15 January 2023</ref>
The Marquis de Lafayette [[Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States|visited]] the U.S. in 1824–25. The 2nd Battalion, 11th New York Artillery, was one of many militia commands who turned out in welcome. This unit decided to adopt the title "National Guard," in honor of Lafayette's [[French National Guard]]. The Battalion, later the 7th Regiment, was prominent in the line of march on the occasion of Lafayette's final passage through New York en route home to France. Taking note of the troops named for his old command, Lafayette alighted from his carriage, walked down the line, clasping each officer by the hand as he passed.<ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/,1825. By an officer in the late army] Retrieved 15 January 2023</ref>


Militia units provided 70% of the soldiers that fought in the [[Mexican–American War]],<ref name=abtarng /> and also provided the majority of soldiers in the early months of the [[American Civil War]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ng.mil/About/default.aspx |title=About the National Guard |access-date=December 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117043307/http://www.ng.mil/About/default.aspx|archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> The majority of soldiers in the [[Spanish–American War]] were from the National Guard.<ref name=abtarng />
Militia units provided 70% of the soldiers that fought in the [[Mexican–American War]],<ref name=abtarng /> and also provided the majority of soldiers in the early months of the American Civil War<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ng.mil/About/default.aspx |title=About the National Guard |access-date=December 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117043307/http://www.ng.mil/About/default.aspx|archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> The majority of soldiers in the [[Spanish–American War]] were from the National Guard.<ref name=abtarng />


===Industrialization and labor unrest===
===Industrialization and labor unrest===
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[[File:National Guardsman NGM-v31-p347.jpg|thumb|left|A National Guardsman in 1917]]
[[File:National Guardsman NGM-v31-p347.jpg|thumb|left|A National Guardsman in 1917]]


