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{{Organization | |||
{{Organization | |OrganizationName=Marine Corps | ||
|OrganizationName= | |OrganizationType=Executive Departments (Sub-organization) | ||
|OrganizationType= Executive Departments (Sub-organization) | |Mission=The USMC is tasked with providing power projection from the sea, using the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces. Its mission includes amphibious and expeditionary warfare, as well as serving as an elite fighting force ready to respond to crises worldwide. | ||
|Mission= The USMC is tasked with providing power projection from the sea, using the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces. Its mission includes amphibious and expeditionary warfare, as well as serving as an elite fighting force ready to respond to crises worldwide. | |ParentOrganization=Department of the Navy | ||
| | |TopOrganization=Department of Defense | ||
|Employees= | |CreationLegislation=Continental Congress Resolution on November 10, 1775 | ||
|Budget= $46.6 billion (Fiscal Year 2021) | |Employees=225300 | ||
|Budget=$46.6 billion (Fiscal Year 2021) | |||
|OrganizationExecutive=Commandant of the Marine Corps | |||
|Services=Amphibious warfare; Expeditionary warfare; Force protection; Humanitarian assistance; Peacekeeping operations | |||
|HeadquartersLocation=38.8732, -77.01535 | |||
|HeadquartersAddress=3000 Marine Corps Pentagon, Room 2E229, Washington, DC 20350-3000, United States | |||
|Website=https://www.marines.mil | |Website=https://www.marines.mil | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Short description|Amphibious and maritime service branch of the U.S. military}} | |||
{{United States Armed Forces sidebar}} | {{United States Armed Forces sidebar}} | ||
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The Marine Corps has been part of the [[United States Department of the Navy]] since 30 June 1834 with its sister service, the [[United States Navy]].<ref>Hoffman, Colonel Jon T., ''USMC: A Complete History'', Marine Corps Association, Quantico, VA, (2002), p. 57.</ref> The USMC operates [[List of United States Marine Corps installations|installations]] on land and aboard sea-going [[amphibious warfare ship]]s around the world. Additionally, several of the Marines' tactical [[Naval aviation|aviation]] squadrons, primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons, are also embedded in Navy [[carrier air wing]]s and operate from the [[aircraft carrier]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Wings Built for Two |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1202wings/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> | The Marine Corps has been part of the [[United States Department of the Navy]] since 30 June 1834 with its sister service, the [[United States Navy]].<ref>Hoffman, Colonel Jon T., ''USMC: A Complete History'', Marine Corps Association, Quantico, VA, (2002), p. 57.</ref> The USMC operates [[List of United States Marine Corps installations|installations]] on land and aboard sea-going [[amphibious warfare ship]]s around the world. Additionally, several of the Marines' tactical [[Naval aviation|aviation]] squadrons, primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons, are also embedded in Navy [[carrier air wing]]s and operate from the [[aircraft carrier]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Wings Built for Two |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1202wings/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
The history of the Marine Corps began when two [[battalion]]s of [[Continental Marines]] were formed on 10 November 1775 in | The history of the Marine Corps began when two [[battalion]]s of [[Continental Marines]] were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marines.com/history-heritage/timeline|title=U.S. Marine Corps Decade Timeline|access-date=1 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001031854/http://www.marines.com/history-heritage/timeline|archive-date=1 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Pacific War|Pacific theater]] of [[World War II]], the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare, [[Leapfrogging (strategy)|advancing from island to island]].<ref name="USMC-WW2-I-I-2">{{Cite book |access-date=2 June 2007 |chapter-url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/USMC-I-I-2.html |chapter=Part I, Chapter 2: Evolution of Modern Amphibious Warfare, 1920–1941 |title=Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal |series=History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Volume I |author=Hough, Frank O. |author2=Ludwig, Verle E. |author3=Shaw, Henry I. Jr |publisher=Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070530012649/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/USMC-I-I-2.html |archive-date=30 May 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=USMC-WW2-IV-II-1>{{Cite book |access-date=3 August 2008 |chapter-url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/IV/USMC-IV-II-1.html |chapter=Part II, Chapter 1: The Development of FMFPac |title=Western Pacific Operations |year=1971 |author1=Garand, George W. |author2=Truman R. Strobridge |name-list-style=amp |series=History of U.S. Marine Corps Operation in World War II, Volume IV |publisher=Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725095249/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/IV/USMC-IV-II-1.html |archive-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=USMC-WW2-V-VI-1>{{Cite book |access-date=3 August 2008 |chapter-url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/V/USMC-V-VI-1.html |year=1968 |chapter=Part VI, Chapter 1: Amphibious Doctrine in World War II |title=Victory and Occupation |author1=Frank, Benis M |author2=Henry I. Saw, Jr. |name-list-style=amp |series=History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Volume V |publisher=Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011233619/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/V/USMC-V-VI-1.html |archive-date=11 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2022, the USMC has around 177,200 active duty members and some 32,400 personnel in [[United States Marine Corps Reserve|reserve]].<ref name="DoD Budget and Manpower Details" /> | ||
