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Federal Bureau of Investigation: Difference between revisions
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|OrganizationType=Intelligence Agencies | |OrganizationType=Intelligence Agencies | ||
|Mission=To protect the American people and uphold the Constitution of the United States by investigating threats to national security, public safety, and civil rights. The FBI works to combat crime, including terrorism, cyber attacks, corruption, and organized crime, both domestically and internationally. | |Mission=To protect the American people and uphold the Constitution of the United States by investigating threats to national security, public safety, and civil rights. The FBI works to combat crime, including terrorism, cyber attacks, corruption, and organized crime, both domestically and internationally. | ||
|ParentOrganization= | |ParentOrganization=Department of Justice | ||
|TopOrganization=Department of Justice | |||
|CreationLegislation=Department of Justice Appropriation Bill for 1908 (established as the Bureau of Investigation) | |CreationLegislation=Department of Justice Appropriation Bill for 1908 (established as the Bureau of Investigation) | ||
|Employees=35000 | |Employees=35000 | ||
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Although many of the FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of [[national security]] are comparable to those of the British [[MI5]] and [[National Crime Agency|NCA]], the New Zealand [[Government Communications Security Bureau|GCSB]] and the Russian [[Federal Security Service|FSB]]. Unlike the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection abroad, the FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 [[List of FBI field offices|field offices]] in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in smaller cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the [[director of national intelligence]].<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/fbi-budget-request-for-fiscal-year-2015 Statement Before the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623212212/https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/fbi-budget-request-for-fiscal-year-2015 |date=June 23, 2016}}), Federal Bureau of Investigation, March 26, 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fbi-gets-a-broader-role-in-coordinating-domestic-intelligence-activities/2012/06/19/gJQAtmupoV_story.html "FBI gets a broader role in coordinating domestic intelligence activities"] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716094314/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fbi-gets-a-broader-role-in-coordinating-domestic-intelligence-activities/2012/06/19/gJQAtmupoV_story.html |date=July 16, 2017}}), ''[[The Washington Post]]'', June 19, 2012</ref> | Although many of the FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of [[national security]] are comparable to those of the British [[MI5]] and [[National Crime Agency|NCA]], the New Zealand [[Government Communications Security Bureau|GCSB]] and the Russian [[Federal Security Service|FSB]]. Unlike the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection abroad, the FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 [[List of FBI field offices|field offices]] in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in smaller cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the [[director of national intelligence]].<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/fbi-budget-request-for-fiscal-year-2015 Statement Before the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623212212/https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/fbi-budget-request-for-fiscal-year-2015 |date=June 23, 2016}}), Federal Bureau of Investigation, March 26, 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fbi-gets-a-broader-role-in-coordinating-domestic-intelligence-activities/2012/06/19/gJQAtmupoV_story.html "FBI gets a broader role in coordinating domestic intelligence activities"] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716094314/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fbi-gets-a-broader-role-in-coordinating-domestic-intelligence-activities/2012/06/19/gJQAtmupoV_story.html |date=July 16, 2017}}), ''[[The Washington Post]]'', June 19, 2012</ref> | ||
Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint, operating 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices and 15 sub-offices in [[List of diplomatic missions of the United States|U.S. embassies and consulates]] across the globe. These foreign offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries.<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/international_operations/overview "Overview of the Legal Attaché Program"] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042943/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/international_operations/overview |date=March 13, 2016}}), Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved: March 25, 2015.</ref> The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas,<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6973534 Spies Clash as FBI Joins CIA Overseas: Sources Talk of Communication Problem in Terrorism Role] ([https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6973534]), | Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint, operating 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices and 15 sub-offices in [[List of diplomatic missions of the United States|U.S. embassies and consulates]] across the globe. These foreign offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries.<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/international_operations/overview "Overview of the Legal Attaché Program"] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042943/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/international_operations/overview |date=March 13, 2016}}), Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved: March 25, 2015.</ref> The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas,<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6973534 Spies Clash as FBI Joins CIA Overseas: Sources Talk of Communication Problem in Terrorism Role] ([https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6973534]), Associated Press via [[NBC News]], February 15, 2005</ref> just as the CIA has a [[National Resources Division|limited domestic function]]. These activities generally require coordination across government agencies. | ||