Throughout the 19th century the Regular U.S. Army was small, and the state militias provided the majority of the troops during the [[Mexican–American War]], the [[American Civil War]], and the [[Spanish–American War]]. With the [[Militia Act of 1903]], the militia was more organized and the name "National Guard" recommended. In 1908, the prohibition on National Guard units serving overseas was dropped. This resulted in constitutional debates within the U.S. government surrounding the legality of the use of the National Guard overseas, culminating in 1912 when U.S. Attorney General [[George W. Wickersham]] declared the 1908 amendment to be unconstitutional. The [[National Defense Act of 1916]] contained a provision whereby the president could discharge National Guard members from the militia and draft them into the Army in the event of a war, allowing for their use overseas. This resulted in former National Guard members being discharged from the Army entirely (also losing their status as state troops) when they left service, so the [[National Defense Act of 1920|1920 amendments to the act]] defined the National Guard's dual role as a state and federal reserve force; the "National Guard while in the service of the United States" as a component of the [[Army of the United States]] could be ordered to active duty by the president, be deployed overseas if they so wished, and the Guardsmen would then revert to their status as state troops. The dual state and federal status proved confusing, so in 1933, the National Defense Act of 1916 was amended again. It finally severed the National Guard's traditional connection with the militia clause of the Constitution, providing for a new component called the "National Guard of the United States" that was to be a reserve component of the Army of the United States at all times. This is the beginning of the present legal basis of the National Guard. In World War I, National Guard soldiers made up 40 percent of the men in U.S. combat divisions in France. In World War II, the National Guard made up 18 divisions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Army National Guard size WW2}}</ref>  
Throughout the 19th century the Regular U.S. Army was small, and the state militias provided the majority of the troops during the [[Mexican–American War]], the American Civil War, and the [[Spanish–American War]]. With the [[Militia Act of 1903]], the militia was more organized and the name "National Guard" recommended. In 1908, the prohibition on National Guard units serving overseas was dropped. This resulted in constitutional debates within the U.S. government surrounding the legality of the use of the National Guard overseas, culminating in 1912 when U.S. Attorney General [[George W. Wickersham]] declared the 1908 amendment to be unconstitutional. The [[National Defense Act of 1916]] contained a provision whereby the president could discharge National Guard members from the militia and draft them into the Army in the event of a war, allowing for their use overseas. This resulted in former National Guard members being discharged from the Army entirely (also losing their status as state troops) when they left service, so the [[National Defense Act of 1920|1920 amendments to the act]] defined the National Guard's dual role as a state and federal reserve force; the "National Guard while in the service of the United States" as a component of the [[Army of the United States]] could be ordered to active duty by the president, be deployed overseas if they so wished, and the Guardsmen would then revert to their status as state troops. The dual state and federal status proved confusing, so in 1933, the National Defense Act of 1916 was amended again. It finally severed the National Guard's traditional connection with the militia clause of the Constitution, providing for a new component called the "National Guard of the United States" that was to be a reserve component of the Army of the United States at all times. This is the beginning of the present legal basis of the National Guard. In World War I, National Guard soldiers made up 40 percent of the men in U.S. combat divisions in France. In World War II, the National Guard made up 18 divisions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Army National Guard size WW2}}</ref>  
[[File:National Guard Mobilization of 1940-41.jpg|thumb|300px|National Guard training, 1941.]]
[[File:National Guard Mobilization of 1940-41.jpg|thumb|300px|National Guard training, 1941.]]
One hundred forty thousand Guardsmen were mobilized during the Korean War and over 63,000 for [[Operation Desert Storm]]. They have also participated in U.S. peacekeeping operations in [[Somalia]], Haiti, [[Saudi Arabia]], Kuwait, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], and [[Kosovo]] and for natural disasters, strikes, riots and security for the [[Olympic Games]] when they have been in the States.
One hundred forty thousand Guardsmen were mobilized during the Korean War and over 63,000 for [[Operation Desert Storm]]. They have also participated in U.S. peacekeeping operations in [[Somalia]], Haiti, [[Saudi Arabia]], Kuwait, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], and [[Kosovo]] and for natural disasters, strikes, riots and security for the [[Olympic Games]] when they have been in the States.
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On September 24, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas National Guard to ensure the safe entry of the [[Little Rock Nine]] to [[Little Rock Central High School]] the following day. Governor [[Orval Faubus]] had previously used members of the guard to deny the students entry to the school.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eisenhower-domestic/|title=Domestic Politics under Eisenhower|date=August 17, 2022|website=PBS.org|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0925.html|title=President Sends Troops To Little Rock, Federalizes Arkansas National Guard; Tells Nation He Acted To Avoid Anarchy|last=Lewis|first=Anthony|date=September 24, 1957|website=The New York Times|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref>
On September 24, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas National Guard to ensure the safe entry of the [[Little Rock Nine]] to [[Little Rock Central High School]] the following day. Governor [[Orval Faubus]] had previously used members of the guard to deny the students entry to the school.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eisenhower-domestic/|title=Domestic Politics under Eisenhower|date=August 17, 2022|website=PBS.org|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0925.html|title=President Sends Troops To Little Rock, Federalizes Arkansas National Guard; Tells Nation He Acted To Avoid Anarchy|last=Lewis|first=Anthony|date=September 24, 1957|website=The New York Times|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref>


The New York National Guard were ordered by Governor [[Nelson A. Rockefeller]] to respond to the [[1964 Rochester race riot|Rochester 1964 race riot]] in July of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/27/archives/1000-national-guardsmen-are-sent-into-rochester-to-help-halt-race.html//|title=1,000 National Guardsmen Are Sent Into Rochester To Help Halt Race Riots; Rockefeller Acts; 120 Seized in Day of Looting – Copter Crash Kills 3|date=July 27, 1964|website=The New York Times|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref> The [[California Army National Guard]] were mobilized by the Governor of California [[Pat Brown|Edmund Gerald Brown Sr.]] during the [[Watts Riots]], in August 1965, to provide security and help restore order.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-12-ca-975-story.html|title=National Guard Actions in '65 Watts Rioting|date=May 12, 1990|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref>
The New York National Guard were ordered by Governor [[Nelson A. Rockefeller]] to respond to the [[1964 Rochester race riot|Rochester 1964 race riot]] in July of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/27/archives/1000-national-guardsmen-are-sent-into-rochester-to-help-halt-race.html//|title=1,000 National Guardsmen Are Sent Into Rochester To Help Halt Race Riots; Rockefeller Acts; 120 Seized in Day of Looting – Copter Crash Kills 3|date=July 27, 1964|website=The New York Times|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref> The [[California Army National Guard]] were mobilized by the Governor of California [[Pat Brown|Edmund Gerald Brown Sr.]] during the [[Watts Riots]], in August 1965, to provide security and help restore order.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-12-ca-975-story.html|title=National Guard Actions in '65 Watts Rioting|date=May 12, 1990|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref>