==Mission== | ==Mission== | ||
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* Development of tactics, technique, and equipment used by amphibious landing forces in coordination with the [[United States Army|Army]] and [[United States Air Force|Air Force]]; and | * Development of tactics, technique, and equipment used by amphibious landing forces in coordination with the [[United States Army|Army]] and [[United States Air Force|Air Force]]; and | ||
* Such other duties as the [[President of the United States|President]] or [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] may direct. | * Such other duties as the [[President of the United States|President]] or [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] may direct. | ||
This last clause derives from similar language in the [[United States Congress|Congressional]] acts ''"For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps"'' of 1834 and ''"Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps"'' of 1798. In 1951, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives']] [[United States House Committee on Armed Services|Armed Services Committee]] called the clause "one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps". It noted that the Corps has more often than not performed actions of a non-naval nature, including its famous actions in [[First Barbary War|Tripoli]], the [[War of 1812]], [[Battle of Chapultepec|Chapultepec]], and numerous [[counterinsurgency]] and occupational duties (such as those in Central America, | This last clause derives from similar language in the [[United States Congress|Congressional]] acts ''"For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps"'' of 1834 and ''"Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps"'' of 1798. In 1951, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives']] [[United States House Committee on Armed Services|Armed Services Committee]] called the clause "one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps". It noted that the Corps has more often than not performed actions of a non-naval nature, including its famous actions in [[First Barbary War|Tripoli]], the [[War of 1812]], [[Battle of Chapultepec|Chapultepec]], and numerous [[counterinsurgency]] and occupational duties (such as those in Central America, World War I, and the Korean War). While these actions are not accurately described as support of naval campaigns nor as amphibious warfare, their common thread is that they are of an expeditionary nature, using the mobility of the Navy to provide timely intervention in foreign affairs on behalf of American interests.<ref name="Estes">{{Cite book|last=Estes|first=Kenneth W.|title=The Marine Officer's Guide, 6th Edition|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2000|isbn=1-55750-567-5}}</ref> | ||
The [[United States Marine Band|Marine Band]], dubbed the "President's Own" by [[John Adams]], provides music for state functions at the [[White House]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton, 1998, Book 2: July 1 to December 31, 1998 |first=William J. |last=Clinton |editor=Office of the Federal Register |author-link=Bill Clinton |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000lurc/page/1217 1217] |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-4034-4551-3 |chapter=Remarks Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the United States Marine Corps Band 10 July 1998 |quote=The Marine Band played at Thomas Jefferson's Inauguration in 1801 and hasn't missed a single one since. Jefferson was a violin player who loved music almost as much as he loved freedom. He named the band "The President's Own". |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000lurc/page/1217}}</ref> Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in [[Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.]], guard presidential retreats, including [[Camp David]], and the Marines of the Executive Flight Detachment of [[HMX-1]] provide helicopter transport to the President and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]], with the radio call signs "[[Marine One]]" and "Marine Two", respectively.<ref>{{cite book|title=Marines: An Illustrated History: The United States Marine Corps from 1775 to the 21st Century| first=Chester G.|last= Hearn|page=180|publisher= Zenith Imprint|year= 2007 |isbn= 978-0-7603-3211-5}}</ref> The Executive Flight Detachment also provides helicopter transport to [[United States Cabinet|Cabinet members]] and other [[Very important person|VIPs]]. By authority of the 1946 Foreign Service Act, the [[Marine Security Guard]]s of the Marine Embassy Security Command provide security for American [[diplomatic mission|embassies]], [[legation]]s, and [[Consul (representative)|consulates]] at more than 140 posts worldwide.<ref>{{cite book|title=Marine Pride: A Salute to America's Elite Fighting Force |url=https://archive.org/details/marinepridesalut0000kell |url-access=registration |first= Scott |last=Keller |page=[https://archive.org/details/marinepridesalut0000kell/page/56 56]|publisher= Citadel Press|year=2004 |isbn =978-0-8065-2603-4}}</ref> | The [[United States Marine Band|Marine Band]], dubbed the "President's Own" by [[John Adams]], provides music for state functions at the [[White House]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton, 1998, Book 2: July 1 to December 31, 1998 |first=William J. |last=Clinton |editor=Office of the Federal Register |author-link=Bill Clinton |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000lurc/page/1217 1217] |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-4034-4551-3 |chapter=Remarks Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the United States Marine Corps Band 10 July 1998 |quote=The Marine Band played at Thomas Jefferson's Inauguration in 1801 and hasn't missed a single one since. Jefferson was a violin player who loved music almost as much as he loved freedom. He named the band "The President's Own". |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000lurc/page/1217}}</ref> Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in [[Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.]], guard presidential retreats, including [[Camp David]], and the Marines of the Executive Flight Detachment of [[HMX-1]] provide helicopter transport to the President and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]], with the radio call signs "[[Marine One]]" and "Marine Two", respectively.