The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation, the BOI or BI for short. Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/march/fbiname_022406 |title=A Byte Out of History – How the FBI Got Its Name |publisher=FBI |access-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331180657/https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/march/fbiname_022406 |url-status=live }}</ref> The FBI headquarters is the [[J. Edgar Hoover Building]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] The FBI has a [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives|list of the top 10 most wanted fugitives]]. | The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation, the BOI or BI for short. Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/march/fbiname_022406 |title=A Byte Out of History – How the FBI Got Its Name |publisher=FBI |access-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331180657/https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/march/fbiname_022406 |url-status=live }}</ref> The FBI headquarters is the [[J. Edgar Hoover Building]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] The FBI has a [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives|list of the top 10 most wanted fugitives]]. | ||
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[[File:FBI Field Office in Chelsea Massachusetts.jpg|thumb|The FBI Field Office in [[Chelsea, Massachusetts]]]] | [[File:FBI Field Office in Chelsea Massachusetts.jpg|thumb|The FBI Field Office in [[Chelsea, Massachusetts]]]] | ||
[[Carnivore (software)|Carnivore]] was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from "Carnivore" to "DCS1000". DCS is reported to stand for "Digital Collection System"; the system has the same functions as before. The | [[Carnivore (software)|Carnivore]] was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from "Carnivore" to "DCS1000". DCS is reported to stand for "Digital Collection System"; the system has the same functions as before. The Associated Press reported in mid-January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001, in favor of commercially available software, such as NarusInsight. | ||
The [[FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division|Criminal Justice Information Services]] (CJIS) Division<ref name="cjis">{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/about.htm |title=The CJIS Mission |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916145313/http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/about.htm |archive-date=September 16, 2008}}</ref> is located in [[Clarksburg, West Virginia]]. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the ''National Crime Information Center'' (NCIC), ''Uniform Crime Reporting'' (UCR), ''Fingerprint Identification'', ''Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System'' (IAFIS), ''NCIC 2000'', and the ''National Incident-Based Reporting System'' (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies. | The [[FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division|Criminal Justice Information Services]] (CJIS) Division<ref name="cjis">{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/about.htm |title=The CJIS Mission |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916145313/http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/about.htm |archive-date=September 16, 2008}}</ref> is located in [[Clarksburg, West Virginia]]. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the ''National Crime Information Center'' (NCIC), ''Uniform Crime Reporting'' (UCR), ''Fingerprint Identification'', ''Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System'' (IAFIS), ''NCIC 2000'', and the ''National Incident-Based Reporting System'' (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies. | ||
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*[[Ruby Ridge]] (1992) was a shootout between the FBI and [[Randy Weaver]] over his [[failure to appear]] for weapons charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/randy-weaver-ruby-ridge-impact-1.6448991 |title=Randy Weaver, key figure behind bloody Ruby Ridge standoff near Canada-U.S. border, dies |website=CBC |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705100533/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/randy-weaver-ruby-ridge-impact-1.6448991 |url-status=live }}</ref> | *[[Ruby Ridge]] (1992) was a shootout between the FBI and [[Randy Weaver]] over his [[failure to appear]] for weapons charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/randy-weaver-ruby-ridge-impact-1.6448991 |title=Randy Weaver, key figure behind bloody Ruby Ridge standoff near Canada-U.S. border, dies |website=CBC |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705100533/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/randy-weaver-ruby-ridge-impact-1.6448991 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
