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Merchant Marine: Difference between revisions
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{{Organization | |||
{{Organization | |OrganizationName=Merchant Marine | ||
|OrganizationName= | |OrganizationType=Executive Departments (Sub-organization) | ||
|OrganizationType= Executive Departments (Sub-organization) | |Mission=To support the national defense and economic prosperity of the United States by ensuring a robust, capable merchant fleet for both commercial and military sealift needs. It trains and employs mariners to serve in times of peace and war, facilitating international trade and national security. | ||
|Mission= To support the national defense and economic prosperity of the United States by ensuring a robust, capable merchant fleet for both commercial and military sealift needs. It trains and employs mariners to serve in times of peace and war, facilitating international trade and national security. | |ParentOrganization=Department of Transportation, through the Maritime Administration (MARAD) | ||
| | |CreationLegislation=Merchant Marine Act of 1936 | ||
|Employees= | |Employees=11768 | ||
|Budget= Part of the Maritime Administration's budget; specific allocation not publicly detailed but part of broader funding for maritime support and training | |Budget=Part of the Maritime Administration's budget; specific allocation not publicly detailed but part of broader funding for maritime support and training | ||
|OrganizationExecutive=Administrator of the Maritime Administration | |||
|Services=Maritime transport of goods; training of merchant mariners; support for military sealift; operation of U.S.-flagged vessels | |||
|Regulations=Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (Jones Act); Merchant Marine Act of 1936 | |||
|HeadquartersLocation=38.87582, -77.00285 | |||
|HeadquartersAddress=1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20590 | |||
|Website=https://www.maritime.dot.gov | |Website=https://www.maritime.dot.gov | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Short description|U.S. civilian mariners}} | |||
{{Infobox military unit | {{Infobox military unit | ||
| dates = | | dates = | ||
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{{Further|Maritime history of the United States}} The North American shipping industry developed as colonies grew and trade with Europe increased. As early as the 16th century, Europeans were shipping horses, cattle and hogs to the Americas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/1_2.html|title=On the Water – Living in the Atlantic World, 1450–1800: Web of Connections|website=americanhistory.si.edu|access-date=2017-02-17}}</ref> | {{Further|Maritime history of the United States}} The North American shipping industry developed as colonies grew and trade with Europe increased. As early as the 16th century, Europeans were shipping horses, cattle and hogs to the Americas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/1_2.html|title=On the Water – Living in the Atlantic World, 1450–1800: Web of Connections|website=americanhistory.si.edu|access-date=2017-02-17}}</ref> | ||
Spanish colonies began to form as early as 1565 in places like [[St. Augustine, Florida]], and later in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]]; [[San Antonio]], [[Tucson]], [[San Diego]], | Spanish colonies began to form as early as 1565 in places like [[St. Augustine, Florida]], and later in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]]; [[San Antonio]], [[Tucson]], [[San Diego]], Los Angeles and San Francisco. English colonies like [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] began to form as early as 1607. The connection between the American colonies and Europe, with shipping as its only conduit, would continue to grow unhindered for almost two hundred years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/2_3.html|title=On the Water – Maritime Nation, 1800–1850: Enterprise on the Water|website=americanhistory.si.edu|access-date=2017-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/5_2.html|title=On the Water – Ocean Crossings, 1870–1969: Liners to America|website=americanhistory.si.edu|access-date=2017-02-17}}</ref> | ||
===Revolutionary War=== | ===Revolutionary War=== | ||
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===19th and 20th centuries=== | ===19th and 20th centuries=== | ||