<ref>{{cite book|title=Marines: An Illustrated History: The United States Marine Corps from 1775 to the 21st Century| first=Chester G.|last= Hearn|page=180|publisher= Zenith Imprint|year= 2007 |isbn= 978-0-7603-3211-5}}</ref> The Executive Flight Detachment also provides helicopter transport to [[United States Cabinet|Cabinet members]] and other [[Very important person|VIPs]]. By authority of the 1946 Foreign Service Act, the [[Marine Security Guard]]s of the Marine Embassy Security Command provide security for American [[diplomatic mission|embassies]], [[legation]]s, and [[Consul (representative)|consulates]] at more than 140 posts worldwide.<ref>{{cite book|title=Marine Pride: A Salute to America's Elite Fighting Force |url=https://archive.org/details/marinepridesalut0000kell |url-access=registration |first= Scott |last=Keller |page=[https://archive.org/details/marinepridesalut0000kell/page/56 56]|publisher= Citadel Press|year=2004 |isbn =978-0-8065-2603-4}}</ref> | ||
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Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, and aircraft carriers. Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ship's landing force, manning the ship's weapons and providing shipboard security. Marine detachments were augmented by members of the ship's company for landing parties, such as in the [[First Sumatran expedition]] of 1832 and continuing in the Caribbean and [[United States occupation of Veracruz|Mexican campaign]]s of the early 20th centuries. Marines developed tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II.<ref name="Lawliss">{{Cite book |last= Lawliss |first= Chuck |title= The Marine Book: A Portrait of America's Military Elite |publisher= Thames and Hudson |year= 1988 |location= New York}}</ref> During World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships, and some were assigned to man anti-aircraft batteries.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hough, LtCol. |first1=Frank O. |url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/History%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20in%20WWII%20Vol%20I%20-%20Pearl%20Harbor%20to%20Guadacanal%20%20PCN%2019000262400.pdf |title=Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal: History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II |last2=Ludwig |first2=Verle E. |last3=Shaw, Jr. |first3=Henry I. |publisher=Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps |year=1989 |volume=1 |language=en |lccn=58-60002 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130625000000/https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/History%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20in%20WWII%20Vol%20I%20-%20Pearl%20Harbor%20to%20Guadacanal%20%20PCN%2019000262400.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-25}} [https://archive.org/details/historyofusmarin01usma/page/n3/mode/2up Alt URL]</ref> | Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, and aircraft carriers. Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ship's landing force, manning the ship's weapons and providing shipboard security. Marine detachments were augmented by members of the ship's company for landing parties, such as in the [[First Sumatran expedition]] of 1832 and continuing in the Caribbean and [[United States occupation of Veracruz|Mexican campaign]]s of the early 20th centuries. Marines developed tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II.<ref name="Lawliss">{{Cite book |last= Lawliss |first= Chuck |title= The Marine Book: A Portrait of America's Military Elite |publisher= Thames and Hudson |year= 1988 |location= New York}}</ref> During World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships, and some were assigned to man anti-aircraft batteries.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hough, LtCol. |first1=Frank O. |url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/History%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20in%20WWII%20Vol%20I%20-%20Pearl%20Harbor%20to%20Guadacanal%20%20PCN%2019000262400.pdf |title=Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal: History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II |last2=Ludwig |first2=Verle E. |last3=Shaw, Jr. |first3=Henry I. |publisher=Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps |year=1989 |volume=1 |language=en |lccn=58-60002 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130625000000/https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/History%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20in%20WWII%20Vol%20I%20-%20Pearl%20Harbor%20to%20Guadacanal%20%20PCN%2019000262400.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-25}} [https://archive.org/details/historyofusmarin01usma/page/n3/mode/2up Alt URL]</ref> | ||