*[[Waco siege]] (1993) was a failed raid by the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] that resulted in the death of 4 ATF agents and 6 [[Branch Davidians]]. The FBI and US military got involved with the 51 day siege that followed. The building ended up burning down killing 76 including 26 children. This is what motivated [[Timothy McVeigh]] (along with [[Ruby Ridge]]) to carry out the [[Oklahoma City bombing]] (1995).<ref>{{cite web |title=Waco Siege |date=August 21, 2018 |url=https://www.history.com/topics/1990s/waco-siege |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923144327/https://www.history.com/topics/1990s/waco-siege |url-status=live }}</ref> | *[[Waco siege]] (1993) was a failed raid by the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] that resulted in the death of 4 ATF agents and 6 [[Branch Davidians]]. The FBI and US military got involved with the 51 day siege that followed. The building ended up burning down killing 76 including 26 children. This is what motivated [[Timothy McVeigh]] (along with [[Ruby Ridge]]) to carry out the [[Oklahoma City bombing]] (1995).<ref>{{cite web |title=Waco Siege |date=August 21, 2018 |url=https://www.history.com/topics/1990s/waco-siege |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923144327/https://www.history.com/topics/1990s/waco-siege |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
*[[Associated Press#FBI_impersonation_case|Associated Press (AP) impersonation case]] – A Bureau agent, masquerading as an AP [[journalist]], placed [[Spyware|surveillance software]] in the [[personal computer]] of a minor. This resulted in a series of conflicts between the news agency and the FBI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2017 |title=Associated Press sues after FBI impersonates journalist in sting operation |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-associated-press-lawsuit-20150827-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101449/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-associated-press-lawsuit-20150827-story.html |archive-date=December 24, 2017 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2017 |title=AP demands FBI never again impersonate journalist |url=https://apnews.com/920b9db9559442a18dcd05037e3093c4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101310/https://apnews.com/920b9db9559442a18dcd05037e3093c4 |archive-date=December 24, 2017 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website= | *[[Associated Press#FBI_impersonation_case|Associated Press (AP) impersonation case]] – A Bureau agent, masquerading as an AP [[journalist]], placed [[Spyware|surveillance software]] in the [[personal computer]] of a minor. This resulted in a series of conflicts between the news agency and the FBI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2017 |title=Associated Press sues after FBI impersonates journalist in sting operation |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-associated-press-lawsuit-20150827-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101449/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-associated-press-lawsuit-20150827-story.html |archive-date=December 24, 2017 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2017 |title=AP demands FBI never again impersonate journalist |url=https://apnews.com/920b9db9559442a18dcd05037e3093c4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101310/https://apnews.com/920b9db9559442a18dcd05037e3093c4 |archive-date=December 24, 2017 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> | ||
*[[Stoneman Douglas High School shooting]] – A statement from the FBI confirmed that it had failed to act on a tip warning of the possibility of the shooting over a month prior to its occurrence, which may have prevented the tragedy outright.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2018 |title=FBI Statement on the Shooting in Parkland, Florida — FBI |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-statement-on-the-shooting-in-parkland-florida |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217004949/https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-statement-on-the-shooting-in-parkland-florida |archive-date=February 17, 2018 |access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref> | *[[Stoneman Douglas High School shooting]] – A statement from the FBI confirmed that it had failed to act on a tip warning of the possibility of the shooting over a month prior to its occurrence, which may have prevented the tragedy outright.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2018 |title=FBI Statement on the Shooting in Parkland, Florida — FBI |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-statement-on-the-shooting-in-parkland-florida |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217004949/https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-statement-on-the-shooting-in-parkland-florida |archive-date=February 17, 2018 |access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref> | ||
*[[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] - [[Emad Salem]], an FBI informant and a key witness in the trial of [[Ramzi Yousef]], [[Abdul Hakim Murad (militant)|Abdul Hakim Murad]], and [[Wali Khan Amin Shah]], stated that the bomb itself was built under supervision from the FBI.<ref name="tampabay.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/12/15/informant-says-he-built-world-trade-center-bomb/ | title=Informant says he built World Trade Center bomb }}</ref> | *[[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] - [[Emad Salem]], an FBI informant and a key witness in the trial of [[Ramzi Yousef]], [[Abdul Hakim Murad (militant)|Abdul Hakim Murad]], and [[Wali Khan Amin Shah]], stated that the bomb itself was built under supervision from the FBI.<ref name="tampabay.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/12/15/informant-says-he-built-world-trade-center-bomb/ | title=Informant says he built World Trade Center bomb }}</ref> | ||
