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Army Corps of Engineers: Difference between revisions
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{{Organization | |||
|OrganizationName=Army Corps of Engineers | |||
|OrganizationType=Executive Departments | |||
|Mission=The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers provides vital public engineering services in peace and war to strengthen national security, energize the economy, and reduce risks from disasters. Its activities include military construction, civil works projects, and environmental engineering. | |||
|ParentOrganization=Department of the Army | |||
|TopOrganization=Department of Defense | |||
|CreationLegislation=Military Peace Establishment Act of 1802 | |||
|Employees=37000 | |||
|Budget=$7.5 billion (fiscal year 2023) | |||
|OrganizationExecutive=Chief of Engineers and Commanding General | |||
|Services=Military construction; Civil works; Environmental restoration; Navigation; Flood risk management | |||
|Regulations=Clean Water Act; Rivers and Harbors Act | |||
|HeadquartersLocation=38.87195, -77.05518 | |||
|HeadquartersAddress=441 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20314 | |||
|Website=https://www.usace.army.mil | |||
}} | |||
{{Short description|Direct reporting unit and U.S. Army's branch for military engineering}} | {{Short description|Direct reporting unit and U.S. Army's branch for military engineering}} | ||
The '''United States Army Corps of Engineers''' ('''USACE''') is the [[ | The '''United States Army Corps of Engineers''' ('''USACE''') is the [[military engineering]] branch of the [[United States Army]]. A direct reporting unit (DRU), it has three primary mission areas: [[#The Engineer Regiment|Engineer Regiment]], [[military construction]], and [[civil works]]. USACE has 37,000 civilian and military personnel,<ref name="About the US Army Corps of Engineers">{{cite web| url=http://www.usace.army.mil/About.aspx |title=About -- Headquarters U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |publisher=usace.army.mil |access-date=2015-01-12}}</ref> making it one of the world's largest [[public services|public]] engineering, design, and [[construction management]] agencies. The USACE workforce is approximately 97% civilian, 3% active duty military. The civilian workforce is primarily located in the United States, Europe and in select Middle East office locations. Civilians do not function as active duty military and are not required to be in active war and combat zones; however, volunteer (with pay) opportunities do exist for civilians to do so. | ||
The day-to-day activities of the three mission areas are administered by a [[Lieutenant general (United States)|lieutenant general]] known as the [[List of United States Army Corps of Engineers Chiefs of Engineers|chief of engineers]]/commanding general. The chief of engineers commands the Engineer Regiment, comprising [[combat engineer]], rescue, construction, dive, and other specialty units, and answers directly to the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff of the Army]]. Combat engineers, sometimes called [[sappers]], form an integral part of the Army's [[combined arms|combined arms team]] and are found in all Army service components: Regular Army, [[United States National Guard|National Guard]], and [[United States Army Reserve|Army Reserve]]. Their duties are to breach obstacles; construct fighting positions, fixed/floating bridges, and obstacles and defensive positions; place and detonate explosives; conduct route clearance operations; emplace and detect landmines; and fight as provisional infantry when required. For the military construction mission, the chief of engineers is directed and supervised by the Assistant Secretary of the Army for installations, environment, and energy, whom the President appoints and the Senate confirms. Military construction relates to construction on military bases and worldwide installations. | The day-to-day activities of the three mission areas are administered by a [[Lieutenant general (United States)|lieutenant general]] known as the [[List of United States Army Corps of Engineers Chiefs of Engineers|chief of engineers]]/commanding general. The chief of engineers commands the Engineer Regiment, comprising [[combat engineer]], rescue, construction, dive, and other specialty units, and answers directly to the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff of the Army]]. Combat engineers, sometimes called [[sappers]], form an integral part of the Army's [[combined arms|combined arms team]] and are found in all Army service components: Regular Army, [[United States National Guard|National Guard]], and [[United States Army Reserve|Army Reserve]]. Their duties are to breach obstacles; construct fighting positions, fixed/floating bridges, and obstacles and defensive positions; place and detonate explosives; conduct route clearance operations; emplace and detect landmines; and fight as provisional infantry when required. For the military construction mission, the chief of engineers is directed and supervised by the Assistant Secretary of the Army for installations, environment, and energy, whom the President appoints and the Senate confirms. Military construction relates to construction on military bases and worldwide installations. | ||
