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The '''Central Intelligence Agency''' ('''CIA'''),<!--English pronunciation—many G7 E1L and ESL readers might assume that this is "obvious", but it is not obvious to all of Wikipedia's global ESL audience (versus {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|i|.|ə}}, which is not how English treats it, but Spanish uses that.--> known informally as '''the Agency''',<ref>{{Citation | title = The Agency and the Hill, CIA's Relationship with Congress, 1946-2004 | author = L. Britt Snider | year = 2008 | url = https://archive.org/details/agencyhillciasre0000snid | isbn = 978-1-929667-17-8 | publisher = Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA | url-access = registration }}</ref> [[Metonymy|metonymously]] as '''Langley'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Intelligence Agency {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-government/us-government/central-intelligence-agency|access-date=January 5, 2022|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414094722/https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-government/us-government/central-intelligence-agency|url-status=live}}</ref> and historically as '''the Company''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appeals: the Company |url=https://public.oed.com/appeals/company/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224035115/https://public.oed.com/appeals/company/ |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |access-date=January 5, 2022 |website=Oxford English Dictionary |language=en}}</ref> is a civilian [[intelligence agency|foreign intelligence service]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing [[national security]] information from around the world, primarily through the use of [[Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)|human intelligence]] (HUMINT) and conducting [[Covert operation|covert action]] through its [[Directorate of Operations (CIA)|Directorate of Operations]]. The agency is headquartered in the [[George Bush Center for Intelligence]] in [[Langley, Virginia]].
The '''Central Intelligence Agency''' ('''CIA'''),<!--English pronunciation—many G7 E1L and ESL readers might assume that this is "obvious", but it is not obvious to all of Wikipedia's global ESL audience (versus {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|i|.|ə}}, which is not how English treats it, but Spanish uses that.--> known informally as '''the Agency''',<ref>{{Citation | title = The Agency and the Hill, CIA's Relationship with Congress, 1946-2004 | author = L. Britt Snider | year = 2008 | url = https://archive.org/details/agencyhillciasre0000snid | isbn = 978-1-929667-17-8 | publisher = Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA | url-access = registration }}</ref> [[Metonymy|metonymously]] as '''Langley'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Intelligence Agency {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-government/us-government/central-intelligence-agency|access-date=January 5, 2022|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414094722/https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-government/us-government/central-intelligence-agency|url-status=live}}</ref> and historically as '''the Company''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appeals: the Company |url=https://public.oed.com/appeals/company/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224035115/https://public.oed.com/appeals/company/ |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |access-date=January 5, 2022 |website=Oxford English Dictionary |language=en}}</ref> is a civilian [[intelligence agency|foreign intelligence service]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing [[national security]] information from around the world, primarily through the use of [[Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)|human intelligence]] (HUMINT) and conducting [[Covert operation|covert action]] through its [[Directorate of Operations (CIA)|Directorate of Operations]]. The agency is headquartered in the [[George Bush Center for Intelligence]] in [[Langley, Virginia]].