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*FBI surveillance since 2010 – In the years since 2010, it has been uncovered by various [[civil liberties]] groups (such as the [[American Civil Liberties Union|American Civil Liberties Union [ACLU]]]) that the FBI earmarked disproportionate resources for the surveillance of [[Left-wing politics|left-leaning]] movements and political organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Still Spying on Dissent.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z-i_XCoZub8ISKEe5DzjoMh0bPS5u1Xm/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=Google Docs |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720063600/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z-i_XCoZub8ISKEe5DzjoMh0bPS5u1Xm/view?usp=embed_facebook |url-status=live }}</ref> The FBI has also committed several breaches of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] in this time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Speri |first=Alice |date=October 22, 2019 |title=The FBI's Long History of Treating Political Dissent as Terrorism |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/10/22/terrorism-fbi-political-dissent/ |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=The Intercept|archive-date=November 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105151641/https://theintercept.com/2019/10/22/terrorism-fbi-political-dissent/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2020 |title=US non-profit sues FBI to learn about phone hacking capability |url=https://www.thexyz.com/blog/us-non-profit-sues-fbi-to-learn-about-phone-hacking-capability/ |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=Thexyz Blog |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720063601/https://www.thexyz.com/blog/us-non-profit-sues-fbi-to-learn-about-phone-hacking-capability/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | *FBI surveillance since 2010 – In the years since 2010, it has been uncovered by various [[civil liberties]] groups (such as the [[American Civil Liberties Union|American Civil Liberties Union [ACLU]]]) that the FBI earmarked disproportionate resources for the surveillance of [[Left-wing politics|left-leaning]] movements and political organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Still Spying on Dissent.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z-i_XCoZub8ISKEe5DzjoMh0bPS5u1Xm/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=Google Docs |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720063600/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z-i_XCoZub8ISKEe5DzjoMh0bPS5u1Xm/view?usp=embed_facebook |url-status=live }}</ref> The FBI has also committed several breaches of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] in this time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Speri |first=Alice |date=October 22, 2019 |title=The FBI's Long History of Treating Political Dissent as Terrorism |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/10/22/terrorism-fbi-political-dissent/ |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=The Intercept|archive-date=November 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105151641/https://theintercept.com/2019/10/22/terrorism-fbi-political-dissent/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2020 |title=US non-profit sues FBI to learn about phone hacking capability |url=https://www.thexyz.com/blog/us-non-profit-sues-fbi-to-learn-about-phone-hacking-capability/ |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=Thexyz Blog |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720063601/https://www.thexyz.com/blog/us-non-profit-sues-fbi-to-learn-about-phone-hacking-capability/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
*[[List of FBI controversies#Files on U.S. citizens|Files on U.S. citizens]] – The Bureau kept files on certain individuals for varying reasons and lengths of time, notably, [[FBI files on Elvis Presley|Elvis Presley]], [[Frank Sinatra]], [[John Denver]]. | *[[List of FBI controversies#Files on U.S. citizens|Files on U.S. citizens]] – The Bureau kept files on certain individuals for varying reasons and lengths of time, notably, [[FBI files on Elvis Presley|Elvis Presley]], [[Frank Sinatra]], [[John Denver]]. | ||
*[[Entrapment]] - The FBI has been criticized for its use of entrapment, where [[Agent provocateur|''agent provocateurs'']] attempt to incite individuals into committing illegal acts.<ref name ="Harris">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/16/fbi-entrapment-fake-terror-plots |title=Fake terror plots, paid informants: the tactics of FBI 'entrapment' questioned |last1=Harris |first1=Paul |date=16 November 2011 |website= | *[[Entrapment]] - The FBI has been criticized for its use of entrapment, where [[Agent provocateur|''agent provocateurs'']] attempt to incite individuals into committing illegal acts.<ref name ="Harris">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/16/fbi-entrapment-fake-terror-plots |title=Fake terror plots, paid informants: the tactics of FBI 'entrapment' questioned |last1=Harris |first1=Paul |date=16 November 2011 |website=The Guardian |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=January 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223024/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/16/fbi-entrapment-fake-terror-plots |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable critics of FBI entrapment such as [[Human Rights Watch]] and the [[ACLU]] note that entrapment cases often target impoverished individuals or those with mental or emotional disabilities and that these cases have an adverse effect on marginalized groups.<ref name ="HRW">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/07/21/illusion-justice/human-rights-abuses-us-terrorism-prosecutions |title=Illusion of Justice: Human Rights Abuses in US Terrorism Prosecutions |last1=Human Rights Watch |date=21 July 2014 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216134819/https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/07/21/illusion-justice/human-rights-abuses-us-terrorism-prosecutions |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name ="ACLU">{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/other/unleashed-and-unaccountable-fbis-unchecked-abuse-authority |title=Unleashed and Unaccountable: The FBI's Unchecked Abuse of Authority |last1=American Civil Liberties Union |date=September 2013 |website=[[ACLU]] |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216134829/https://www.aclu.org/other/unleashed-and-unaccountable-fbis-unchecked-abuse-authority |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
== Media portrayal == | == Media portrayal == | ||