Elements of the [[Ohio Army National Guard]] were ordered to [[Kent State University]] by Ohio's governor [[Jim Rhodes]] to quell anti-Vietnam War protests, culminating in their [[Kent State shootings|shooting into a crowd of students]] on May 4, 1970, killing four and injuring nine. The massacre was followed by the [[Student strike of 1970]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240503-kent-state-university-1970-protests-that-shook-the-us|title=Kent State shootings: The 1970 student protest that shook the U.S.|last=Kelly|first=Dan|date=May 4, 2024|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref>
Elements of the [[Ohio Army National Guard]] were ordered to [[Kent State University]] by Ohio's governor [[Jim Rhodes]] to quell anti-Vietnam War protests, culminating in their [[Kent State shootings|shooting into a crowd of students]] on May 4, 1970, killing four and injuring nine. The massacre was followed by the [[Student strike of 1970]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240503-kent-state-university-1970-protests-that-shook-the-us|title=Kent State shootings: The 1970 student protest that shook the U.S.|last=Kelly|first=Dan|date=May 4, 2024|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref>
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During the early 1980s, the governors of California and Maine refused to allow deployment of their states' National Guard units to Central America. In 1986, Congress passed the Montgomery Amendment, which prohibited state governors from withholding their consent. In 1990, the Supreme Court ruled against the governor of Minnesota, who had sued over the deployment of the state's National Guard units to Central America.<ref name="David Evans">{{cite news|last=Evans|first=David|date=June 12, 1990|title=Supreme Court Confirms U.S. Control Over Guard|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-06-12-9002170920-story.html}}</ref>
During the early 1980s, the governors of California and Maine refused to allow deployment of their states' National Guard units to Central America. In 1986, Congress passed the Montgomery Amendment, which prohibited state governors from withholding their consent. In 1990, the Supreme Court ruled against the governor of Minnesota, who had sued over the deployment of the state's National Guard units to Central America.<ref name="David Evans">{{cite news|last=Evans|first=David|date=June 12, 1990|title=Supreme Court Confirms U.S. Control Over Guard|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-06-12-9002170920-story.html}}</ref>


During the [[1992 Los Angeles Riots]], when portions of south central Los Angeles erupted in chaos, overwhelming the [[Los Angeles Police Department]]'s ability to contain the violence, the [[California Army National Guard]] and selected units of the [[California Air National Guard]] were mobilized to help restore order. The National Guard were attributed with five shootings of people suspected of violating the [[curfew]] order placed on the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://defense360.csis.org/buttressing-institutional-integrity-in-an-election-year-federal-force-deployment-during-l-a-riots-1992/|title=Buttressing Institutional Integrity in an Election Year: Federal Force Deployment during L.A. Riots (1992)|last=Nair|first=Devi|date=October 27, 2020|website=Defense 360|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-10-mn-2506-story.html|title=U.S. Army, Marine Troops Withdraw From Los Angeles; Disorder; Police officers reportedly demoralized by public bickering over their readiness and performance, National Guard units tox remain for a while|last=Newton|first=Jim|date=May 10, 1992|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref>
During the [[1992 Los Angeles Riots]], when portions of south central Los Angeles erupted in chaos, overwhelming the [[Los Angeles Police Department]]'s ability to contain the violence, the [[California Army National Guard]] and selected units of the [[California Air National Guard]] were mobilized to help restore order. The National Guard were attributed with five shootings of people suspected of violating the [[curfew]] order placed on the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://defense360.csis.org/buttressing-institutional-integrity-in-an-election-year-federal-force-deployment-during-l-a-riots-1992/|title=Buttressing Institutional Integrity in an Election Year: Federal Force Deployment during L.A. Riots (1992)|last=Nair|first=Devi|date=October 27, 2020|website=Defense 360|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-10-mn-2506-story.html|title=U.S. Army, Marine Troops Withdraw From Los Angeles; Disorder; Police officers reportedly demoralized by public bickering over their readiness and performance, National Guard units tox remain for a while|last=Newton|first=Jim|date=May 10, 1992|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref>


