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Central Intelligence Agency: Difference between revisions
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The CIA exerts foreign political influence through its paramilitary operations units, including its [[Special Activities Center]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |title=Paraguay in a spin about Bush's alleged 100,000 acre hideaway |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=October 23, 2006 |access-date=April 18, 2011 |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624222140/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |url-status=live }}</ref> The CIA was instrumental in establishing intelligence services in many countries, such as [[Germany]]'s [[Federal Intelligence Service]]. It has also provided support to several foreign political groups and governments, including planning, coordinating, [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|training in torture]], and technical support. It was involved in many [[United States involvement in regime change|regime changes]] and carrying out [[terrorism|terrorist attacks]] and planned assassinations of foreign leaders.<ref>[[Greg Grandin]] (2011). ''[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729004206/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html |date=July 29, 2019 }}''. [[University of Chicago Press]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&pg=PA75 p. 75] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031145308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA75 |date=October 31, 2019 }}. {{ISBN|9780226306902}}.</ref><ref name="wp20130829"/> | The CIA exerts foreign political influence through its paramilitary operations units, including its [[Special Activities Center]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |title=Paraguay in a spin about Bush's alleged 100,000 acre hideaway |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=October 23, 2006 |access-date=April 18, 2011 |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624222140/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |url-status=live }}</ref> The CIA was instrumental in establishing intelligence services in many countries, such as [[Germany]]'s [[Federal Intelligence Service]]. It has also provided support to several foreign political groups and governments, including planning, coordinating, [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|training in torture]], and technical support. It was involved in many [[United States involvement in regime change|regime changes]] and carrying out [[terrorism|terrorist attacks]] and planned assassinations of foreign leaders.<ref>[[Greg Grandin]] (2011). ''[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729004206/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html |date=July 29, 2019 }}''. [[University of Chicago Press]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&pg=PA75 p. 75] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031145308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA75 |date=October 31, 2019 }}. {{ISBN|9780226306902}}.</ref><ref name="wp20130829"/> | ||
Since 2004, the CIA is organized under the Office of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] (ODNI). Despite having had some of its powers transferred to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size following the September 11 attacks. In 2013, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that in the | Since 2004, the CIA is organized under the Office of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] (ODNI). Despite having had some of its powers transferred to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size following the September 11 attacks. In 2013, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that in the fiscal year 2010, the CIA had the [[United States intelligence budget|largest budget]] of all intelligence community agencies, exceeding prior estimates.<ref name="wp20130829"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html |title=Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence. Chapter 13 – The Cost of Intelligence |author=Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community |date=March 1, 1996 |access-date=November 21, 2013 |archive-date=December 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212104613/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The CIA's role has expanded since its creation, now including covert [[paramilitary]] operations.<ref name="wp20130829"/> One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center (IOC), has shifted from [[counter-terrorism|counterterrorism]] to offensive [[Cyberwarfare in the United States|cyber operations]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story.html |title=U.S. spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Ellen |last2=Nakashima |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 3, 2013 |access-date=May 19, 2018 |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106031521/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story_3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | The CIA's role has expanded since its creation, now including covert [[paramilitary]] operations.<ref name="wp20130829"/> One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center (IOC), has shifted from [[counter-terrorism|counterterrorism]] to offensive [[Cyberwarfare in the United States|cyber operations]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story.html |title=U.S. spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Ellen |last2=Nakashima |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 3, 2013 |access-date=May 19, 2018 |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106031521/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story_3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
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===Executive Office=== | ===Executive Office=== | ||
{{Further|Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency}} | {{Further|Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency}} | ||
The [[director of the Central Intelligence Agency]] (D/CIA) is appointed by the [[President of the United States|president]] with [[Senate confirmation]] and reports directly to the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] (DNI); in practice, the CIA director interfaces with the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] (DNI), [[United States Congress|Congress]], and the [[White House]], while the [[Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|deputy director (DD/CIA)]] is the internal executive of the CIA and the chief operating officer (COO/CIA), known as executive director until 2017, leads the day-to-day work<ref name="about-cia leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012191825/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 12, 2012|title=Leadership|website=Central Intelligence Agency|date= December 30, 2011 |access-date=January 6, 2018}}</ref> as the third-highest post of the CIA.