As a principal member of the [[United States Intelligence Community]] (IC), the CIA reports to the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the [[President of the United States|president]] and [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]]. The agency's founding followed the dissolution of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) at the end of [[World War II]] by President [[Harry S. Truman]], who created the [[Central Intelligence Group]] under the direction of a [[Director of Central Intelligence|director of central intelligence]] by presidential directive on January 22, 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d71|title=71. Presidential Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities|publisher=U.S. State Department Historian|date=January 22, 1946|access-date=January 19, 2022|archive-date=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712124715/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d71|url-status=live}}</ref> The agency's creation was authorized by the [[National Security Act of 1947]].<!--see page 299-300 of https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/default/files/FBIS_history_part1_0.pdf -- This is not cited that here because that cite would be inappropriate in this context. A more appropriate supporting document must exist somewhere-->
As a principal member of the [[United States Intelligence Community]] (IC), the CIA reports to the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the [[President of the United States|president]] and [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]]. The agency's founding followed the dissolution of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) at the end of [[World War II]] by President Harry S. Truman, who created the [[Central Intelligence Group]] under the direction of a [[Director of Central Intelligence|director of central intelligence]] by presidential directive on January 22, 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d71|title=71. Presidential Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities|publisher=U.S. State Department Historian|date=January 22, 1946|access-date=January 19, 2022|archive-date=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712124715/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d71|url-status=live}}</ref> The agency's creation was authorized by the [[National Security Act of 1947]].<!--see page 299-300 of https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/default/files/FBIS_history_part1_0.pdf -- This is not cited that here because that cite would be inappropriate in this context. A more appropriate supporting document must exist somewhere-->


Unlike the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), which is a domestic security service, the CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on intelligence gathering overseas, with only [[National Resources Division|limited domestic intelligence collection]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How does the FBI differ from the Central Intelligence Agency? |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about/faqs/how-does-the-fbi-differ-from-the-central-intelligence-agency |access-date=February 22, 2023 |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |language=en-us |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222034540/https://www.fbi.gov/about/faqs/how-does-the-fbi-differ-from-the-central-intelligence-agency |url-status=live }}</ref> The CIA serves as the national manager for HUMINT, coordinating activities across the IC. It also carries out [[Covert operation|covert action]] at the behest of the [[President of the United States|president]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Additional pre-hearing questions for Mr. John O. Brennan upon his nomination to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/prehearing%20%285%29.pdf |website=[[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317014708/https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/prehearing%20%285%29.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Bob |author-link=Bob Woodward |title=Secret CIA Units Playing Central Combat Role |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/CIA18.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 18, 2001 |access-date=February 26, 2012 |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514002315/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/CIA18.html |url-status=live }}</ref>  
Unlike the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), which is a domestic security service, the CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on intelligence gathering overseas, with only [[National Resources Division|limited domestic intelligence collection]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How does the FBI differ from the Central Intelligence Agency? |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about/faqs/how-does-the-fbi-differ-from-the-central-intelligence-agency |access-date=February 22, 2023 |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |language=en-us |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222034540/https://www.fbi.gov/about/faqs/how-does-the-fbi-differ-from-the-central-intelligence-agency |url-status=live }}</ref> The CIA serves as the national manager for HUMINT, coordinating activities across the IC. It also carries out [[Covert operation|covert action]] at the behest of the [[President of the United States|president]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Additional pre-hearing questions for Mr. John O. Brennan upon his nomination to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/prehearing%20%285%29.pdf |website=[[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317014708/https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/prehearing%20%285%29.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Bob |author-link=Bob Woodward |title=Secret CIA Units Playing Central Combat Role |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/CIA18.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 18, 2001 |access-date=February 26, 2012 |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514002315/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/CIA18.html |url-status=live }}</ref>  
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The CIA exerts foreign political influence through its paramilitary operations units, including its [[Special Activities Center]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |title=Paraguay in a spin about Bush's alleged 100,000 acre hideaway |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=October 23, 2006 |access-date=April 18, 2011 |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624222140/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |url-status=live }}</ref> The CIA was instrumental in establishing intelligence services in many countries, such as [[Germany]]'s [[Federal Intelligence Service]]. It has also provided support to several foreign political groups and governments, including planning, coordinating, [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|training in torture]], and technical support. It was involved in many [[United States involvement in regime change|regime changes]] and carrying out [[terrorism|terrorist attacks]] and planned assassinations of foreign leaders.<ref>[[Greg Grandin]] (2011). ''[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729004206/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html |date=July 29, 2019 }}''. [[University of Chicago Press]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&pg=PA75 p. 75] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031145308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA75 |date=October 31, 2019 }}. {{ISBN|9780226306902}}.</ref><ref name="wp20130829"/>