On 16 June 1775, the [[Continental Congress]], gathered in | On 16 June 1775, the [[Continental Congress]], gathered in Philadelphia, granted authority for the creation of a "Chief Engineer for the Army". Congress authorized a corps of engineers for the United States on 11 March 1779. The Corps as it is known today came into being on 16 March 1802, when the president was authorized to "organize and establish a Corps of Engineers ... that the said Corps ... shall be stationed at [[West Point, New York|West Point]] in the [[New York (state)|State of New York]] and shall constitute a [[United States Military Academy|Military Academy]]." A [[United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers|Corps of Topographical Engineers]], authorized on 4 July 1838, merged with the Corps of Engineers in March 1863. | ||
Civil works are managed and supervised by the [[Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works)|Assistant Secretary of the Army]]. Army civil works include three [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]-authorized business lines: navigation, flood and storm damage protection, and aquatic ecosystem restoration. Civil works is also tasked with administering the [[Clean Water Act]] Section 404 program, including recreation, hydropower, and water supply at USACE flood control reservoirs, and environmental infrastructure. The civil works staff oversee construction, operation, and maintenance of dams, [[canals]] and [[flood protection]] in the U.S., as well as a wide range of [[public works]] throughout the world.<ref name=org>{{cite web| url=http://www.usace.army.mil|title=Headquarters U.S. Army Corps of Engineers|work=army.mil}}</ref> Some of its dams, reservoirs, and flood control projects also serve as public outdoor recreation facilities. Its hydroelectric projects provide 24% of U.S. [[hydropower]] capacity. | Civil works are managed and supervised by the [[Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works)|Assistant Secretary of the Army]]. Army civil works include three [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]-authorized business lines: navigation, flood and storm damage protection, and aquatic ecosystem restoration. Civil works is also tasked with administering the [[Clean Water Act]] Section 404 program, including recreation, hydropower, and water supply at USACE flood control reservoirs, and environmental infrastructure. The civil works staff oversee construction, operation, and maintenance of dams, [[canals]] and [[flood protection]] in the U.S., as well as a wide range of [[public works]] throughout the world.<ref name=org>{{cite web| url=http://www.usace.army.mil|title=Headquarters U.S. Army Corps of Engineers|work=army.mil}}</ref> Some of its dams, reservoirs, and flood control projects also serve as public outdoor recreation facilities. Its hydroelectric projects provide 24% of U.S. [[hydropower]] capacity. | ||
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===18th century=== | ===18th century=== | ||
[[File:West Point, From Above Washington Valley Concept Plan.jpg|thumb|Plan of the [[United States Military Academy]] in [[West Point, New York]]]] | [[File:West Point, From Above Washington Valley Concept Plan.jpg|thumb|Plan of the [[United States Military Academy]] in [[West Point, New York]]]] | ||
The history of United States Army Corps of Engineers can be traced back to the [[American Revolution]]. On 16 June 1775, the [[Continental Congress]] organized the Corps of Engineers, whose initial staff included a [[Chief of Engineers|chief engineer]] and two assistants.<ref name=history>[http://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/BriefHistoryoftheCorps.aspx The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: A Brief History], U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Headquarters.</ref> [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] [[Richard Gridley]] became General [[George Washington]]'s first chief engineer. One of his first tasks was to build fortifications near | The history of United States Army Corps of Engineers can be traced back to the [[American Revolution]]. On 16 June 1775, the [[Continental Congress]] organized the Corps of Engineers, whose initial staff included a [[Chief of Engineers|chief engineer]] and two assistants.<ref name=history>[http://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/BriefHistoryoftheCorps.aspx The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: A Brief History], U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Headquarters.</ref> [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] [[Richard Gridley]] became General [[George Washington]]'s first chief engineer. One of his first tasks was to build fortifications near Boston at [[Bunker Hill Monument|Bunker Hill]]. The Continental Congress recognized the need for engineers trained in military fortifications and asked the government of [[Louis XVI of France|King Louis XVI]] of France for assistance. Many of the early engineers in the Continental Army were former French officers. | ||