[[File:Torpedoed_merchant_ship.jpg|thumb|left|Torpedoed merchant ship in the Atlantic Ocean during WWII.]]The merchant marine was active in subsequent wars, from the Confederate [[Commerce raiding|commerce raiders]] of the | [[File:Torpedoed_merchant_ship.jpg|thumb|left|Torpedoed merchant ship in the Atlantic Ocean during WWII.]]The merchant marine was active in subsequent wars, from the Confederate [[Commerce raiding|commerce raiders]] of the American Civil War, to the assaults on Allied commerce [[U-boat campaign|in the First]] and [[Battle of the Atlantic|in the Second World Wars]]. 3.1 million tons of merchant ships were lost in World War II. Mariners died at a rate of 1 in 26, which was the highest rate of casualties of any service.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.usmm.org/casualty.html | title = American Merchant Marine Casualties | publisher = USMM | access-date = 2013-07-23 | archive-date = October 25, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061025181658/http://www.usmm.org/casualty.html | url-status = dead }}.</ref> All told, 733 American cargo ships were lost<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.marad.dot.gov/education/history/flag.html |title= U.S. Merchant Marine Flag |access-date= 2007-03-30 |work= U.S. Maritime Administration |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070715021107/http://www.marad.dot.gov/education/history/flag.html |archive-date= 2007-07-15 |url-status= dead }}</ref> and 8,651 of the 215,000 who served perished in troubled waters and off enemy shores. | ||
During World War II ships with [[deck gun]]s had [[United States Navy Armed Guard]] to man the guns. Some Armed Guard personnel also served as [[Radioman|Radiomen]] and [[Flag semaphore|Signal]]men.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Navy Armed Guard and U.S. Merchant Marine in World War II – A Little-Known Story |publisher=Project Liberty Ship |date=February 11, 2014 |url=https://www.armed-guard.com/ |accessdate=22 June 2021}}</ref> The Navy gun crews were assisted by ship's crew, though the merchant mariner's training in gunnery and combat role was ignored for years.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Quarters! All Hands to Battle Stations! General Quarters! |publisher=American Merchant Marine at War |date=March 30, 2002 |url=http://www.usmm.org/gunnery.html |accessdate=22 June 2021 |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422160512/http://www.usmm.org/gunnery.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mariners and Armed Guard Together at the Guns |publisher=American Merchant Marine at War |date=April 24, 2002 |url=http://www.usmm.org/wsa/currier.html |accessdate=March 30, 2002 }}</ref> Specific instructions as to merchant crew manning of guns and training they should receive was issued by the [[War Shipping Administration]] which operated all U.S. merchant ships either directly or through agents during the war.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clarification of Gun duties and training of Merchant Marine Mariners aboard ship |publisher=American Merchant Marine at War |date=February 25, 2002 |url=http://www.usmm.org/gunduty.html |accessdate=22 June 2021 |archive-date=August 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804054818/http://www.usmm.org/gunduty.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> At wars end 144,857 men would serve in the Navy Armed Guard on 6,200 ships.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armed Guard – Sea Lane Vigilantes |publisher=Project Liberty Ship |date= |year= |url=https://www.armed-guard.com/item07.html |accessdate=22 June 2021 |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531045847/https://www.armed-guard.com/item07.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | During World War II ships with [[deck gun]]s had [[United States Navy Armed Guard]] to man the guns. Some Armed Guard personnel also served as [[Radioman|Radiomen]] and [[Flag semaphore|Signal]]men.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Navy Armed Guard and U.S. Merchant Marine in World War II – A Little-Known Story |publisher=Project Liberty Ship |date=February 11, 2014 |url=https://www.armed-guard.com/ |accessdate=22 June 2021}}</ref> The Navy gun crews were assisted by ship's crew, though the merchant mariner's training in gunnery and combat role was ignored for years.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Quarters! All Hands to Battle Stations! General Quarters! |publisher=American Merchant Marine at War |date=March 30, 2002 |url=http://www.usmm.org/gunnery.html |accessdate=22 June 2021 |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422160512/http://www.usmm.org/gunnery.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mariners and Armed Guard Together at the Guns |publisher=American Merchant Marine at War |date=April 24, 2002 |url=http://www.usmm.org/wsa/currier.html |accessdate=March 30, 2002 }}</ref> Specific instructions as to merchant crew manning of guns and training they should receive was issued by the [[War Shipping Administration]] which operated all U.S. merchant ships either directly or through agents during the war.