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Federal Bureau of Investigation: Difference between revisions
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|OrganizationType=Intelligence Agencies | |OrganizationType=Intelligence Agencies | ||
|Mission=To protect the American people and uphold the Constitution of the United States by investigating threats to national security, public safety, and civil rights. The FBI works to combat crime, including terrorism, cyber attacks, corruption, and organized crime, both domestically and internationally. | |Mission=To protect the American people and uphold the Constitution of the United States by investigating threats to national security, public safety, and civil rights. The FBI works to combat crime, including terrorism, cyber attacks, corruption, and organized crime, both domestically and internationally. | ||
|ParentOrganization= | |ParentOrganization=Department of Justice | ||
|TopOrganization=Department of Justice | |||
|CreationLegislation=Department of Justice Appropriation Bill for 1908 (established as the Bureau of Investigation) | |CreationLegislation=Department of Justice Appropriation Bill for 1908 (established as the Bureau of Investigation) | ||
|Employees=35000 | |Employees=35000 | ||
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Although many of the FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of [[national security]] are comparable to those of the British [[MI5]] and [[National Crime Agency|NCA]], the New Zealand [[Government Communications Security Bureau|GCSB]] and the Russian [[Federal Security Service|FSB]]. Unlike the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection abroad, the FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 [[List of FBI field offices|field offices]] in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in smaller cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the [[director of national intelligence]].<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/fbi-budget-request-for-fiscal-year-2015 Statement Before the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623212212/https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/fbi-budget-request-for-fiscal-year-2015 |date=June 23, 2016}}), Federal Bureau of Investigation, March 26, 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fbi-gets-a-broader-role-in-coordinating-domestic-intelligence-activities/2012/06/19/gJQAtmupoV_story.html "FBI gets a broader role in coordinating domestic intelligence activities"] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716094314/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fbi-gets-a-broader-role-in-coordinating-domestic-intelligence-activities/2012/06/19/gJQAtmupoV_story.html |date=July 16, 2017}}), ''[[The Washington Post]]'', June 19, 2012</ref> | Although many of the FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of [[national security]] are comparable to those of the British [[MI5]] and [[National Crime Agency|NCA]], the New Zealand [[Government Communications Security Bureau|GCSB]] and the Russian [[Federal Security Service|FSB]]. Unlike the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection abroad, the FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 [[List of FBI field offices|field offices]] in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in smaller cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the [[director of national intelligence]].<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/fbi-budget-request-for-fiscal-year-2015 Statement Before the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623212212/https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/fbi-budget-request-for-fiscal-year-2015 |date=June 23, 2016}}), Federal Bureau of Investigation, March 26, 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fbi-gets-a-broader-role-in-coordinating-domestic-intelligence-activities/2012/06/19/gJQAtmupoV_story.html "FBI gets a broader role in coordinating domestic intelligence activities"] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716094314/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fbi-gets-a-broader-role-in-coordinating-domestic-intelligence-activities/2012/06/19/gJQAtmupoV_story.html |date=July 16, 2017}}), ''[[The Washington Post]]'', June 19, 2012</ref> | ||
Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint, operating 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices and 15 sub-offices in [[List of diplomatic missions of the United States|U.S. embassies and consulates]] across the globe. These foreign offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries.<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/international_operations/overview "Overview of the Legal Attaché Program"] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042943/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/international_operations/overview |date=March 13, 2016}}), Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved: March 25, 2015.</ref> The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas,<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6973534 Spies Clash as FBI Joins CIA Overseas: Sources Talk of Communication Problem in Terrorism Role] ([https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6973534]), | Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint, operating 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices and 15 sub-offices in [[List of diplomatic missions of the United States|U.S. embassies and consulates]] across the globe. These foreign offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries.<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/international_operations/overview "Overview of the Legal Attaché Program"] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042943/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/international_operations/overview |date=March 13, 2016}}), Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved: March 25, 2015.</ref> The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas,<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6973534 Spies Clash as FBI Joins CIA Overseas: Sources Talk of Communication Problem in Terrorism Role] ([https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6973534]), Associated Press via [[NBC News]], February 15, 2005</ref> just as the CIA has a [[National Resources Division|limited domestic function]]. These activities generally require coordination across government agencies. | ||