The CIA exerts foreign political influence through its paramilitary operations units, including its [[Special Activities Center]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |title=Paraguay in a spin about Bush's alleged 100,000 acre hideaway |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=October 23, 2006 |access-date=April 18, 2011 |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624222140/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |url-status=live }}</ref> The CIA was instrumental in establishing intelligence services in many countries, such as [[Germany]]'s [[Federal Intelligence Service]]. It has also provided support to several foreign political groups and governments, including planning, coordinating, [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|training in torture]], and technical support. It was involved in many [[United States involvement in regime change|regime changes]] and carrying out [[terrorism|terrorist attacks]] and planned assassinations of foreign leaders.<ref>[[Greg Grandin]] (2011). ''[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729004206/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html |date=July 29, 2019 }}''. [[University of Chicago Press]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&pg=PA75 p. 75] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031145308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA75 |date=October 31, 2019 }}. {{ISBN|9780226306902}}.</ref><ref name="wp20130829"/>


Since 2004, the CIA is organized under the Office of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] (ODNI). Despite having had some of its powers transferred to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size following the September 11 attacks. In 2013, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that in the [[fiscal year]] 2010, the CIA had the [[United States intelligence budget|largest budget]] of all intelligence community agencies, exceeding prior estimates.<ref name="wp20130829"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html |title=Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence. Chapter 13 – The Cost of Intelligence |author=Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community |date=March 1, 1996 |access-date=November 21, 2013 |archive-date=December 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212104613/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Since 2004, the CIA is organized under the Office of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] (ODNI). Despite having had some of its powers transferred to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size following the September 11 attacks. In 2013, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that in the fiscal year 2010, the CIA had the [[United States intelligence budget|largest budget]] of all intelligence community agencies, exceeding prior estimates.<ref name="wp20130829"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html |title=Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence. Chapter 13 – The Cost of Intelligence |author=Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community |date=March 1, 1996 |access-date=November 21, 2013 |archive-date=December 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212104613/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


The CIA's role has expanded since its creation, now including covert [[paramilitary]] operations.<ref name="wp20130829"/> One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center (IOC), has shifted from [[counter-terrorism|counterterrorism]] to offensive [[Cyberwarfare in the United States|cyber operations]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story.html |title=U.S. spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Ellen |last2=Nakashima |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 3, 2013 |access-date=May 19, 2018 |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106031521/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story_3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The CIA's role has expanded since its creation, now including covert [[paramilitary]] operations.<ref name="wp20130829"/> One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center (IOC), has shifted from [[counter-terrorism|counterterrorism]] to offensive [[Cyberwarfare in the United States|cyber operations]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story.html |title=U.S. spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Ellen |last2=Nakashima |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 3, 2013 |access-date=May 19, 2018 |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106031521/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story_3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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===Executive Office===
===Executive Office===
{{Further|Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency}}
{{Further|Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency}}
The [[director of the Central Intelligence Agency]] (D/CIA) is appointed by the [[President of the United States|president]] with [[Senate confirmation]] and reports directly to the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] (DNI); in practice, the CIA director interfaces with the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] (DNI), [[United States Congress|Congress]], and the [[White House]], while the [[Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|deputy director (DD/CIA)]] is the internal executive of the CIA and the chief operating officer (COO/CIA), known as executive director until 2017, leads the day-to-day work<ref name="about-cia leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012191825/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 12, 2012|title=Leadership|website=Central Intelligence Agency|date= December 30, 2011 |access-date=January 6, 2018}}</ref> as the third-highest post of the CIA.