[[Louis Lebègue Duportail]], a lieutenant colonel in the French Royal Corps of Engineers, was secretly sent to [[North America]] in March 1777 to serve in [[George Washington]]'s [[Continental Army]]. In July 1777 he was appointed colonel and commander of all engineers in the Continental Army and, on 17 November 1777, he was promoted to brigadier general. When the Continental Congress created a separate Corps of Engineers in May 1779, Duportail was appointed as its commander. In late 1781 he directed the construction of the allied U.S.-French siege works at the [[Siege of Yorktown|Battle of Yorktown]]. | [[Louis Lebègue Duportail]], a lieutenant colonel in the French Royal Corps of Engineers, was secretly sent to [[North America]] in March 1777 to serve in [[George Washington]]'s [[Continental Army]]. In July 1777 he was appointed colonel and commander of all engineers in the Continental Army and, on 17 November 1777, he was promoted to brigadier general. When the Continental Congress created a separate Corps of Engineers in May 1779, Duportail was appointed as its commander. In late 1781 he directed the construction of the allied U.S.-French siege works at the [[Siege of Yorktown|Battle of Yorktown]]. | ||
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====Civil War==== | ====Civil War==== | ||
[[File:Ponton Bridge across the James River, Virginia 1864.jpg|[[Pontoon bridge]] across the [[James River]] in [[Virginia]] in 1864|alt=Pontoon bridge across the James River in Virginia in 1864|thumb]] | [[File:Ponton Bridge across the James River, Virginia 1864.jpg|[[Pontoon bridge]] across the [[James River]] in [[Virginia]] in 1864|alt=Pontoon bridge across the James River in Virginia in 1864|thumb]] | ||
The Army Corps of Engineers played a significant role in the | The Army Corps of Engineers played a significant role in the American Civil War. Many of the men who would serve in the top leadership in this organization were West Point graduates. Several rose to military fame and power during the Civil War. Some examples include [[Union Army|Union]] generals [[George B. McClellan|George McClellan]], [[Henry Halleck]], and [[George Meade]]; and [[Confederate Army|Confederate]] generals [[Robert E. Lee]], [[Joseph E. Johnston|Joseph Johnston]], and [[P.G.T. Beauregard]].<ref name=history/> The versatility of officers in the Army Corps of Engineers contributed to the success of numerous missions throughout the Civil War. They were responsible for building pontoon and railroad bridges, forts and batteries, destroying enemy supply lines (including railroads), and constructing roads for the movement of troops and supplies.<ref name=history/> Both sides recognized the critical work of engineers. On 6 March 1861, once the South had [[seceded]] from the Union, its legislature passed an act to create a Confederate Corps of Engineers.<ref name=shaun>First Lieutenant Shaun Martin, "Confederate Engineers in the American Civil War," ''Engineer: The Professional Bulletin for Army Engineers''. Technology Industry. U.S. Civil War Center</ref> | ||
The South was initially at a disadvantage in engineering expertise; of the initial 65 cadets who resigned from West Point to accept positions with the Confederate Army, only seven were placed in the Corps of Engineers.<ref name=shaun/> The Confederate Congress passed legislation that authorized a company of engineers for every division in the field; by 1865, the CSA had more engineer officers serving in the field of action than the Union Army.<ref name=shaun/> | The South was initially at a disadvantage in engineering expertise; of the initial 65 cadets who resigned from West Point to accept positions with the Confederate Army, only seven were placed in the Corps of Engineers.<ref name=shaun/> The Confederate Congress passed legislation that authorized a company of engineers for every division in the field; by 1865, the CSA had more engineer officers serving in the field of action than the Union Army.<ref name=shaun/> | ||
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===20th century=== | ===20th century=== | ||
[[File:Ledo Road, Burma 1944, Sgt. CG McCutcheon of 1304th Engineer Construction Battalion.jpg|thumb|A bulldozer operated by Sergeant C. G. McCutcheon of the 1304th Engineer Construction Battalion on [[Ledo Road]] in [[Burma]] in 1944]] | [[File:Ledo Road, Burma 1944, Sgt. CG McCutcheon of 1304th Engineer Construction Battalion.jpg|thumb|A bulldozer operated by Sergeant C. G. McCutcheon of the 1304th Engineer Construction Battalion on [[Ledo Road]] in [[Burma]] in 1944]] | ||
The [[National Defense Act of 1916]] authorized a reserve corps in the Army, and the Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps and the Engineer Enlisted Reserve Corps became one of the branches.<ref>''[https://dots.el.erdc.dren.mil/dig/ChiefsReportsFinal/TextFiles/1918%20Pt.1%20(entire).norm.txt Report of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, 1918]'', United States army Chief of Engineers, (Washington, DC: [[Government Printing Office]], 1918). Retrieved 26 May 2022.</ref> Some of these personnel were called into active service for | The [[National Defense Act of 1916]] authorized a reserve corps in the Army, and the Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps and the Engineer Enlisted Reserve Corps became one of the branches.<ref>''[https://dots.el.erdc.dren.mil/dig/ChiefsReportsFinal/TextFiles/1918%20Pt.1%20(entire).norm.txt Report of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, 1918]'', United States army Chief of Engineers, (Washington, DC: [[Government Printing Office]], 1918). Retrieved 26 May 2022.</ref> Some of these personnel were called into active service for World War I. | ||