The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation, the BOI or BI for short. Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/march/fbiname_022406 |title=A Byte Out of History – How the FBI Got Its Name |publisher=FBI |access-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331180657/https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/march/fbiname_022406 |url-status=live }}</ref> The FBI headquarters is the [[J. Edgar Hoover Building]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] The FBI has a [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives|list of the top 10 most wanted fugitives]]. | The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation, the BOI or BI for short. Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/march/fbiname_022406 |title=A Byte Out of History – How the FBI Got Its Name |publisher=FBI |access-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331180657/https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/march/fbiname_022406 |url-status=live }}</ref> The FBI headquarters is the [[J. Edgar Hoover Building]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] The FBI has a [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives|list of the top 10 most wanted fugitives]]. | ||
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== History == | == History == | ||
=== Background === | === Background === | ||
In 1896, the [[National Bureau of Criminal Identification]] was founded, providing agencies across the country with information to identify known criminals. The [[Assassination of William McKinley|1901 assassination]] of President [[William McKinley]] created a perception that the United States was under threat from [[Anarchism in the United States|anarchists]]. The [[Ministry of justice|Departments of Justice]] and [[Department of Labor|Labor]] had been keeping records on anarchists for years, but President | In 1896, the [[National Bureau of Criminal Identification]] was founded, providing agencies across the country with information to identify known criminals. The [[Assassination of William McKinley|1901 assassination]] of President [[William McKinley]] created a perception that the United States was under threat from [[Anarchism in the United States|anarchists]]. The [[Ministry of justice|Departments of Justice]] and [[Department of Labor|Labor]] had been keeping records on anarchists for years, but President Theodore Roosevelt wanted more power to monitor them.<ref name="Weiner-ch2">{{cite book |last=Weiner |first=Tim |title=Enemies a history of the FBI |publisher=Random House |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-679-64389-0 |edition=1 |location=New York |pages=11–12 |chapter=Revolution |author-link=Tim Weiner}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2020}} | ||
The Justice Department had been tasked with [[Interstate Commerce Act of 1887|the regulation of interstate commerce]] since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the [[Oregon land fraud scandal]] at the turn of the 20th century. President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General [[Charles Joseph Bonaparte|Charles Bonaparte]] to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]].<ref name=FindlayMemo1943>{{cite web |last=Findlay |first=James G. |title=Memorandum for the Director: Re: Early History of the Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Justice |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/brief-history/docs_findlay43 |work=Historical Documents from the Bureau's Founding |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=August 14, 2012 |location=Los Angeles, CA |date=November 19, 1943 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703063000/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/brief-history/docs_findlay43 |archive-date=July 3, 2012}}</ref> | The Justice Department had been tasked with [[Interstate Commerce Act of 1887|the regulation of interstate commerce]] since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the [[Oregon land fraud scandal]] at the turn of the 20th century. President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General [[Charles Joseph Bonaparte|Charles Bonaparte]] to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]].<ref name=FindlayMemo1943>{{cite web |last=Findlay |first=James G. |title=Memorandum for the Director: Re: Early History of the Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Justice |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/brief-history/docs_findlay43 |work=Historical Documents from the Bureau's Founding |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=August 14, 2012 |location=Los Angeles, CA |date=November 19, 1943 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703063000/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/brief-history/docs_findlay43 |archive-date=July 3, 2012}}</ref> | ||
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==== Civil rights movement ==== | ==== Civil rights movement ==== | ||
During the 1950s and 1960s, FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders, whom they believed either had communist ties or were unduly influenced by communists or "[[fellow traveler]]s". In 1956, for example, Hoover sent an open letter denouncing Dr. [[T. R. M. Howard]], a civil rights leader, surgeon, and wealthy entrepreneur in Mississippi who had criticized FBI inaction in solving recent murders of [[George W. Lee]], [[Emmett Till]], and other blacks in the South.<ref>David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, ''Black Maverick: T.R.M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power'' (Urbana: [[University of Illinois Press]], 2009), 148, 154–59.</ref> The FBI carried out controversial [[surveillance|domestic surveillance]] in an operation it called the [[COINTELPRO]], from "COunter-INTELligence PROgram".<ref name="coinpro">{{cite web |url=http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9905a/jbcointelpro.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000118104808/http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9905a/jbcointelpro.html |archive-date=January 18, 2000 |title=A Short History of FBI COINTELPRO |publisher=Monitor.net |access-date=June 6, 2006 |last=Cassidy |first=Mike M. |date=May 26, 1999}}</ref> It was to investigate and disrupt the activities of dissident political organizations within the United States, including both militant and non-violent organizations. Among its targets was the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]], a leading civil rights organization whose clergy leadership included the Rev. Dr. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]].<ref name="latimes">{{cite news |url=http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0308-27.htm |title=A Break-In to End All Break-Ins |newspaper= | During the 1950s and 1960s, FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders, whom they believed either had communist ties or were unduly influenced by communists or "[[fellow traveler]]s". In 1956, for example, Hoover sent an open letter denouncing Dr. [[T. R. M. Howard]], a civil rights leader, surgeon, and wealthy entrepreneur in Mississippi who had criticized FBI inaction in solving recent murders of [[George W. Lee]], [[Emmett Till]], and other blacks in the South.