In 1950,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/A%20Chronology%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Marine%20Corps%201947-1964%20%20PCN%2019000318200.pdf|title=A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps Historical Reference Pamphlet|date=1947–1964|website=Marines.mil|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605151639/https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/A%20Chronology%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Marine%20Corps%201947-1964%20%20PCN%2019000318200.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> President | In 1950,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/A%20Chronology%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Marine%20Corps%201947-1964%20%20PCN%2019000318200.pdf|title=A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps Historical Reference Pamphlet|date=1947–1964|website=Marines.mil|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605151639/https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/A%20Chronology%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Marine%20Corps%201947-1964%20%20PCN%2019000318200.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> President Harry Truman responded to a message from U.S. Representative [[Gordon L. McDonough]]. McDonough had urged President Truman to add Marine representation on the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. President Truman, writing in a letter addressed to McDonough, stated, "The Marine Corps is the Navy's police force and as long as I am President that is what it will remain. They have a propaganda machine that is almost equal to [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin's]]." McDonough then inserted [https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Letter,_Harry_Truman_to_Gordon_McDonough,_29_August_1950_(15310975758).jpg President Truman's letter], dated 29 August 1950, into the ''[[Congressional Record]]''. Congressmen and Marine organizations reacted, calling President Truman's remarks an insult, and demanded an apology. Truman apologized to the Marine commandant at the time, writing, "I sincerely regret the unfortunate choice of language which I used in my letter of August 29 to Congressman McDonough concerning the Marine Corps." While Truman had apologized for his metaphor, he did not alter his position that the Marine Corps should continue to report to the Navy secretary. He made amends only by making a surprise visit to the [[Marine Corps League]] a few days later, when he reiterated, "When I make a mistake, I try to correct it. I try to make as few as possible." He received a standing ovation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Battistella|first=Edwin|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/05/the-art-of-the-political-apology-106458/|title=The Art of the Political Apology|date=7 May 2014|work=Politico.com|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020070506/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/05/the-art-of-the-political-apology-106458_Page2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
When gun cruisers were retired by the end of the 1970s, the remaining Marine detachments were only seen on battleships and carriers. Its original mission of providing shipboard security ended in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Corps' Salty Seadogs Have All But Come Ashore: Seagoing Traditions Founder as New Millennium Approaches |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/c/the-corps-salty-seadogs-have-all-but-come-ashore-seagoing-traditions-founder-as-new-millennium-approaches.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=NHHC |language=en-US}}</ref> | When gun cruisers were retired by the end of the 1970s, the remaining Marine detachments were only seen on battleships and carriers. Its original mission of providing shipboard security ended in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Corps' Salty Seadogs Have All But Come Ashore: Seagoing Traditions Founder as New Millennium Approaches |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/c/the-corps-salty-seadogs-have-all-but-come-ashore-seagoing-traditions-founder-as-new-millennium-approaches.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=NHHC |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
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[[File:Marines01.jpg|thumb|Five USMC privates with fixed [[bayonet]]s, and their NCO with his sword at the [[Washington Navy Yard]], 1864|alt=black & white photograph of six U.S. marines standing in line, five with Civil War-era rifles and one with an NCO sword.]] | [[File:Marines01.jpg|thumb|Five USMC privates with fixed [[bayonet]]s, and their NCO with his sword at the [[Washington Navy Yard]], 1864|alt=black & white photograph of six U.S. marines standing in line, five with Civil War-era rifles and one with an NCO sword.]] | ||
The Marine Corps played a small role in the | The Marine Corps played a small role in the Civil War (1861–1865); their most prominent task was [[blockade]] duty. As more and more states [[Ordinance of Secession|seceded]] from the Union, about a third of the Corps's officers left the United States to join the Confederate States of Americaand form the [[Confederate States Marine Corps]], which ultimately played little part in the war. The battalion of recruits formed for the [[First Battle of Bull Run]] performed poorly, retreating with the rest of the Union forces.<ref name="ChenowethNihart"/> Blockade duty included sea-based amphibious operations to secure forward bases. In early November 1861, a group of sailors and Marines landed in the towns of Port Royal and Beaufort, South Carolina. A few days later that task force captured nearby Hilton Head Island. A couple of weeks later a reconnaissance in force group captured Tybee Island. This is where the Union set up the artillery barrage to bombard Fort Pulaski.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shapiro.anthro.uga.edu/Lamar/images/PDFs/publication_127.pdf |title=Archaeological Reconnaissance at the Drudi Tract, Tybee Island, Chatham County, Georgia |publisher=LAMAR Institute Publication Series |first=Daniel T. |last=Elliott |location=Savannah, Georgia |year=2008 |page=9 |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001013945/http://shapiro.anthro.uga.edu/Lamar/images/PDFs/publication_127.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2011}}</ref> In April and May 1862, Marines participated in [[Capture of New Orleans|the capture and occupation of New Orleans]] and the occupation of Baton Rouge, Louisiana,<ref>Hoffman, Colonel Jon T., ''USMC: A Complete History'', Marine Corps Association, Quantico, VA, (2002), p. 92.</ref> key events in the war that helped secure Union control of the lower [[Mississippi River]] basin and denied the Confederacy a major port and naval base on the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} | ||