<ref name="Brennan, Haines, Park">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/sisterhood-spies-women-crack-code-cia-f2D11594601|title=Sisterhood of Spies: Women crack the code at the CIA  |first1=Robert |last1=Windrem |website=[[NBC News]]|date=November 14, 2013|access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408013640/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/sisterhood-spies-women-crack-code-cia-f2D11594601|url-status=live}}</ref> The deputy director is formally appointed by the director without [[United States Senate|Senate]] confirmation,<ref name="Brennan, Haines, Park"/><ref name="Haspel appointment">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/cia-deputy-director-gina-haspel-linked-torture-thailand-black-site|title=CIA deputy director linked to torture at Thailand black site|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 3, 2017 |first1=Oliver |last1=Holmes |access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203132358/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/cia-deputy-director-gina-haspel-linked-torture-thailand-black-site|url-status=live}}</ref> but as the president's opinion plays a great role in the decision,<ref name="Haspel appointment"/> the deputy director is generally considered a political position, making the chief operating officer the most senior non-political position for CIA career officers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investors.butterfieldgroup.com/current-news/2017/10-06-2017-214238579|title=Meroe Park Joins Butterfield Board|website=[[Butterfield Bank]]|date=October 6, 2017|access-date=January 6, 2018|archive-date=August 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816065800/https://investors.butterfieldgroup.com/current-news/2017/10-06-2017-214238579|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[director of the Central Intelligence Agency]] (D/CIA) is appointed by the [[President of the United States|president]] with [[Senate confirmation]] and reports directly to the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] (DNI); in practice, the CIA director interfaces with the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] (DNI), [[United States Congress|Congress]], and the [[White House]], while the [[Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|deputy director (DD/CIA)]] is the internal executive of the CIA and the chief operating officer (COO/CIA), known as executive director until 2017, leads the day-to-day work<ref name="about-cia leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012191825/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 12, 2012|title=Leadership|website=Central Intelligence Agency|date= December 30, 2011 |access-date=January 6, 2018}}</ref> as the third-highest post of the CIA.<ref name="Brennan, Haines, Park">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/sisterhood-spies-women-crack-code-cia-f2D11594601|title=Sisterhood of Spies: Women crack the code at the CIA  |first1=Robert |last1=Windrem |website=[[NBC News]]|date=November 14, 2013|access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408013640/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/sisterhood-spies-women-crack-code-cia-f2D11594601|url-status=live}}</ref> The deputy director is formally appointed by the director without [[United States Senate|Senate]] confirmation,<ref name="Brennan, Haines, Park"/><ref name="Haspel appointment">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/cia-deputy-director-gina-haspel-linked-torture-thailand-black-site|title=CIA deputy director linked to torture at Thailand black site|website=The Guardian|date=February 3, 2017 |first1=Oliver |last1=Holmes |access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203132358/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/cia-deputy-director-gina-haspel-linked-torture-thailand-black-site|url-status=live}}</ref> but as the president's opinion plays a great role in the decision,<ref name="Haspel appointment"/> the deputy director is generally considered a political position, making the chief operating officer the most senior non-political position for CIA career officers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investors.butterfieldgroup.com/current-news/2017/10-06-2017-214238579|title=Meroe Park Joins Butterfield Board|website=[[Butterfield Bank]]|date=October 6, 2017|access-date=January 6, 2018|archive-date=August 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816065800/https://investors.butterfieldgroup.com/current-news/2017/10-06-2017-214238579|url-status=live}}</ref>


The Executive Office also supports the [[United States military|U.S. military]], including the [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command]], by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from [[military intelligence]] organizations, and cooperating with field activities. The associate deputy director of the CIA is in charge of the day-to-day operations of the agency. Each branch of the agency has its own director.<ref name="about-cia leadership"/> The Office of Military Affairs (OMA), subordinate to the associate deputy director, manages the relationship between the CIA and the [[Unified Combatant Command]]s, who produce and deliver regional and operational intelligence and consume national intelligence produced by the CIA.<ref>{{cite web |title=CIA Support to the US Military During the Persian Gulf War |website=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613051112/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |date=June 16, 1997}}</ref>
The Executive Office also supports the [[United States military|U.S. military]], including the [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command]], by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from [[military intelligence]] organizations, and cooperating with field activities. The associate deputy director of the CIA is in charge of the day-to-day operations of the agency. Each branch of the agency has its own director.<ref name="about-cia leadership"/> The Office of Military Affairs (OMA), subordinate to the associate deputy director, manages the relationship between the CIA and the [[Unified Combatant Command]]s, who produce and deliver regional and operational intelligence and consume national intelligence produced by the CIA.<ref>{{cite web |title=CIA Support to the US Military During the Persian Gulf War |website=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613051112/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |date=June 16, 1997}}</ref>
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The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, and manage technical collection disciplines and equipment. Many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services.
The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, and manage technical collection disciplines and equipment. Many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services.


The development of the [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, for instance, was done in cooperation with the [[United States Air Force]]. The U-2's original mission was clandestine [[IMINT|imagery intelligence]] over denied areas such as the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Pocock, Chris page 404">{{Cite book |last=Pocock |first=Chris |title=50 Years of the U-2: The Complete Illustrated History of the 'Dragon Lady' |publisher=Schiffer Publishing Ltd |location=Atglen, Pennsylvania |lccn=89012535 |isbn=0-7643-2346-6 |page=404|year=2005 }}</ref> It was subsequently provided with [[signals intelligence]] and [[Measurement and Signature Intelligence|measurement and signature intelligence]] capabilities and is now operated by the Air Force.