[[File:ANG40InfantryDivisionLosAngelesRiot1992.jpg|thumb|left|Following the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]], 4,000 National Guardsmen patrolled the city.]]
[[File:ANG40InfantryDivisionLosAngelesRiot1992.jpg|thumb|left|Following the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]], 4,000 National Guardsmen patrolled the city.]]
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===Presidents===
===Presidents===
Militia service was a common trait among [[President of the United States|presidents of the United States]], 18 of whom have served in colonial or state militias and two have served in the National Guard since it was established in 1903. Among these, three served in colonial militias ([[George Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]]), 15 served in state militias ([[James Monroe]], [[Andrew Jackson]], [[William Henry Harrison]], [[Millard Fillmore]], [[Franklin Pierce]], [[James Buchanan]], Abraham Lincoln, [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[James Garfield]], [[Chester A. Arthur]], [[William Henry Harrison]], [[William McKinley]] and [[Theodore Roosevelt]]), one in the Army National Guard ([[Harry S. Truman]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Presidential-Series/Harry-S-Truman/|title=Presidential series – Captain Harry S. Truman|website=nationalguard.mil|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref> and one ([[George W. Bush]]) served in the Air National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngb.army.mil/resources/photo_gallery/presidential/index.htm |title=The National Guard{{Snd}} Image Gallery{{Snd}} Presidential Series |publisher=Ngb.army.mil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711052143/http://www.ngb.army.mil/resources/photo_gallery/presidential/index.htm |archive-date=July 11, 2007 }}</ref>
Militia service was a common trait among [[President of the United States|presidents of the United States]], 18 of whom have served in colonial or state militias and two have served in the National Guard since it was established in 1903. Among these, three served in colonial militias ([[George Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]]), 15 served in state militias ([[James Monroe]], [[Andrew Jackson]], [[William Henry Harrison]], [[Millard Fillmore]], [[Franklin Pierce]], [[James Buchanan]], Abraham Lincoln, [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[James Garfield]], [[Chester A. Arthur]], [[William Henry Harrison]], [[William McKinley]] and Theodore Roosevelt), one in the Army National Guard (Harry S. Truman)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Presidential-Series/Harry-S-Truman/|title=Presidential series – Captain Harry S. Truman|website=nationalguard.mil|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref> and one (George W. Bush) served in the Air National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngb.army.mil/resources/photo_gallery/presidential/index.htm |title=The National Guard{{Snd}} Image Gallery{{Snd}} Presidential Series |publisher=Ngb.army.mil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711052143/http://www.ngb.army.mil/resources/photo_gallery/presidential/index.htm |archive-date=July 11, 2007 }}</ref>


===Other notable members===
===Other notable members===
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* [[William J. Donovan]], founder of the [[Office of Strategic Services]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/stories/story/the-legend-of-wild-bill-how-donovan-got-his-nickname/|title=The legend of Wild Bill: How Donovan Got His Nickname|date=November 11, 2020|website=cia.gov|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>  
* [[William J. Donovan]], founder of the [[Office of Strategic Services]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/stories/story/the-legend-of-wild-bill-how-donovan-got-his-nickname/|title=The legend of Wild Bill: How Donovan Got His Nickname|date=November 11, 2020|website=cia.gov|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>  
* [[Joni Ernst]], Junior [[United States Senator|Senator]] from [[Iowa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/02/joni-ernst-combat-veteran-115080|title=Ernst: yes I'm a combat veteran|last=lerner|first=Adam|date=February 10, 2015|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Joni Ernst]], Junior [[United States Senator|Senator]] from [[Iowa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/02/joni-ernst-combat-veteran-115080|title=Ernst: yes I'm a combat veteran|last=lerner|first=Adam|date=February 10, 2015|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Joe Foss]], [[Governor of South Dakota]], [[Medal of Honor]] recipient in [[World War II]]
* [[Joe Foss]], [[Governor of South Dakota]], Medal of Honor recipient in [[World War II]]
* [[Lindsey Graham]], [[United States Senator|Senator]] from [[South Carolina]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ngaus.org/magazine/conversation-sen-lindsey-graham|title=A Conversation with Senator Lindsey Graham|date=May 9, 2024|website=National Guard Magazine|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Lindsey Graham]], [[United States Senator|Senator]] from [[South Carolina]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ngaus.org/magazine/conversation-sen-lindsey-graham|title=A Conversation with Senator Lindsey Graham|date=May 9, 2024|website=National Guard Magazine|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Ralph Haben]], former [[Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives]]
* [[Ralph Haben]], former [[Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives]]
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