From the beginning, many politicians wanted the Corps of Engineers to contribute to both military construction and civil works. Assigned the military construction mission on 1 December 1941, after the Quartermaster Department struggled with the expanding mission,<ref>[http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/history/vignettes/vignette_1.htm USACE Office of History vignettes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174741/http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/history/vignettes/vignette_1.htm |date=15 April 2008 }}</ref> the Corps built facilities at home and abroad to support the U.S. Army and Air Force. During World War II the USACE program expanded to more than 27,000 military and industrial projects in a $15.3 billion mobilization effort. Included were aircraft, tank assembly, and ammunition plants; camps for 5.3 million soldiers; depots, ports, and hospitals; and the rapid construction of such landmark projects such as the [[Manhattan Project]] at Los Alamos, Hanford and Oak Ridge among other places, and [[the Pentagon]], the Department of Defense headquarters across the Potomac from Washington, DC. | From the beginning, many politicians wanted the Corps of Engineers to contribute to both military construction and civil works. Assigned the military construction mission on 1 December 1941, after the Quartermaster Department struggled with the expanding mission,<ref>[http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/history/vignettes/vignette_1.htm USACE Office of History vignettes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174741/http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/history/vignettes/vignette_1.htm |date=15 April 2008 }}</ref> the Corps built facilities at home and abroad to support the U.S. Army and Air Force. During World War II the USACE program expanded to more than 27,000 military and industrial projects in a $15.3 billion mobilization effort. Included were aircraft, tank assembly, and ammunition plants; camps for 5.3 million soldiers; depots, ports, and hospitals; and the rapid construction of such landmark projects such as the [[Manhattan Project]] at Los Alamos, Hanford and Oak Ridge among other places, and [[the Pentagon]], the Department of Defense headquarters across the Potomac from Washington, DC. | ||
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[[File:USACE-District-Map.jpg|center|upright=2.25|thumb|Map of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Engineer divisions and districts]] | [[File:USACE-District-Map.jpg|center|upright=2.25|thumb|Map of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Engineer divisions and districts]] | ||
* [[Great Lakes and Ohio River Division]] (LRD), located in [[Cincinnati]]. Reaches from the [[St Lawrence Seaway]], across the [[Great Lakes]], down the [[Ohio River Valley]] to the [[Tennessee River|Tennessee]] and [[Cumberland River|Cumberland]] rivers. Covers {{convert|355300|sqmi|km2}}, parts of 17 states. Serves 56 million people. Its seven districts are located in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], | * [[Great Lakes and Ohio River Division]] (LRD), located in [[Cincinnati]]. Reaches from the [[St Lawrence Seaway]], across the [[Great Lakes]], down the [[Ohio River Valley]] to the [[Tennessee River|Tennessee]] and [[Cumberland River|Cumberland]] rivers. Covers {{convert|355300|sqmi|km2}}, parts of 17 states. Serves 56 million people. Its seven districts are located in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], Chicago, [[Detroit]], [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Pittsburgh]], and [[Huntington, West Virginia]]. The division commander serves on two national and international decision-making bodies: co-chair of the Lake Superior, Niagara, and Ontario/St Lawrence Seaway boards of control; and the [[Mississippi River Commission]]. | ||
* [[Mississippi Valley Division]] (MVD), located in [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]].<ref name=serving/> Reaches from Canada to the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. Covers {{convert|370000|sqmi|km2}}, and portions of 12 states bordering the [[Mississippi River]]. Serves 28 million people. Its six districts are located in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul, Minnesota]], [[Rock Island, Illinois]], [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Vicksburg, Mississippi|Vicksburg]], and [[New Orleans]]. MVD serves as headquarters for the Mississippi River Commission. | * [[Mississippi Valley Division]] (MVD), located in [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]].<ref name=serving/> Reaches from Canada to the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. Covers {{convert|370000|sqmi|km2}}, and portions of 12 states bordering the [[Mississippi River]]. Serves 28 million people. Its six districts are located in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul, Minnesota]], [[Rock Island, Illinois]], [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Vicksburg, Mississippi|Vicksburg]], and [[New Orleans]]. MVD serves as headquarters for the Mississippi River Commission. | ||