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clarification of Gun duties and training of Merchant Marine Mariners aboard ship |publisher=American Merchant Marine at War |date=February 25, 2002 |url=http://www.usmm.org/gunduty.html |accessdate=22 June 2021 |archive-date=August 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804054818/http://www.usmm.org/gunduty.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> At wars end 144,857 men would serve in the Navy Armed Guard on 6,200 ships.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armed Guard – Sea Lane Vigilantes |publisher=Project Liberty Ship |date= |year= |url=https://www.armed-guard.com/item07.html |accessdate=22 June 2021 |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531045847/https://www.armed-guard.com/item07.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
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U.S. citizen candidates for admission must sign a service obligation contract as a condition of admittance to the USMMA; U.S. candidates who completed Indoc will execute the Oath of Office as a Midshipman in the Navy Reserve the day prior to Acceptance Day.<ref name=":5">{{Citation|title=e-CFR: Title 46: Shipping, Subpart C—Admission and Training of Midshipmen at the United States Merchant Marine Academy—§310.58. Service obligation for students executing or reexecuting contracts.|url=http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=1&SID=a34279558d0ad77d2c0ddf9c291c6cdb&ty=HTML&h=L&pitd=20170101&n=pt46.8.310&r=PART#se46.8.310_158|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> Plebes officially become part of the USMMA Regiment of Midshipmen on Acceptance Day, which is now standardized at 2 weeks after Indoc ends.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usmma.edu/about/communications/usmmas-acceptance-day-weekend-will-celebrate-plebe-accomplishments|title=USMMA's Acceptance Day Weekend Will Celebrate Plebe Accomplishments|date=2014-02-21|newspaper=U.S. Merchant Marine Academy|access-date=2017-02-17|language=en}}</ref> Until they are "recognized" later in the academic year, plebes must continue adhere to stringent rules affecting most aspects of their daily life. After earning it, the plebes are recognized, henceforth accorded privilege of the title [[Midshipman]], which gives them more privileges, known as "rates". | U.S. citizen candidates for admission must sign a service obligation contract as a condition of admittance to the USMMA; U.S. candidates who completed Indoc will execute the Oath of Office as a Midshipman in the Navy Reserve the day prior to Acceptance Day.<ref name=":5">{{Citation|title=e-CFR: Title 46: Shipping, Subpart C—Admission and Training of Midshipmen at the United States Merchant Marine Academy—§310.58. Service obligation for students executing or reexecuting contracts.|url=http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=1&SID=a34279558d0ad77d2c0ddf9c291c6cdb&ty=HTML&h=L&pitd=20170101&n=pt46.8.310&r=PART#se46.8.310_158|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> Plebes officially become part of the USMMA Regiment of Midshipmen on Acceptance Day, which is now standardized at 2 weeks after Indoc ends.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usmma.edu/about/communications/usmmas-acceptance-day-weekend-will-celebrate-plebe-accomplishments|title=USMMA's Acceptance Day Weekend Will Celebrate Plebe Accomplishments|date=2014-02-21|newspaper=U.S. Merchant Marine Academy|access-date=2017-02-17|language=en}}</ref> Until they are "recognized" later in the academic year, plebes must continue adhere to stringent rules affecting most aspects of their daily life. After earning it, the plebes are recognized, henceforth accorded privilege of the title [[Midshipman]], which gives them more privileges, known as "rates". | ||
[[File:GWBush at USMMA.jpg|thumb| | [[File:GWBush at USMMA.jpg|thumb|George W. Bush delivering the commencement address at the United States Merchant Marine Academy.]] | ||