The remainder of the 19th century was marked by declining strength and introspection about the mission of the Marine Corps. The Navy's transition from [[sailing ship|sail]] to [[steamboat|steam]] put into question the need for Marines on naval ships. Meanwhile, Marines served as a convenient resource for interventions and landings to protect American interests overseas. The Corps was involved in over 28 separate interventions in the 30 years from the end of the American Civil War to the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/pages/frequently_requested/Casualties.aspx|title=Marine Corps Casualties: 1775–2015|work=Frequently Requested|author=Reference Branch|publisher=USMC History Division|year=2016|access-date=23 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426035939/http://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/pages/frequently_requested/Casualties.aspx|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> They were called upon to stem political and labor unrest within the United States.<ref name="Ellsworth">{{Cite book |last= Ellsworth |first= Harry Allanson |title= One Hundred Eighty Landings of United States Marines 1800–1934 |publisher= History and Museums Division, HQ, USMC |year= 1934 |location= Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Under Commandant [[Jacob Zeilin]]'s tenure, Marine customs and traditions took shape: the Corps adopted the [[Eagle, Globe, and Anchor|Marine Corps emblem]] on 19 November 1868. It was during this time that "The Marines' Hymn" was first heard. Around 1883, the Marines adopted their current motto "''[[Semper fidelis]]''" (''Always Faithful'').<ref name="Simmons" /> [[John Philip Sousa]], the musician and composer, enlisted as a Marine apprentice at age 13, serving from 1867 until 1872, and again from 1880 to 1892 as the leader of the [[United States Marine Band|Marine Band]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Philip Sousa |url=https://www.marineband.marines.mil/About/Our-History/John-Philip-Sousa/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.marineband.marines.mil}}</ref> | The remainder of the 19th century was marked by declining strength and introspection about the mission of the Marine Corps. The Navy's transition from [[sailing ship|sail]] to [[steamboat|steam]] put into question the need for Marines on naval ships. Meanwhile, Marines served as a convenient resource for interventions and landings to protect American interests overseas. The Corps was involved in over 28 separate interventions in the 30 years from the end of the American Civil War to the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/pages/frequently_requested/Casualties.aspx|title=Marine Corps Casualties: 1775–2015|work=Frequently Requested|author=Reference Branch|publisher=USMC History Division|year=2016|access-date=23 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426035939/http://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/pages/frequently_requested/Casualties.aspx|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> They were called upon to stem political and labor unrest within the United States.<ref name="Ellsworth">{{Cite book |last= Ellsworth |first= Harry Allanson |title= One Hundred Eighty Landings of United States Marines 1800–1934 |publisher= History and Museums Division, HQ, USMC |year= 1934 |location= Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Under Commandant [[Jacob Zeilin]]'s tenure, Marine customs and traditions took shape: the Corps adopted the [[Eagle, Globe, and Anchor|Marine Corps emblem]] on 19 November 1868. It was during this time that "The Marines' Hymn" was first heard. Around 1883, the Marines adopted their current motto "''[[Semper fidelis]]''" (''Always Faithful'').<ref name="Simmons" /> [[John Philip Sousa]], the musician and composer, enlisted as a Marine apprentice at age 13, serving from 1867 until 1872, and again from 1880 to 1892 as the leader of the [[United States Marine Band|Marine Band]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Philip Sousa |url=https://www.marineband.marines.mil/About/Our-History/John-Philip-Sousa/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.marineband.marines.mil}}</ref> | ||
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[[File:Scott Belleau Wood.jpg|thumb|alt=monochromatic artwork of marines fighting Germans in a forest|Georges Scott, [[Battle of Belleau Wood|''American Marines in Belleau Wood'']], 1918]] | [[File:Scott Belleau Wood.jpg|thumb|alt=monochromatic artwork of marines fighting Germans in a forest|Georges Scott, [[Battle of Belleau Wood|''American Marines in Belleau Wood'']], 1918]] | ||