* [[North Atlantic Division]] (NAD), headquartered at [[Fort Hamilton]] in [[Brooklyn]], New York.<ref name=serving/> Reaches from [[Maine]] to [[Virginia]], including the [[District of Columbia]], with an overseas mission to provide engineering, construction, and project management services to the [[U.S. European Command]] and [[U.S. Africa Command]]. Serves 62 million people. Its six districts are located in New York City, | * [[North Atlantic Division]] (NAD), headquartered at [[Fort Hamilton]] in [[Brooklyn]], New York.<ref name=serving/> Reaches from [[Maine]] to [[Virginia]], including the [[District of Columbia]], with an overseas mission to provide engineering, construction, and project management services to the [[U.S. European Command]] and [[U.S. Africa Command]]. Serves 62 million people. Its six districts are located in New York City, Philadelphia, [[Baltimore]], [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], [[Concord, Massachusetts]], and [[Wiesbaden]], Germany. NAD has the largest [[Superfund]] program in USACE with 60% of the funding. NAD's [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Europe District|Europe District]] has done work in dozens of countries and has offices in Germany, Belgium, [[Italy]], Turkey, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], Romania, [[Bulgaria]], Israel, Spain, and soon [[Botswana]]. | ||
* [[Northwestern Division]] (NWD), located in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name=serving/> Reaches from Canada to California, and from the Pacific Ocean to [[Missouri]]. Covers nearly {{convert|1000000|sqmi|km2}} in all or parts of 14 states. Its five districts are located in [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], | * [[Northwestern Division]] (NWD), located in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name=serving/> Reaches from Canada to California, and from the Pacific Ocean to [[Missouri]]. Covers nearly {{convert|1000000|sqmi|km2}} in all or parts of 14 states. Its five districts are located in [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], Seattle, [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], and [[Walla Walla, Washington|Walla Walla]]. NWD has 35% of the total Corps of Engineers' water storage capacity and 75% of the total hydroelectric capacity. | ||
* [[Pacific Ocean Division]] (POD), located at [[Fort Shafter]], Hawaii.<ref name=serving/> Reaches across 12 million square miles of the Pacific Ocean from the [[Arctic Circle]] to [[American Samoa]] below the equator and across the [[International Date Line]], and into Asia. Includes the territories of [[Guam]], [[American Samoa]] and the [[Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands]] as well as the Freely Associated States including the [[Palau|Republic of Palau]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]] and the [[Marshall Islands|Republic of the Marshall Islands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poh.usace.army.mil |title=Honolulu District Corps of Engineers |publisher=Poh.usace.army.mil |access-date=2012-10-09}}</ref> Its four districts are located in [[Japan]]; [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]; [[Anchorage, Alaska]]; and [[Honolulu]]. Unlike other military work, POD designs and builds for all of the military services — Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines — in Japan, Korea, and [[Kwajalein Atoll]]. | * [[Pacific Ocean Division]] (POD), located at [[Fort Shafter]], Hawaii.<ref name=serving/> Reaches across 12 million square miles of the Pacific Ocean from the [[Arctic Circle]] to [[American Samoa]] below the equator and across the [[International Date Line]], and into Asia. Includes the territories of [[Guam]], [[American Samoa]] and the [[Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands]] as well as the Freely Associated States including the [[Palau|Republic of Palau]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]] and the [[Marshall Islands|Republic of the Marshall Islands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poh.usace.army.mil |title=Honolulu District Corps of Engineers |publisher=Poh.usace.army.mil |access-date=2012-10-09}}</ref> Its four districts are located in [[Japan]]; [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]; [[Anchorage, Alaska]]; and [[Honolulu]]. Unlike other military work, POD designs and builds for all of the military services — Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines — in Japan, Korea, and [[Kwajalein Atoll]]. | ||