The development of the [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, for instance, was done in cooperation with the [[United States Air Force]]. The U-2's original mission was clandestine [[IMINT|imagery intelligence]] over denied areas such as the Soviet Union.<ref name="Pocock, Chris page 404">{{Cite book |last=Pocock |first=Chris |title=50 Years of the U-2: The Complete Illustrated History of the 'Dragon Lady' |publisher=Schiffer Publishing Ltd |location=Atglen, Pennsylvania |lccn=89012535 |isbn=0-7643-2346-6 |page=404|year=2005 }}</ref> It was subsequently provided with [[signals intelligence]] and [[Measurement and Signature Intelligence|measurement and signature intelligence]] capabilities and is now operated by the Air Force.


A DS&T organization analyzed imagery intelligence collected by the U-2 and reconnaissance satellites called the National Photointerpretation Center (NPIC), which had analysts from both the CIA and the military services. Subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] (NGA).{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
A DS&T organization analyzed imagery intelligence collected by the U-2 and reconnaissance satellites called the National Photointerpretation Center (NPIC), which had analysts from both the CIA and the military services. Subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] (NGA).{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
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Some of the cost problems associated with intelligence come from one agency, or even a group within an agency, not accepting the compartmented security practices for individual projects, requiring expensive duplication.<ref name=BenRich>{{cite book |title=Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years of Lockheed |first=Ben R. |last=Rich |publisher=Back Bay Books |year=1996 |isbn=0-316-74330-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/skunkworks00benr }}</ref>
Some of the cost problems associated with intelligence come from one agency, or even a group within an agency, not accepting the compartmented security practices for individual projects, requiring expensive duplication.<ref name=BenRich>{{cite book |title=Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years of Lockheed |first=Ben R. |last=Rich |publisher=Back Bay Books |year=1996 |isbn=0-316-74330-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/skunkworks00benr }}</ref>
==Controversies==
{{Main|List of CIA controversies}}
{{See also|Human rights violations by the CIA|Allegations of CIA drug trafficking|CIA influence on public opinion|Project Mockingbird|Extraordinary rendition|Assassination of Orlando Letelier|Cubana de Aviación Flight 455|Operation Condor}}
Throughout its history, the CIA has been the subject of numerous controversies, both at home and abroad. The agency ran an operation code-named "Chaos" that ran from 1967 to 1974 where they routinely performed surveillance on Americans who were a part of various peace groups protesting the [[Vietnam War]]. The operation was authorized by order of President Lyndon B. Johnson in October 1967 as the CIA gathered the information of 300,000 American people and organizations and extensive files on 7,200 citizens. The program was exposed by the [[Church Committee]] in 1975 as a part of the investigation into the [[Watergate scandal]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 1975 |title='Operation Chaos': Files on 7,200 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-01208R000100170047-4.pdf |access-date=May 1, 2024 |website='Operation Chaos': Files on 7,200 |publisher=Washington Post}}</ref>
The CIA was also linked to the [[Iran–Contra affair|Iran-Contra Affair]] wherein missiles were sold to the Iranian government as an exchange for the release of hostages and the profits the agency made from selling the weapons at a marked-up price went towards assisting the ''contras'' in Nicaragua.
Another source of controversy has been the CIA's role in [[Operation Condor]], which was a United States-backed campaign of repression and state terrorism involving intelligence operations, CIA-backed coup d'états and assassinations against leaders in [[South America]] from 1968 to 1989. By the Operation's end in 1989, up to 80,000 people had been killed.<ref name="Bevins2020">{{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent|author-link=Vincent Bevins |title= [[The Jakarta Method]]: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World|pages=266–267 |date=2020 |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 978-1-5417-4240-6}}</ref>
An additional controversy surrounds the Bush Administration's claim that [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|Iraq had "weapons of mass destruction"]] in 2002, and again in 2003 as justification for invading the Middle Eastern country. The CIA went along with the claim despite contradicting the president in testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee in 2002. They produced a national intelligence estimate titled "Iraq's Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction". The estimate claimed that if the Iraqi government was able to acquire "sufficient fissile material from abroad, it could make nuclear weapons within a year".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2009 |title=(Est Pub Date) Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001327062.pdf |access-date=May 1, 2024 |website=CIA Reading Room: Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs}}</ref>


==See also==<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
==See also==<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
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