During | During World War I, Marines served as a part of the [[American Expeditionary Forces|American Expeditionary Force]] under General [[John J. Pershing]] when [[American entry into World War I|America entered into the war]] on 6 April 1917. The Marine Corps had a deep pool of officers and [[non-commissioned officer]]s with battle experience and thus experienced a large expansion. The U.S. Marine Corps entered the war with 511 officers and 13,214 enlisted personnel and by 11 November 1918 had reached a strength of 2,400 officers and 70,000 enlisted.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Marine Corps Aviation – World War One |publisher=AcePilots.com |url=http://www.acepilots.com/usmc/hist2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111063805/http://www.acepilots.com/usmc/hist2.html |archive-date=11 January 2006}}</ref> African-Americans were entirely excluded from the Marine Corps during this conflict.<ref>Chad L. Williams, ''Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era.'' Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2010; p. 6.</ref> [[Opha May Johnson]] was the first woman to enlist in the Marines; she joined the [[Marine Forces Reserve|Marine Corps Reserve]] in 1918 during World War I, officially becoming the first female Marine.<ref name="History">{{cite book|last=Hewitt|first=Linda J.|title=Women Marines in World War I (1974)|year=1974|publisher=United States Marine Corps History and Museums Division|url=https://archive.org/details/WomenMarinesInWorldWarI|access-date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315070622/https://archive.org/details/WomenMarinesInWorldWarI|archive-date=15 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> From then until the end of World War I, 305 women enlisted in the Corps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmcpress.com/heritage/women_marines.htm |title=Women Marines |publisher=Usmcpress.com |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819072746/http://www.usmcpress.com/heritage/women_marines.htm |archive-date=19 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Battle of Belleau Wood]] in 1918, the Marines and U.S. media reported that Germans had nicknamed them ''<!--Do not use a spell checker here-->Teufel Hunden,<!--Look at the hyperlink, before correcting the word, it is supposed to be misspelled--->'' meaning "[[Devil Dog]]s" for their reputation as [[shock troops]] and marksmen at ranges up to 900 meters; there is no evidence of this in German records (as ''Teufelshunde'' would be the proper German phrase). Nevertheless, the name stuck in U.S. Marine lore.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Life |title=Teufel-Hunden |year=1918 |first=John Ames |last=Mitchell |volume=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qahGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA759 |page=759 |access-date=7 October 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026212033/https://books.google.com/books?id=qahGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA759 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
[[Interwar period|Between the World Wars]], the Marine Corps was headed by Commandant [[John A. Lejeune]], and under his leadership, the Corps studied and developed amphibious techniques that would be of great use in World War II. Many officers, including Lieutenant Colonel [[Earl Hancock Ellis|Earl Hancock "Pete" Ellis]], foresaw a war in the Pacific with [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] and undertook preparations for such a conflict. Through 1941, as the prospect of war grew, the Corps pushed urgently for joint amphibious exercises with the Army and acquired amphibious equipment that would prove of great use in the upcoming conflict.<ref name="Ballendorf">{{Cite book | [[Interwar period|Between the World Wars]], the Marine Corps was headed by Commandant [[John A. Lejeune]], and under his leadership, the Corps studied and developed amphibious techniques that would be of great use in World War II. Many officers, including Lieutenant Colonel [[Earl Hancock Ellis|Earl Hancock "Pete" Ellis]], foresaw a war in the Pacific with [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] and undertook preparations for such a conflict. Through 1941, as the prospect of war grew, the Corps pushed urgently for joint amphibious exercises with the Army and acquired amphibious equipment that would prove of great use in the upcoming conflict.<ref name="Ballendorf">{{Cite book | ||
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The Marines played a comparatively minor role in the [[European theatre of World War II|European theater]]. Nonetheless, they did continue to provide security detachments to U.S. embassies and ships, contributed personnel to small [[Special operations|special ops]] teams dropped into [[German-occupied Europe|Nazi-occupied Europe]] as part of [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS, the precursor to the [[CIA]]) missions, and acted as staff planners and trainers for U.S. Army amphibious operations, including the [[Normandy landings]].<ref>Chenoweth (2005), pp. 270–71</ref><ref>Smith Jr., Thomas W., "Rivalry at Normandy", ''National Review'', 4 June 2004</ref> | The Marines played a comparatively minor role in the [[European theatre of World War II|European theater]]. Nonetheless, they did continue to provide security detachments to U.S. embassies and ships, contributed personnel to small [[Special operations|special ops]] teams dropped into [[German-occupied Europe|Nazi-occupied Europe]] as part of [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS, the precursor to the [[CIA]]) missions, and acted as staff planners and trainers for U.S. Army amphibious operations, including the [[Normandy landings]].<ref>Chenoweth (2005), pp. 270–71</ref><ref>Smith Jr., Thomas W., "Rivalry at Normandy", ''National Review'', 4 June 2004</ref> | ||