* [[South Atlantic Division]] (SAD), located in [[Atlanta]].<ref name=serving/> Reaches from [[North Carolina]] to [[Alabama]] as well as the [[Caribbean]], and [[Central America|Central]] and South America. Covers all or parts of six states. Its five districts are located in [[Wilmington, North Carolina]], [[Charleston, South Carolina]], [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]], [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], and [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]. One-third of the stateside Army and one-fifth of the stateside Air Force are located within the division boundaries. The largest single environmental restoration project in the world — the [[Restoration of the Everglades|Everglades Restoration]] — is managed by SAD. | * [[South Atlantic Division]] (SAD), located in [[Atlanta]].<ref name=serving/> Reaches from [[North Carolina]] to [[Alabama]] as well as the [[Caribbean]], and [[Central America|Central]] and South America. Covers all or parts of six states. Its five districts are located in [[Wilmington, North Carolina]], [[Charleston, South Carolina]], [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]], [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], and [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]. One-third of the stateside Army and one-fifth of the stateside Air Force are located within the division boundaries. The largest single environmental restoration project in the world — the [[Restoration of the Everglades|Everglades Restoration]] — is managed by SAD. | ||
* [[South Pacific Division]] (SPD), located in | * [[South Pacific Division]] (SPD), located in San Francisco.<ref name=serving/> Reaches from California to [[Colorado]] and [[New Mexico]]. Covers all or parts of seven states. Its four districts are located in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]], Los Angeles, [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], and San Francisco. Its region is host to 18 of the 25 fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the nation. | ||
* [[Southwestern Division]] (SWD), located in [[Dallas]].<ref name=serving/> Reaches from [[Mexico]] to [[Kansas]]. Covers all or part of seven states. Its four districts are located in [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]], [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]], [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]], and [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]]. SWD's recreation areas are the most visited in USACE with more than {{convert|11400|mi|km}} of shoreline and 1,172 recreation sites. | * [[Southwestern Division]] (SWD), located in [[Dallas]].<ref name=serving/> Reaches from [[Mexico]] to [[Kansas]]. Covers all or part of seven states. Its four districts are located in [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]], [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]], [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]], and [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]]. SWD's recreation areas are the most visited in USACE with more than {{convert|11400|mi|km}} of shoreline and 1,172 recreation sites. | ||
* Transatlantic Division (TAD), located in [[Winchester, Virginia]]. Supports Federal programs and policies overseas. Consists of the Gulf Region District, the Afghanistan Engineer District South, the Afghanistan Engineer District North, the Middle East District, the USACE Deployment Center and the TAD G2 Intelligence Fusion Center. TAD oversees thousands of projects overseas. TAD overseas locations are staffed primarily by civilian volunteers from throughout USACE.<ref name=serving/> The Corps of Engineers built much of Afghanistan's original [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)|Ring Road]] in the early 1960s and returned in 2002. Supports the full spectrum of regional support, including the Afghan National Security Forces, U.S. and Coalition Forces, Counter Narcotics and Border Management, Strategic Reconstruction support to USAID, and the [[Commander's Emergency Response Program]]. | * Transatlantic Division (TAD), located in [[Winchester, Virginia]]. Supports Federal programs and policies overseas. Consists of the Gulf Region District, the Afghanistan Engineer District South, the Afghanistan Engineer District North, the Middle East District, the USACE Deployment Center and the TAD G2 Intelligence Fusion Center. TAD oversees thousands of projects overseas. TAD overseas locations are staffed primarily by civilian volunteers from throughout USACE.<ref name=serving/> The Corps of Engineers built much of Afghanistan's original [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)|Ring Road]] in the early 1960s and returned in 2002. Supports the full spectrum of regional support, including the Afghan National Security Forces, U.S. and Coalition Forces, Counter Narcotics and Border Management, Strategic Reconstruction support to USAID, and the [[Commander's Emergency Response Program]]. | ||
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===Flood control=== | ===Flood control=== | ||
* Structural Flood Control | * Structural Flood Control | ||
[[Flood Control Act of 1928]], which holds USACE exempt from financial liability should their flood control structures fail | |||
Sec 1 and 3, [[Flood Control Act of 1936]] (FCA 1936), {{USPL|74|738}} | |||
Sec 2, [[Flood Control Act of 1941|FCA 1941]], {{USPL|77|228}} | |||
Sec 103, [[Water Resources Development Act of 1986]] (WRDA 1986), {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
Sec 202(a), [[Water Resources Development Act of 1996|WRDA 1996]], {{USPL|104|303}} | |||
* Non-Structural Flood Control | * Non-Structural Flood Control | ||