<ref>David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, ''Black Maverick: T.R.M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power'' (Urbana: [[University of Illinois Press]], 2009), 148, 154–59.</ref> The FBI carried out controversial [[surveillance|domestic surveillance]] in an operation it called the [[COINTELPRO]], from "COunter-INTELligence PROgram".<ref name="coinpro">{{cite web |url=http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9905a/jbcointelpro.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000118104808/http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9905a/jbcointelpro.html |archive-date=January 18, 2000 |title=A Short History of FBI COINTELPRO |publisher=Monitor.net |access-date=June 6, 2006 |last=Cassidy |first=Mike M. |date=May 26, 1999}}</ref> It was to investigate and disrupt the activities of dissident political organizations within the United States, including both militant and non-violent organizations. Among its targets was the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]], a leading civil rights organization whose clergy leadership included the Rev. Dr. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]].<ref name="latimes">{{cite news |url=http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0308-27.htm |title=A Break-In to End All Break-Ins |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=June 6, 2006 |last=Jalon |first=Allan M. |date=April 8, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620040020/http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0308-27.htm |archive-date=June 20, 2006}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Mlk-uncovered-letter.png|thumb|The "[[FBI–King suicide letter|suicide letter]]",<ref name="suicide letter">{{cite news |last=Gage |first=Beverly |date=November 11, 2014 |title=What an Uncensored Letter to M.L.K. Reveals |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/magazine/what-an-uncensored-letter-to-mlk-reveals.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=January 9, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107190622/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/magazine/what-an-uncensored-letter-to-mlk-reveals.html |archive-date=January 7, 2015}}</ref> mailed anonymously to King by the FBI ]] | [[File:Mlk-uncovered-letter.png|thumb|The "[[FBI–King suicide letter|suicide letter]]",<ref name="suicide letter">{{cite news |last=Gage |first=Beverly |date=November 11, 2014 |title=What an Uncensored Letter to M.L.K. Reveals |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/magazine/what-an-uncensored-letter-to-mlk-reveals.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=January 9, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107190622/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/magazine/what-an-uncensored-letter-to-mlk-reveals.html |archive-date=January 7, 2015}}</ref> mailed anonymously to King by the FBI ]] | ||
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==== Kennedy's assassination ==== | ==== Kennedy's assassination ==== | ||
When President [[John F. Kennedy]] was shot and killed, the jurisdiction fell to the local police departments until President | When President [[John F. Kennedy]] was shot and killed, the jurisdiction fell to the local police departments until President Lyndon B. Johnson directed the FBI to take over the investigation.<ref name="history_postwar">{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/postwar.htm |title=Postwar America: 1945–1960s |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106195659/http://www2.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/postwar.htm |archive-date=January 6, 2015}}</ref> To ensure clarity about the responsibility for investigation of homicides of federal officials, Congress passed a law in 1965 that included investigations of such deaths of federal officials, especially by homicide, within FBI jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/14/us/jfk-assassination-5-things/ |title=5 things you might not know about JFK's assassination |publisher=CNN |date=March 31, 2014 |first1=Tricia |last1=Escobedo |access-date=November 11, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116120144/http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/14/us/jfk-assassination-5-things |archive-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Public Law 89-141 – Chapter 84.– PRESIDENTIAL ASSASSINATION, KIDNAPPING, AND ASSAULT |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-79/pdf/STATUTE-79-Pg580.pdf |access-date=September 20, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922155440/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-79/pdf/STATUTE-79-Pg580.pdf |archive-date=September 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-I/chapter-84 |title=18 U.S. Code Chapter 84 – PRESIDENTIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL STAFF ASSASSINATION, KIDNAPPING, AND ASSAULT |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303031714/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-I/chapter-84 |archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> | ||
=== Organized crime === | === Organized crime === | ||
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In response to organized crime, on August 25, 1953, the FBI created the Top Hoodlum Program. The national office directed field offices to gather information on [[Gangster|mobsters]] in their territories and to report it regularly to Washington for a centralized collection of intelligence on [[Racketeering|racketeers]].<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/page2/august07/mobintel080907.htm "Using Intel to Stop the Mob, Part 2"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616042610/https://www.fbi.gov/page2/august07/mobintel080907.htm |date=June 16, 2010 }}. Retrieved February 12, 2010.</ref> After the [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act]], for RICO Act, took effect, the FBI began investigating the former Prohibition-organized groups, which had become fronts for crime in major cities and small towns. All the FBI work was done undercover and from within these organizations, using the provisions provided in the RICO Act. Gradually the agency dismantled many of the groups. Although Hoover initially denied the existence of a [[National Crime Syndicate]] in the United States, the Bureau later conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families, including those headed by [[Sam Giancana]] and [[John Gotti]]. The RICO Act is still used today for all [[organized crime]] and any individuals who may fall under the Act's provisions. | In response to organized crime, on August 25, 1953, the FBI created the Top Hoodlum Program. The national office directed field offices to gather information on [[Gangster|mobsters]] in their territories and to report it regularly to Washington for a centralized collection of intelligence on [[Racketeering|racketeers]].