Academy students focus on one of two different [[ship transport]] areas of education: marine transportation or [[marine engineering]]. Transportation students learn about ship [[navigation]], cargo handling, [[International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea|navigation rules]], and [[admiralty law|maritime law]]. Engineering students learn about the function of the ship's engines and its supporting systems. There are currently five different academic majors conferring a Bachelor of Science degree in the major field of study available to midshipmen: | Academy students focus on one of two different [[ship transport]] areas of education: marine transportation or [[marine engineering]]. Transportation students learn about ship [[navigation]], cargo handling, [[International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea|navigation rules]], and [[admiralty law|maritime law]]. Engineering students learn about the function of the ship's engines and its supporting systems. There are currently five different academic majors conferring a Bachelor of Science degree in the major field of study available to midshipmen: | ||
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#required a minimum of 75% of the seamen aboard a vessel to understand the language spoken by the officers. | #required a minimum of 75% of the seamen aboard a vessel to understand the language spoken by the officers. | ||
The Act's passage was attributed to [[labor union]] [[lobbying]], increased labor tensions immediately before | The Act's passage was attributed to [[labor union]] [[lobbying]], increased labor tensions immediately before World War I, and elevated public consciousness of safety at sea due to the sinking of the [[RMS Titanic]] three years prior.<ref>The Seaman's Act was initially proposed in 1913, but took two years to pass into Law, by which time the war had started.</ref> | ||
===The Jones Act=== | ===The Jones Act=== | ||
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*[[John F. Kelly]], 28th White House Chief of Staff, 5th Homeland Security Secretary, four-star Marine Corps general | *[[John F. Kelly]], 28th White House Chief of Staff, 5th Homeland Security Secretary, four-star Marine Corps general | ||
* [[Douglass North]] went from seaman to navigator to winner of the 1993 [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]]. | * [[Douglass North]] went from seaman to navigator to winner of the 1993 [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]]. | ||
* After completing service in the Merchant Marine, two merchant mariners earned the | * After completing service in the Merchant Marine, two merchant mariners earned the Medal of Honor: [[George H. O'Brien Jr.]], earned the award in the Korean War; and [[Lawrence Joel]] earned the honor in the Vietnam War | ||
[[File:Krinsky.jpg|thumb|[[Paul L. Krinsky]] seen wearing the [[Navy Reserve Merchant Marine Insignia|Navy reserve Merchant Marine insignia]] and Merchant Marine officer's crest]] | [[File:Krinsky.jpg|thumb|[[Paul L. Krinsky]] seen wearing the [[Navy Reserve Merchant Marine Insignia|Navy reserve Merchant Marine insignia]] and Merchant Marine officer's crest]] | ||
* [[Paul L. Krinsky|Rear Admiral Paul Krinsky]], Superintendent of the Merchant Marine Academy. | * [[Paul L. Krinsky|Rear Admiral Paul Krinsky]], Superintendent of the Merchant Marine Academy. | ||
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==Recipients of the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal== | ==Recipients of the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal== | ||
The [[Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal]] is the highest award for valor which can be bestowed upon members of the United States Merchant Marine and is the Merchant Marine's equivalent of the | The [[Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal]] is the highest award for valor which can be bestowed upon members of the United States Merchant Marine and is the Merchant Marine's equivalent of the Medal of Honor. The following Merchant Marine World War II combat veterans received the Medal for extraordinary heroism: | ||
* [[Paul Buck (United States Merchant Marine)]], Captain (posthumous)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = O'Hara, Edwin Joseph {{!}} Kings Pointers in World War II|url = http://kingspointww2.org/ohara-edwin-joseph/|website = kingspointww2.org|access-date = 2015-11-02|archive-date = April 25, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425051021/http://kingspointww2.org/ohara-edwin-joseph/|url-status = dead}}</ref> | * [[Paul Buck (United States Merchant Marine)]], Captain (posthumous)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = O'Hara, Edwin Joseph {{!}} Kings Pointers in World War II|url = http://kingspointww2.org/ohara-edwin-joseph/|website = kingspointww2.org|access-date = 2015-11-02|archive-date = April 25, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425051021/http://kingspointww2.org/ohara-edwin-joseph/|url-status = dead}}</ref> | ||
* [[SS Stephen Hopkins|Edwin Joseph O'Hara]], [[USMMA]] [[midshipman]] (posthumous)<ref name=":0" /> | * [[SS Stephen Hopkins|Edwin Joseph O'Hara]], [[USMMA]] [[midshipman]] (posthumous)<ref name=":0" /> | ||