Sec 73, [[Water Resources Development Act of 1974|WRDA 1974]], {{USPL|93|251}} | |||
Sec 103(b), WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
Sec 202(a), WRDA 1996, {{USPL|104|303}} | |||
* Flood Control, "Section 205" | * Flood Control, "Section 205" | ||
Sec 205, [[Flood Control Act of 1948|FCA 1948]], {{USPL|80|858}}. This is a continuing authority that does not need further specific authorization (within limits). | |||
Sec 202, WRDA 1996, {{USPL|104|303}} | |||
* Flood Control, Clearing and Snagging | * Flood Control, Clearing and Snagging | ||
Sec 208, [[Flood Control Act of 1954|FCA 1954]], {{USPL|83|780}}, as amended. This is a continuing authority that does not need further specific authorization (within limits). | |||
Sec 202, WRDA 1996, {{USPL|104|303}} | |||
* Emergency Flood Control | * Emergency Flood Control | ||
Sec 5a, [[Flood Control Act of 1941|FCA 1941]], as amended | |||
[[Flood Control and Coastal Emergency Act]] of 1955, {{USPL|84|99}} | |||
[[Rivers and Harbors Act of 1962]], {{USPL|87|874}} | |||
[[Safe Drinking Water Act]] of 1974, {{USPL|93|523}} | |||
{{USPL|95|51}} | |||
Sec 917, WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
Sec 302, [[Water Resources Development Act of 1990|WRDA 1990]], {{USPL|101|640}} | |||
Sec 204(e), WRDA 1996, {{USPL|104|303}} | |||
* Flood Control, Flood Plain Management Services | * Flood Control, Flood Plain Management Services | ||
Sec 206, [[Flood Control Act of 1960|FCA 1960]], {{USPL|86|845}} as amended | |||
===Hurricane and storm damage reduction=== | ===Hurricane and storm damage reduction=== | ||
[[File:Distribution for Hurricane Andrew 1992, Corps of Engineers.jpg|right|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers personnel distribute supplies for [[Hurricane Andrew]] victims in 1992]] | [[File:Distribution for Hurricane Andrew 1992, Corps of Engineers.jpg|right|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers personnel distribute supplies for [[Hurricane Andrew]] victims in 1992]] | ||
* Shore Protection, General Authority | * Shore Protection, General Authority | ||
[[Shore Protection Cost Sharing Act of 1946]], {{USPL|79|727}} as amended | |||
Sec 103(c)(5) and (d), WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
Sec 14, [[Water Resources Development Act of 1988|WRDA 1988]], {{USPL|100|676}} | |||
* Shore Protection, Periodic Nourishment | * Shore Protection, Periodic Nourishment | ||
[[Beach Nourishment]] Act of 1956, {{USPL|84|826}} | |||
* Shore Protection "Section 103" | * Shore Protection "Section 103" | ||
Sec 103, [[Rivers and Harbors Act of 1962]], {{USPL|87|874}} | |||
Sec 103(c), 103(d), 103(i), 915(e), WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
===Ecosystem restoration and protection=== | ===Ecosystem restoration and protection=== | ||
* General | * General | ||
[[Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958]], {{USPL|85|624}} | |||
[[Federal Water Project Recreation Act of 1958]] | |||
[[National Environmental Policy Act]] (NEPA) of 1969 | |||
[[Coastal Zone Management Act]] of 1972 | |||
[[Clean Water Act]] of 1972 | |||
[[Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972]] | |||
[[Endangered Species Act]] of 1973 | |||
[[Water Resources Development Act]]s of 1986, 1990, 1992, and 1996 | |||
[[Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act of 1990]] | |||
[[wikisource:Executive Order 11990|Executive Order 11990]], "The Protection of Wetlands" | |||
[[wikisource:Executive Order 11991|Executive Order 11991]], "Relating to Protection and Enhancement of Environmental Quality" | |||
* Project Modification for Environment Improvements within the Civil Works Program | * Project Modification for Environment Improvements within the Civil Works Program | ||
Sec 1135, WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
* Beneficial Use of Dredged Material | * Beneficial Use of Dredged Material | ||
Sec 204, [[Water Resources Development Act of 1992|WRDA 1992]] | |||
* Aquatic Restoration | * Aquatic Restoration | ||
Sec 206, WRDA 1996, {{USPL|104|303}} | |||
* Fish and Wildlife Mitigation | * Fish and Wildlife Mitigation | ||
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958, {{USPL|85|624}} | |||
Sec 103(c) and 906, WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
* Flow Regulation | * Flow Regulation | ||
Sec 102, [[Clean Water Act]] of 1972, {{USPL|92|500}} as amended | |||
Sec 103(c) and (d), WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
* Aquatic Plant Control | * Aquatic Plant Control | ||
Sec 104, [[Rivers and Harbors Act of 1958]], {{USPL|85|500}} as amended | |||
Sec 103(c)(6) and 941, WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}}. This is a continuing authority that does not need further specific authorization (within limits). | |||
Sec 225 and 540, WRDA 1996, {{USPL|104|303}} | |||
===General navigation=== | ===General navigation=== | ||
| Line 394: | Line 367: | ||
* Harbor Navigation | * Harbor Navigation | ||
Sec 101 and 214, WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
Sec 13, [[Water Resources Development Act of 1988|WRDA 1988]], {{USPL|100|676}} | |||
Sec 201, WRDA 1996, {{USPL|104|303}} | |||
* Harbor Navigation, Disposal Partnerships | * Harbor Navigation, Disposal Partnerships | ||
Sec 217, WRDA 1996, {{USPL|104|303}} | |||