<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/page2/august07/mobintel080907.htm "Using Intel to Stop the Mob, Part 2"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616042610/https://www.fbi.gov/page2/august07/mobintel080907.htm |date=June 16, 2010 }}. Retrieved February 12, 2010.</ref> After the [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act]], for RICO Act, took effect, the FBI began investigating the former Prohibition-organized groups, which had become fronts for crime in major cities and small towns. All the FBI work was done undercover and from within these organizations, using the provisions provided in the RICO Act. Gradually the agency dismantled many of the groups. Although Hoover initially denied the existence of a [[National Crime Syndicate]] in the United States, the Bureau later conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families, including those headed by [[Sam Giancana]] and [[John Gotti]]. The RICO Act is still used today for all [[organized crime]] and any individuals who may fall under the Act's provisions. | ||
In 2003, a congressional committee called the FBI's organized crime [[informant]] program "one of the greatest failures in the history of federal law enforcement."<ref name="Murphy" /> The FBI allowed four innocent men to be convicted of the [[Joseph Barboza#False testimony against rivals|March 1965 gangland murder of Edward "Teddy" Deegan]] in order to protect [[Stephen Flemmi|Vincent Flemmi]], an FBI informant. Three of the men were sentenced to death (which was later reduced to life in prison), and the fourth defendant was sentenced to life in prison.<ref name="Murphy">{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2007/07/27/death_deceit_then_decades_of_silence/ |title=Evidence Of Injustice |newspaper=The Boston Globe |author=Shelley Murphy |date=July 27, 2007 |access-date=November 22, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726051938/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2007/07/27/death_deceit_then_decades_of_silence |archive-date=July 26, 2008}}</ref> Two of the four men died in prison after serving almost 30 years, and two others were released after serving 32 and 36 years. In July 2007, U.S. District Judge [[Nancy Gertner]] in Boston found that the Bureau had helped convict the four men using false witness accounts given by mobster [[Joseph Barboza]]. The U.S. Government was ordered to pay $100 million in damages to the four defendants.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-fbi-murder-idUSN2643274020070726 |title=Judge awards $100 mln for unjust convictions |work= | In 2003, a congressional committee called the FBI's organized crime [[informant]] program "one of the greatest failures in the history of federal law enforcement."<ref name="Murphy" /> The FBI allowed four innocent men to be convicted of the [[Joseph Barboza#False testimony against rivals|March 1965 gangland murder of Edward "Teddy" Deegan]] in order to protect [[Stephen Flemmi|Vincent Flemmi]], an FBI informant. Three of the men were sentenced to death (which was later reduced to life in prison), and the fourth defendant was sentenced to life in prison.<ref name="Murphy">{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2007/07/27/death_deceit_then_decades_of_silence/ |title=Evidence Of Injustice |newspaper=The Boston Globe |author=Shelley Murphy |date=July 27, 2007 |access-date=November 22, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726051938/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2007/07/27/death_deceit_then_decades_of_silence |archive-date=July 26, 2008}}</ref> Two of the four men died in prison after serving almost 30 years, and two others were released after serving 32 and 36 years. In July 2007, U.S. District Judge [[Nancy Gertner]] in Boston found that the Bureau had helped convict the four men using false witness accounts given by mobster [[Joseph Barboza]]. The U.S. Government was ordered to pay $100 million in damages to the four defendants.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-fbi-murder-idUSN2643274020070726 |title=Judge awards $100 mln for unjust convictions |work=Reuters |date=July 26, 2007 |access-date=March 29, 2021 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108000530/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-fbi-murder-idUSN2643274020070726 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
=== Special FBI teams === | === Special FBI teams === | ||
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=== Notable efforts in the 1990s === | === Notable efforts in the 1990s === | ||
[[File:Fbi egypt air 990.jpg|thumb|An FBI agent tags the [[cockpit voice recorder]] from [[EgyptAir Flight 990]] on the deck of the [[USNS Grapple (T-ARS-53)|USS ''Grapple'' (ARS 53)]] at the crash site on November 13, 1999.]] | [[File:Fbi egypt air 990.jpg|thumb|An FBI agent tags the [[cockpit voice recorder]] from [[EgyptAir Flight 990]] on the deck of the [[USNS Grapple (T-ARS-53)|USS ''Grapple'' (ARS 53)]] at the crash site on November 13, 1999.]] | ||
On May 1, 1992, FBI SWAT and HRT personnel in [[Los Angeles County, California]] aided local officials in securing peace within the area during the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]]. HRT operators, for instance, spent 10 days conducting vehicle-mounted patrols throughout | On May 1, 1992, FBI SWAT and HRT personnel in [[Los Angeles County, California]] aided local officials in securing peace within the area during the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]]. HRT operators, for instance, spent 10 days conducting vehicle-mounted patrols throughout Los Angeles, before returning to Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cms.sofrep.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/the-unofficial-history-of-the-fbi-hostage-rescue-team.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210055109/https://cms.sofrep.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/the-unofficial-history-of-the-fbi-hostage-rescue-team.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-10 |url-status=live |title=Anything, Anytime, Anywhere: The Unofficial History of the FBI Hostage Rescue Team, Page 10/25}}</ref> | ||
Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its [[counter-terrorism]] role following the first [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] in | Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its [[counter-terrorism]] role following the first [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] in New York City, the 1995 [[Oklahoma City bombing]], and the arrest of the [[Ted Kaczynski|Unabomber]] in 1996. Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted.<ref name="history_wired">{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/wiredworld.htm |title=Rise of a Wired World |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106195709/http://www2.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/wiredworld.htm |archive-date=January 6, 2015}}</ref> However, Justice Department investigations into the FBI's roles in the [[Ruby Ridge]] and [[Waco siege|Waco]] incidents were found to have been obstructed by agents within the Bureau. During the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] in [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]], the FBI was criticized for its investigation of the [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing]]. It has settled a dispute with [[Richard Jewell]], who was a private security guard at the venue, along with some media organizations,<ref name="leak">{{cite web |url=http://medialibel.org/cases-conflicts/tv/jewell.html |title=Richard Jewell v. NBC, and other Richard Jewell cases |publisher=Media Libel |access-date=June 6, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527200834/http://medialibel.org/cases-conflicts/tv/jewell.html |archive-date=May 27, 2006}}</ref> in regard to the leaking of his name during the investigation; this had briefly led to his being wrongly suspected of the bombing. | ||
After Congress passed the [[Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act]] (CALEA, 1994), the [[Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act]] (HIPAA, 1996), and the [[Economic Espionage Act]] (EEA, 1996), the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998, just as it did with its CART team in 1991. Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center (CITAC) and the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) were created to deal with the increase in [[Internet]]-related problems, such as computer viruses, worms, and other malicious programs that threatened U.S. operations. With these developments, the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations, adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems. | After Congress passed the [[Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act]] (CALEA, 1994), the [[Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act]] (HIPAA, 1996), and the [[Economic Espionage Act]] (EEA, 1996), the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998, just as it did with its CART team in 1991. Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center (CITAC) and the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) were created to deal with the increase in [[Internet]]-related problems, such as computer viruses, worms, and other malicious programs that threatened U.S. operations. With these developments, the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations, adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems. | ||
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Office of the Director<ref name="structure" /> | Office of the Director<ref name="structure" /> | ||
*Finance and Facilities Division | *[[Finance and Facilities Division]] | ||
*Information Management Division | *[[Information Management Division]] | ||
*Insider Threat Office | *[[Insider Threat Office]] | ||
*Inspection Division | *[[Inspection Division]] | ||
*Office of the Chief Information Officer <!-- this is not the same as the "Federal Chief Information Officer of the United States" --> | *[[Office of the Chief Information Officer (FBI)|Office of the Chief Information Officer]]<!-- this is not the same as the "Federal Chief Information Officer of the United States" --> | ||
*Office of Congressional Affairs (OCA) <!-- The Wikipedia article "Office of Congressional Affairs" concerns the CIA's office with the same name, do not wikilink it here.--> | *[[Office of Congressional Affairs (FBI)|Office of Congressional Affairs]] (OCA)<!-- The Wikipedia article "Office of Congressional Affairs" concerns the CIA's office with the same name, do not wikilink it here.--> | ||
*Office of Diversity and Inclusion | *[[Office of Diversity and Inclusion (FBI)|Office of Diversity and Inclusion]] | ||
*Office of Equal Employment Opportunity Affairs (OEEOA) <!-- The FBI's OEEOA is not the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. --> | *[[Office of Equal Employment Opportunity Affairs]] (OEEOA)<!-- The FBI's OEEOA is not the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. --> | ||
*Office of the General Counsel (OGC) <!-- The FBI's general counsel is distinct from other general counsels in the U.S. government, do not wikilink unrelated general counsel articles --> | *[[Office of the General Counsel (FBI)|Office of the General Counsel]] (OGC)<!-- The FBI's general counsel is distinct from other general counsels in the U.S. government, do not wikilink unrelated general counsel articles --> | ||
*Office of Integrity and Compliance (OIC) | *[[Office of Integrity and Compliance]] (OIC) | ||
*Office of Internal Auditing | *[[Office of Internal Auditing]] | ||
*[[Ombudsmen in the United States|Office of the Ombudsman]] | *[[Ombudsmen in the United States|Office of the Ombudsman]] | ||
*Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) <!-- The FBI's OPR is distinct from the DOJ's OPR, even though the DOJ's OPR is partly staffed by FBI agents, do not wikilink the DOJ's OPR here. --> | *[[Office of Professional Responsibility]] (OPR)<!-- The FBI's OPR is distinct from the DOJ's OPR, even though the DOJ's OPR is partly staffed by FBI agents, do not wikilink the DOJ's OPR here. --> | ||
*Office of Public Affairs (OPA) | *[[Office of Public Affairs (FBI)|Office of Public Affairs]] (OPA) | ||
*Resource Planning Office | *[[Resource Planning Office]] | ||
[[File:2008 San Diego federal Courthouse bombing.jpg|thumb|An FBI agent at a crime scene]] | [[File:2008 San Diego federal Courthouse bombing.jpg|thumb|An FBI agent at a crime scene]] | ||
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The following is a listing of the rank structure found within the FBI (in ascending order):<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov |title=fbi.gov |publisher=fbi.gov |access-date=March 3, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216215149/http://www.fbi.gov/ |archive-date=February 16, 2011}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2021}} | The following is a listing of the rank structure found within the FBI (in ascending order):<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov |title=fbi.gov |publisher=fbi.gov |access-date=March 3, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216215149/http://www.fbi.gov/ |archive-date=February 16, 2011}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2021}} | ||
*Field agents | *Field agents | ||
New agent trainee | *New agent trainee | ||
[[Special agent]] | *[[Special agent]] | ||
Senior special agent | *Senior special agent | ||
Supervisory special agent | *Supervisory special agent | ||