By the end of the war, the Corps had expanded from two brigades to six [[division (military)|divisions]], five [[Wing (military unit)|air wings]], and supporting troops, totaling about 485,000 marines. In addition, 20 [[Marine defense battalions|defense battalions]] and a [[paramarines|parachute battalion]] were raised.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marines in World War II Commemorative Series |publisher=Marine Corps Historical Center |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/index.htm |access-date=17 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208103845/http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extcontent/usmc/index.htm |archive-date=8 February 2008}}</ref> Nearly 87,000 marines were casualties during World War II (including nearly 20,000 killed), and 82 were awarded the | By the end of the war, the Corps had expanded from two brigades to six [[division (military)|divisions]], five [[Wing (military unit)|air wings]], and supporting troops, totaling about 485,000 marines. In addition, 20 [[Marine defense battalions|defense battalions]] and a [[paramarines|parachute battalion]] were raised.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marines in World War II Commemorative Series |publisher=Marine Corps Historical Center |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/index.htm |access-date=17 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208103845/http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extcontent/usmc/index.htm |archive-date=8 February 2008}}</ref> Nearly 87,000 marines were casualties during World War II (including nearly 20,000 killed), and 82 were awarded the Medal of Honor.<ref>{{cite book|title=Medal of honor: historical facts & figures |first=Ron |last=Owens |page=110|publisher =Turner Publishing Company|year=2004 |isbn =978-1-56311-995-8}}</ref> | ||
[[File:2018-10-31 15 25 21 The west side of the Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington County, Virginia.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the [[Marine Corps War Memorial]], which depicts the second U.S. flag-raising atop [[Mount Suribachi]], on Iwo Jima. The memorial is modeled on [[Joe Rosenthal]]'s famous [[Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima]].|alt=Color photo of the [[Marine Corps War Memorial]], a bronze statue of six marines raising a U.S. flag attached unto a Japanese pipe atop [[Mount Suribachi]].]] | [[File:2018-10-31 15 25 21 The west side of the Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington County, Virginia.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the [[Marine Corps War Memorial]], which depicts the second U.S. flag-raising atop [[Mount Suribachi]], on Iwo Jima. The memorial is modeled on [[Joe Rosenthal]]'s famous [[Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima]].|alt=Color photo of the [[Marine Corps War Memorial]], a bronze statue of six marines raising a U.S. flag attached unto a Japanese pipe atop [[Mount Suribachi]].]] | ||
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[[File:Koreacloseairsupport1950.JPEG|thumb|[[Vought F4U Corsair|F4U Corsairs]] providing close air support to marines of the [[1st Marine Division (United States)|1st Marine Division]] fighting Chinese forces in North Korea, December 1950]] | [[File:Koreacloseairsupport1950.JPEG|thumb|[[Vought F4U Corsair|F4U Corsairs]] providing close air support to marines of the [[1st Marine Division (United States)|1st Marine Division]] fighting Chinese forces in North Korea, December 1950]] | ||
The beginning of the | The beginning of the Korean War (1950–1953) saw the hastily formed [[1st Provisional Marine Brigade|Provisional Marine Brigade]] holding the defensive line at the [[Battle of Pusan Perimeter|Pusan Perimeter]]. To execute a [[flanking maneuver]], General [[Douglas MacArthur]] called on United Nations forces, including U.S. Marines, to make an amphibious landing at [[Battle of Inchon|Inchon]]. The successful landing resulted in the collapse of North Korean lines and the pursuit of North Korean forces north near the [[Yalu River]] until the entrance of the People's Republic of China into the war. Chinese troops surrounded, surprised, and overwhelmed the overextended and outnumbered American forces. The U.S. Army's X Corps, which included the [[1st Marine Division (United States)|1st Marine Division]] and the Army's [[7th Infantry Division (United States)|7th Infantry Division]] regrouped and inflicted heavy casualties during their fighting withdrawal to the coast, known as the [[Battle of Chosin Reservoir]]. | ||
The fighting calmed after the Battle of the Chosin Reservoir, but late in March 1953, the relative quiet of the war was broken when the [[People's Liberation Army]] launched a massive offensive on three outposts manned by the [[5th Marine Regiment]]. These outposts were codenamed "Reno", "Vegas", and "Carson". The campaign was collectively known as the Nevada Cities Campaign. There was brutal fighting on Reno Hill, which was eventually captured by the Chinese. Although Reno was lost, the 5th Marines held both Vegas and Carson through the rest of the campaign. In this one campaign, the Marines suffered approximately 1,000 casualties and might have suffered much more without the U.S. Army's [[Task Force Faith]]. Marines would continue a battle of attrition around the [[38th parallel north|38th Parallel]] until the [[Korean Armistice Agreement|1953 armistice]].<ref name="Fehrenbach">{{Cite book | The fighting calmed after the Battle of the Chosin Reservoir, but late in March 1953, the relative quiet of the war was broken when the [[People's Liberation Army]] launched a massive offensive on three outposts manned by the [[5th Marine Regiment]]. These outposts were codenamed "Reno", "Vegas", and "Carson". The campaign was collectively known as the Nevada Cities Campaign. There was brutal fighting on Reno Hill, which was eventually captured by the Chinese. Although Reno was lost, the 5th Marines held both Vegas and Carson through the rest of the campaign. In this one campaign, the Marines suffered approximately 1,000 casualties and might have suffered much more without the U.S. Army's [[Task Force Faith]]. Marines would continue a battle of attrition around the [[38th parallel north|38th Parallel]] until the [[Korean Armistice Agreement|1953 armistice]].<ref name="Fehrenbach">{{Cite book | ||
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|publisher= Brassey's | |publisher= Brassey's | ||
|year= 1994 | |year= 1994 | ||
|isbn= 1-57488-259-7}}</ref> During the war, the Corps expanded from 75,000 regulars to a force of 261,000 marines, mostly reservists; 30,544 marines were killed or wounded during the war, and 42 were awarded the | |isbn= 1-57488-259-7}}</ref> During the war, the Corps expanded from 75,000 regulars to a force of 261,000 marines, mostly reservists; 30,544 marines were killed or wounded during the war, and 42 were awarded the Medal of Honor.<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title= Fast Facts on the Korean War | |title= Fast Facts on the Korean War | ||