<ref name="Brennan, Haines, Park">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/sisterhood-spies-women-crack-code-cia-f2D11594601|title=Sisterhood of Spies: Women crack the code at the CIA |first1=Robert |last1=Windrem |website=[[NBC News]]|date=November 14, 2013|access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408013640/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/sisterhood-spies-women-crack-code-cia-f2D11594601|url-status=live}}</ref> The deputy director is formally appointed by the director without [[United States Senate|Senate]] confirmation,<ref name="Brennan, Haines, Park"/><ref name="Haspel appointment">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/cia-deputy-director-gina-haspel-linked-torture-thailand-black-site|title=CIA deputy director linked to torture at Thailand black site|website= | The [[director of the Central Intelligence Agency]] (D/CIA) is appointed by the [[President of the United States|president]] with [[Senate confirmation]] and reports directly to the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] (DNI); in practice, the CIA director interfaces with the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] (DNI), [[United States Congress|Congress]], and the [[White House]], while the [[Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|deputy director (DD/CIA)]] is the internal executive of the CIA and the chief operating officer (COO/CIA), known as executive director until 2017, leads the day-to-day work<ref name="about-cia leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012191825/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 12, 2012|title=Leadership|website=Central Intelligence Agency|date= December 30, 2011 |access-date=January 6, 2018}}</ref> as the third-highest post of the CIA.<ref name="Brennan, Haines, Park">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/sisterhood-spies-women-crack-code-cia-f2D11594601|title=Sisterhood of Spies: Women crack the code at the CIA |first1=Robert |last1=Windrem |website=[[NBC News]]|date=November 14, 2013|access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408013640/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/sisterhood-spies-women-crack-code-cia-f2D11594601|url-status=live}}</ref> The deputy director is formally appointed by the director without [[United States Senate|Senate]] confirmation,<ref name="Brennan, Haines, Park"/><ref name="Haspel appointment">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/cia-deputy-director-gina-haspel-linked-torture-thailand-black-site|title=CIA deputy director linked to torture at Thailand black site|website=The Guardian|date=February 3, 2017 |first1=Oliver |last1=Holmes |access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203132358/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/cia-deputy-director-gina-haspel-linked-torture-thailand-black-site|url-status=live}}</ref> but as the president's opinion plays a great role in the decision,<ref name="Haspel appointment"/> the deputy director is generally considered a political position, making the chief operating officer the most senior non-political position for CIA career officers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investors.butterfieldgroup.com/current-news/2017/10-06-2017-214238579|title=Meroe Park Joins Butterfield Board|website=[[Butterfield Bank]]|date=October 6, 2017|access-date=January 6, 2018|archive-date=August 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816065800/https://investors.butterfieldgroup.com/current-news/2017/10-06-2017-214238579|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
The Executive Office also supports the [[United States military|U.S. military]], including the [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command]], by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from [[military intelligence]] organizations, and cooperating with field activities. The associate deputy director of the CIA is in charge of the day-to-day operations of the agency. Each branch of the agency has its own director.<ref name="about-cia leadership"/> The Office of Military Affairs (OMA), subordinate to the associate deputy director, manages the relationship between the CIA and the [[Unified Combatant Command]]s, who produce and deliver regional and operational intelligence and consume national intelligence produced by the CIA.<ref>{{cite web |title=CIA Support to the US Military During the Persian Gulf War |website=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613051112/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |date=June 16, 1997}}</ref> | The Executive Office also supports the [[United States military|U.S. military]], including the [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command]], by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from [[military intelligence]] organizations, and cooperating with field activities. The associate deputy director of the CIA is in charge of the day-to-day operations of the agency. Each branch of the agency has its own director.<ref name="about-cia leadership"/> The Office of Military Affairs (OMA), subordinate to the associate deputy director, manages the relationship between the CIA and the [[Unified Combatant Command]]s, who produce and deliver regional and operational intelligence and consume national intelligence produced by the CIA.<ref>{{cite web |title=CIA Support to the US Military During the Persian Gulf War |website=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613051112/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |date=June 16, 1997}}</ref> | ||
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The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, and manage technical collection disciplines and equipment. Many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services. | The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, and manage technical collection disciplines and equipment. Many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services. | ||
The development of the [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, for instance, was done in cooperation with the [[United States Air Force]]. The U-2's original mission was clandestine [[IMINT|imagery intelligence]] over denied areas such as the | The development of the [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, for instance, was done in cooperation with the [[United States Air Force]]. The U-2's original mission was clandestine [[IMINT|imagery intelligence]] over denied areas such as the Soviet Union.<ref name="Pocock, Chris page 404">{{Cite book |last=Pocock |first=Chris |title=50 Years of the U-2: The Complete Illustrated History of the 'Dragon Lady' |publisher=Schiffer Publishing Ltd |location=Atglen, Pennsylvania |lccn=89012535 |isbn=0-7643-2346-6 |page=404|year=2005 }}</ref> It was subsequently provided with [[signals intelligence]] and [[Measurement and Signature Intelligence|measurement and signature intelligence]] capabilities and is now operated by the Air Force. | ||
A DS&T organization analyzed imagery intelligence collected by the U-2 and reconnaissance satellites called the National Photointerpretation Center (NPIC), which had analysts from both the CIA and the military services. Subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] (NGA).{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} | A DS&T organization analyzed imagery intelligence collected by the U-2 and reconnaissance satellites called the National Photointerpretation Center (NPIC), which had analysts from both the CIA and the military services. Subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] (NGA).{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} | ||