Assistant special agent-in-charge (ASAC) | *Assistant special agent-in-charge (ASAC) | ||
Special agent-in-charge (SAC) | *Special agent-in-charge (SAC) | ||
*FBI management | *FBI management | ||
Deputy assistant director | *Deputy assistant director | ||
Assistant director | *Assistant director | ||
Associate executive assistant director (National Security Branch only) | *Associate executive assistant director (National Security Branch only) | ||
Executive assistant director | *Executive assistant director | ||
Deputy chief of staff | *Deputy chief of staff | ||
Chief of staff and special counsel to the director | *Chief of staff and special counsel to the director | ||
[[Associate Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|Associate deputy director]] | *[[Associate Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|Associate deputy director]] | ||
[[Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|Deputy director]] | *[[Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|Deputy director]] | ||
[[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|Director]] | *[[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|Director]] | ||
== Legal authority == | == Legal authority == | ||
[[File:FBI Badge & gun.jpg|thumb|FBI badge and service pistol, a [[Glock]] Model 22, .40 S&W caliber]] | [[File:FBI Badge & gun.jpg|thumb|FBI badge and service pistol, a [[Glock]] Model 22, .40 S&W caliber]] | ||
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=== Indian reservations === | === Indian reservations === | ||
The federal government has the primary responsibility for investigating<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/indian/background.htm "Indian Country Crime"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808010744/https://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/indian/background.htm |date=August 8, 2010 }} FBI website, accessed August 10, 2010</ref> and prosecuting serious crime on [[Indian reservation]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/sac/sd0300/ch2.htm |title=Native Americans in South Dakota: An Erosion of Confidence in the Justice System |publisher=Usccr.gov |access-date=March 3, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306001408/http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/sac/sd0300/ch2.htm |archive-date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> | The federal government has the primary responsibility for investigating<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/indian/background.htm "Indian Country Crime"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808010744/https://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/indian/background.htm |date=August 8, 2010 }} FBI website, accessed August 10, 2010</ref> and prosecuting serious crime on [[Indian reservation]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/sac/sd0300/ch2.htm |title=Native Americans in South Dakota: An Erosion of Confidence in the Justice System |publisher=Usccr.gov |access-date=March 3, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306001408/http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/sac/sd0300/ch2.htm |archive-date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> | ||
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[[File:FBI Field Office in Chelsea Massachusetts.jpg|thumb|The FBI Field Office in [[Chelsea, Massachusetts]]]] | [[File:FBI Field Office in Chelsea Massachusetts.jpg|thumb|The FBI Field Office in [[Chelsea, Massachusetts]]]] | ||
[[Carnivore (software)|Carnivore]] was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from "Carnivore" to "DCS1000". DCS is reported to stand for "Digital Collection System"; the system has the same functions as before. The | [[Carnivore (software)|Carnivore]] was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from "Carnivore" to "DCS1000". DCS is reported to stand for "Digital Collection System"; the system has the same functions as before. The Associated Press reported in mid-January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001, in favor of commercially available software, such as NarusInsight. | ||
The [[FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division|Criminal Justice Information Services]] (CJIS) Division<ref name="cjis">{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/about.htm |title=The CJIS Mission |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916145313/http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/about.htm |archive-date=September 16, 2008}}</ref> is located in [[Clarksburg, West Virginia]]. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the ''National Crime Information Center'' (NCIC), ''Uniform Crime Reporting'' (UCR), ''Fingerprint Identification'', ''Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System'' (IAFIS), ''NCIC 2000'', and the ''National Incident-Based Reporting System'' (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies. | The [[FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division|Criminal Justice Information Services]] (CJIS) Division<ref name="cjis">{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/about.htm |title=The CJIS Mission |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916145313/http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/about.htm |archive-date=September 16, 2008}}</ref> is located in [[Clarksburg, West Virginia]]. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the ''National Crime Information Center'' (NCIC), ''Uniform Crime Reporting'' (UCR), ''Fingerprint Identification'', ''Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System'' (IAFIS), ''NCIC 2000'', and the ''National Incident-Based Reporting System'' (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies. | ||
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*[[List of FBI controversies#Files on Puerto Rican independence advocates|Files on Puerto Rican independence advocates]] – [[Member of Congress|Congressman]] [[Luis Gutiérrez|Luiz Gutierrez]] revealed that [[Pedro Albizu Campos]] and his [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party|Nationalist]] political party had been watched for a decade-long period in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Navarro |first1=Mireya |date=February 23, 2017 |title=New Light on Old F.B.I. Fight; Decades of Surveillance of Puerto Rican Groups |newspaper=The New York Times |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/28/nyregion/new-light-on-old-fbi-fight-decades-of-surveillance-of-puerto-rican-groups.html |access-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223121153/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/28/nyregion/new-light-on-old-fbi-fight-decades-of-surveillance-of-puerto-rican-groups.html |archive-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> | *[[List of FBI controversies#Files on Puerto Rican independence advocates|Files on Puerto Rican independence advocates]] – [[Member of Congress|Congressman]] [[Luis Gutiérrez|Luiz Gutierrez]] revealed that [[Pedro Albizu Campos]] and his [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party|Nationalist]] political party had been watched for a decade-long period in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Navarro |first1=Mireya |date=February 23, 2017 |title=New Light on Old F.B.I. Fight; Decades of Surveillance of Puerto Rican Groups |newspaper=The New York Times |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/28/nyregion/new-light-on-old-fbi-fight-decades-of-surveillance-of-puerto-rican-groups.html |access-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223121153/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/28/nyregion/new-light-on-old-fbi-fight-decades-of-surveillance-of-puerto-rican-groups.html |archive-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> | ||