|publisher= History Division, U.S. Marine Corps | |publisher= History Division, U.S. Marine Corps | ||
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[[File:Marines in Saddams palace DM-SD-04-12222.jpg|thumb|alt=Color photograph of three U.S. marines entering a partially destroyed palace|U.S. marines from [[1st Battalion, 7th Marines]] entering [[As-Salam Palace|Saddam's Palace]] in [[Baghdad]], 2003]] | [[File:Marines in Saddams palace DM-SD-04-12222.jpg|thumb|alt=Color photograph of three U.S. marines entering a partially destroyed palace|U.S. marines from [[1st Battalion, 7th Marines]] entering [[As-Salam Palace|Saddam's Palace]] in [[Baghdad]], 2003]] | ||
Following the [[September 11 attacks|attacks on 11 September 2001]], President | Following the [[September 11 attacks|attacks on 11 September 2001]], President George W. Bush announced the [[War on terror|Global War on Terrorism]]. The stated objective of the Global War on Terror is "the defeat of [[Al-Qaeda]], other terrorist groups and any nation that supports or harbors terrorists".<ref name=WhiteHouse>{{cite web | ||
|access-date=3 August 2008 | |access-date=3 August 2008 | ||
|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/print/20010920-8.html | |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/print/20010920-8.html | ||
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Training alongside each other is viewed as critical, as the Navy provides transport, logistical, and combat support to put Marine units into the fight, such as [[Strategic sealift ships|maritime prepositioning ships]] and [[naval gunfire support]]. Most Marine aviation assets ultimately derive from the Navy, with regard to acquisition, funding, and testing, and Navy aircraft carriers typically deploy with a Marine squadron alongside Navy squadrons. Marines do not recruit or train noncombatants such as chaplains or medical/dental personnel; naval personnel fill these roles. Some of these sailors, particularly [[Hospital corpsman|Hospital corpsmen]] and [[Religious program specialist]]s, generally wear Marine uniforms emblazoned with Navy insignia. Conversely, the Marine Corps is responsible for conducting land operations to support naval campaigns, including the seizure of naval bases. Both services operate a network security team in conjunction. | Training alongside each other is viewed as critical, as the Navy provides transport, logistical, and combat support to put Marine units into the fight, such as [[Strategic sealift ships|maritime prepositioning ships]] and [[naval gunfire support]]. Most Marine aviation assets ultimately derive from the Navy, with regard to acquisition, funding, and testing, and Navy aircraft carriers typically deploy with a Marine squadron alongside Navy squadrons. Marines do not recruit or train noncombatants such as chaplains or medical/dental personnel; naval personnel fill these roles. Some of these sailors, particularly [[Hospital corpsman|Hospital corpsmen]] and [[Religious program specialist]]s, generally wear Marine uniforms emblazoned with Navy insignia. Conversely, the Marine Corps is responsible for conducting land operations to support naval campaigns, including the seizure of naval bases. Both services operate a network security team in conjunction. | ||
Marines and sailors share many naval traditions, especially terminology and customs. Marine Corps | Marines and sailors share many naval traditions, especially terminology and customs. Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients wear the Navy variant of this and other awards;<ref name="Lawliss"/> and with few exceptions, the awards and badges of the Navy and Marine Corps are identical. Much of testing for new Marine Corps aircraft is done at [[Naval Air Station Patuxent River]]. The Navy's Blue Angels flight demonstration team is staffed by both Navy and Marine officers and enlisted personnel.<ref name="Lawliss"/> | ||
In 2007, the Marine Corps joined with the Navy and Coast Guard to adopt a new maritime strategy called ''[[A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower]]'' that raises the notion of prevention of war to the same [[Philosophy of war|philosophical]] level as the conduct of war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=32655 |title=Sea Services Unveil New Maritime Strategy |publisher=Navy News Service |date=17 October 2007 |access-date=3 August 2008 |author=Jim Garamone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305040311/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=32655 |archive-date=5 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> This new strategy charts a course for the Navy, Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent regional crises, human-made or natural, from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to the United States. | In 2007, the Marine Corps joined with the Navy and Coast Guard to adopt a new maritime strategy called ''[[A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower]]'' that raises the notion of prevention of war to the same [[Philosophy of war|philosophical]] level as the conduct of war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=32655 |title=Sea Services Unveil New Maritime Strategy |publisher=Navy News Service |date=17 October 2007 |access-date=3 August 2008 |author=Jim Garamone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305040311/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=32655 |archive-date=5 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> This new strategy charts a course for the Navy, Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent regional crises, human-made or natural, from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to the United States. | ||