* Inland Waterways Navigation, Locks and Dams | * Inland Waterways Navigation, Locks and Dams | ||
Sec 102, WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
Sec 206, [[Inland Waterways Revenue Act of 1978]], {{USPL|95|500}} as amended by Sec 1405, WRDA 1986 | |||
* Navigation, Small Navigation Projects | * Navigation, Small Navigation Projects | ||
Sec 107, [[Rivers and Harbors Act of 1960]], {{USPL|86|845}}. This is a continuing authority that does not need further specific authorization (within limits). | |||
[[Flood Control Act of 1944|FCA 1944]], {{USPL|78|534}} | |||
* Navigation, Clearing and Snagging | * Navigation, Clearing and Snagging | ||
Sec 3, [[Rivers and Harbors Act of 1945]], {{USPL|79|14}} as amended. This is a continuing authority that does not need further specific authorization (within limits). | |||
* Navigation, Mitigation of Damages (includes [[beach nourishment]]): | * Navigation, Mitigation of Damages (includes [[beach nourishment]]): | ||
Sec 111, [[Rivers and Harbors Act of 1968]], {{USPL|90|483}} as amended. This is a continuing authority that does not need further specific authorization (within limits). | |||
Sec 940, WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
* Navigation, Recreation | * Navigation, Recreation | ||
Sec 103(c)(4), WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
===Emergency streambank and shore protection=== | ===Emergency streambank and shore protection=== | ||
* "Section 14" Authority | * "Section 14" Authority | ||
Sec 14, [[Flood Control Act of 1946|FCA 1946]], {{USPL|79|526}} as amended | |||
Sec 27, WRDA 1974, {{USPL|93|251}} | |||
Sec 915(c), WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
Sec 219, WRDA 1996, {{USPL|104|303}}. This is a continuing authority that does not need further specific authorization (within limits). | |||
===Hydroelectric power=== | ===Hydroelectric power=== | ||
| Line 424: | Line 397: | ||
* General | * General | ||
various Congressional statutes | |||
Sec 5, FCA 1944, {{USPL|78|534}} | |||
Sec 703, WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
* Facilities for Future Power Installations | * Facilities for Future Power Installations | ||
Sec 4, [[Flood Control Act of 1938|FCA 1938]], {{USPL|75|761}} and subsequent authorizing acts | |||
[[Flood Control Act of 1936|FCA 1936]] | |||
[[Federal Power Act of 1920|FCA 1920]] | |||
===Water supply storage=== | ===Water supply storage=== | ||
* General | * General | ||
Water Supply Act of 1958, {{USPL|85|500}} as amended | |||
{{USPL|88|140}} | |||
Sec 932, WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
* Surplus Water | * Surplus Water | ||
Sec 6, FCA 1944, {{USPL|78|534}} | |||
* Minor Emergency Withdrawals | * Minor Emergency Withdrawals | ||
Sec 6, FCA 1944, {{USPL|78|534}} | |||
===Recreation=== | ===Recreation=== | ||
* Reservoir Projects | * Reservoir Projects | ||
Sec 4, FCA 1944, {{USPL|78|534}} | |||
Federal Water Project Recreation Act of 1965, {{USPL|89|72}} as amended | |||
Sec 103(c)(4), WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
Sec 2804, [[Reclamation Projects Authorization and Adjustments Act of 1992]], {{USPL|102-575}} | |||
* Non-Reservoir Projects | * Non-Reservoir Projects | ||
Sec 4, FCA 1944, {{USPL|78|534}} | |||
Federal Water Project Recreation Act of 1965, {{USPL|89|72}} as amended | |||
Sec 103(c)(4), WRDA 1986, {{USPL|99|662}} | |||
Sec 313, WRDA 1990, {{USPL|101|640}} | |||
===Dam safety assurance=== | ===Dam safety assurance=== | ||
| Line 657: | Line 630: | ||
==Notable personnel== | ==Notable personnel== | ||
*[[Charles Keller (military)|Charles Keller]], former U.S. Army Brigadier General and the oldest Army officer to serve on active duty during [[World War II]].<ref name="Kellerbio2">[https://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/Historical-Vignettes/Military-Construction-Combat/079-Oldest-Officer/ Historical Vignette 079 – The Oldest U.S. Army Officer to Serve in World War II Was an Engineer]</ref><ref name="Kellerbio4">[https://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/charles-keller.htm Charles Keller – Brigadier General, United States Army]</ref> | *[[Charles Keller (military)|Charles Keller]], former U.S. Army Brigadier General and the oldest Army officer to serve on active duty during [[World War II]].<ref name="Kellerbio2">[https://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/Historical-Vignettes/Military-Construction-Combat/079-Oldest-Officer/ Historical Vignette 079 – The Oldest U.S. Army Officer to Serve in World War II Was an Engineer]</ref><ref name="Kellerbio4">[https://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/charles-keller.htm Charles Keller – Brigadier General, United States Army]</ref> | ||
*[[Peter Conover Hains]], former U.S. Army Major General and the oldest Army officer to serve on active duty during | *[[Peter Conover Hains]], former U.S. Army Major General and the oldest Army officer to serve on active duty during World War I. The only known person to serve in both the American Civil War and the First World War.<ref>[http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/pchains.htm Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia]</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||