*[[Whitey Bulger|The Whitey Bulger case]] – The FBI was, and continues to be, criticized for its handling of | *[[Whitey Bulger|The Whitey Bulger case]] – The FBI was, and continues to be, criticized for its handling of Boston criminal Whitey Bulger. As a result of Bulger acting as an [[informant]], the agency turned a blind eye to his activities as an exchange.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Barnicle |first1=Mike |date=December 18, 2013 |title=James 'Whitey' Bulger Got Away With Murder, Thanks to the FBI |url=https://ideas.time.com/2013/08/12/the-fbi-kept-whitey-bulger-free-for-decades/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218093737/http://ideas.time.com/2013/08/12/the-fbi-kept-whitey-bulger-free-for-decades/ |archive-date=December 18, 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref> | ||
*[[Latin America]] – For decades during the [[Cold War]], the FBI placed agents to monitor the governments of [[Caribbean]] and Latin American nations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2014 |title=Che Guevara and the FBI: U.S. Political Police Dossier on the Latin American Revolutionary by Michael Ratner — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists |url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/473884.Che_Guevara_and_the_FBI |access-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513014007/http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/473884.Che_Guevara_and_the_FBI |archive-date=May 13, 2014}}</ref> | *[[Latin America]] – For decades during the [[Cold War]], the FBI placed agents to monitor the governments of [[Caribbean]] and Latin American nations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2014 |title=Che Guevara and the FBI: U.S. Political Police Dossier on the Latin American Revolutionary by Michael Ratner — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists |url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/473884.Che_Guevara_and_the_FBI |access-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513014007/http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/473884.Che_Guevara_and_the_FBI |archive-date=May 13, 2014}}</ref> | ||
*[[Surveillance|Domestic surveillance]] – In 1985, it was found that the FBI had made use of [[surveillance devices]] on numerous American citizens between 1940 and 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agur |first=Colin |date=November 2013 |title=Negotiated Order: The Fourth Amendment, Telephone Surveillance, and Social Interactions, 1878–1968 |journal=Information & Culture |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=419–447 |doi=10.7560/ic48402 |issn=2164-8034 |hdl=11299/182084 |s2cid=73533167 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> | *[[Surveillance|Domestic surveillance]] – In 1985, it was found that the FBI had made use of [[surveillance devices]] on numerous American citizens between 1940 and 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agur |first=Colin |date=November 2013 |title=Negotiated Order: The Fourth Amendment, Telephone Surveillance, and Social Interactions, 1878–1968 |journal=Information & Culture |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=419–447 |doi=10.7560/ic48402 |issn=2164-8034 |hdl=11299/182084 |s2cid=73533167 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> | ||
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*[[Ruby Ridge]] (1992) was a shootout between the FBI and [[Randy Weaver]] over his [[failure to appear]] for weapons charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/randy-weaver-ruby-ridge-impact-1.6448991 |title=Randy Weaver, key figure behind bloody Ruby Ridge standoff near Canada-U.S. border, dies |website=CBC |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705100533/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/randy-weaver-ruby-ridge-impact-1.6448991 |url-status=live }}</ref> | *[[Ruby Ridge]] (1992) was a shootout between the FBI and [[Randy Weaver]] over his [[failure to appear]] for weapons charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/randy-weaver-ruby-ridge-impact-1.6448991 |title=Randy Weaver, key figure behind bloody Ruby Ridge standoff near Canada-U.S. border, dies |website=CBC |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705100533/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/randy-weaver-ruby-ridge-impact-1.6448991 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
*[[Waco siege]] (1993) was a failed raid by the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] that resulted in the death of 4 ATF agents and 6 [[Branch Davidians]]. The FBI and US military got involved with the 51 day siege that followed. The building ended up burning down killing 76 including 26 children. This is what motivated [[Timothy McVeigh]] (along with [[Ruby Ridge]]) to carry out the [[Oklahoma City bombing]] (1995).<ref>{{cite web |title=Waco Siege |date=August 21, 2018 |url=https://www.history.com/topics/1990s/waco-siege |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923144327/https://www.history.com/topics/1990s/waco-siege |url-status=live }}</ref> | *[[Waco siege]] (1993) was a failed raid by the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] that resulted in the death of 4 ATF agents and 6 [[Branch Davidians]]. The FBI and US military got involved with the 51 day siege that followed. The building ended up burning down killing 76 including 26 children. This is what motivated [[Timothy McVeigh]] (along with [[Ruby Ridge]]) to carry out the [[Oklahoma City bombing]] (1995).<ref>{{cite web |title=Waco Siege |date=August 21, 2018 |url=https://www.history.com/topics/1990s/waco-siege |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923144327/https://www.history.com/topics/1990s/waco-siege |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
*[[Associated Press#FBI_impersonation_case|Associated Press (AP) impersonation case]] – A Bureau agent, masquerading as an AP [[journalist]], placed [[Spyware|surveillance software]] in the [[personal computer]] of a minor. This resulted in a series of conflicts between the news agency and the FBI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2017 |title=Associated Press sues after FBI impersonates journalist in sting operation |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-associated-press-lawsuit-20150827-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101449/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-associated-press-lawsuit-20150827-story.html |archive-date=December 24, 2017 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |work= | *[[Associated Press#FBI_impersonation_case|Associated Press (AP) impersonation case]] – A Bureau agent, masquerading as an AP [[journalist]], placed [[Spyware|surveillance software]] in the [[personal computer]] of a minor. This resulted in a series of conflicts between the news agency and the FBI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2017 |title=Associated Press sues after FBI impersonates journalist in sting operation |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-associated-press-lawsuit-20150827-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101449/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-associated-press-lawsuit-20150827-story.html |archive-date=December 24, 2017 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2017 |title=AP demands FBI never again impersonate journalist |url=https://apnews.com/920b9db9559442a18dcd05037e3093c4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101310/https://apnews.com/920b9db9559442a18dcd05037e3093c4 |archive-date=December 24, 2017 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> | ||
*[[Stoneman Douglas High School shooting]] – A statement from the FBI confirmed that it had failed to act on a tip warning of the possibility of the shooting over a month prior to its occurrence, which may have prevented the tragedy outright.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2018 |title=FBI Statement on the Shooting in Parkland, Florida — FBI |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-statement-on-the-shooting-in-parkland-florida |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217004949/https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-statement-on-the-shooting-in-parkland-florida |archive-date=February 17, 2018 |access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref> | *[[Stoneman Douglas High School shooting]] – A statement from the FBI confirmed that it had failed to act on a tip warning of the possibility of the shooting over a month prior to its occurrence, which may have prevented the tragedy outright.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2018 |title=FBI Statement on the Shooting in Parkland, Florida — FBI |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-statement-on-the-shooting-in-parkland-florida |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217004949/https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-statement-on-the-shooting-in-parkland-florida |archive-date=February 17, 2018 |access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref> | ||
*[[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] - [[Emad Salem]], an FBI informant and a key witness in the trial of [[Ramzi Yousef]], [[Abdul Hakim Murad (militant)|Abdul Hakim Murad]], and [[Wali Khan Amin Shah]], stated that the bomb itself was built under supervision from the FBI.<ref name="tampabay.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/12/15/informant-says-he-built-world-trade-center-bomb/ | title=Informant says he built World Trade Center bomb }}</ref> | *[[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] - [[Emad Salem]], an FBI informant and a key witness in the trial of [[Ramzi Yousef]], [[Abdul Hakim Murad (militant)|Abdul Hakim Murad]], and [[Wali Khan Amin Shah]], stated that the bomb itself was built under supervision from the FBI.<ref name="tampabay.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/12/15/informant-says-he-built-world-trade-center-bomb/ | title=Informant says he built World Trade Center bomb }}</ref> | ||
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*FBI surveillance since 2010 – In the years since 2010, it has been uncovered by various [[civil liberties]] groups (such as the [[American Civil Liberties Union|American Civil Liberties Union [ACLU]]]) that the FBI earmarked disproportionate resources for the surveillance of [[Left-wing politics|left-leaning]] movements and political organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Still Spying on Dissent.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z-i_XCoZub8ISKEe5DzjoMh0bPS5u1Xm/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=Google Docs |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720063600/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z-i_XCoZub8ISKEe5DzjoMh0bPS5u1Xm/view?usp=embed_facebook |url-status=live }}</ref> The FBI has also committed several breaches of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] in this time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Speri |first=Alice |date=October 22, 2019 |title=The FBI's Long History of Treating Political Dissent as Terrorism |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/10/22/terrorism-fbi-political-dissent/ |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=The Intercept|archive-date=November 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105151641/https://theintercept.com/2019/10/22/terrorism-fbi-political-dissent/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2020 |title=US non-profit sues FBI to learn about phone hacking capability |url=https://www.thexyz.com/blog/us-non-profit-sues-fbi-to-learn-about-phone-hacking-capability/ |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=Thexyz Blog |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720063601/https://www.thexyz.com/blog/us-non-profit-sues-fbi-to-learn-about-phone-hacking-capability/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | *FBI surveillance since 2010 – In the years since 2010, it has been uncovered by various [[civil liberties]] groups (such as the [[American Civil Liberties Union|American Civil Liberties Union [ACLU]]]) that the FBI earmarked disproportionate resources for the surveillance of [[Left-wing politics|left-leaning]] movements and political organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Still Spying on Dissent.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z-i_XCoZub8ISKEe5DzjoMh0bPS5u1Xm/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=Google Docs |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720063600/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z-i_XCoZub8ISKEe5DzjoMh0bPS5u1Xm/view?usp=embed_facebook |url-status=live }}</ref> The FBI has also committed several breaches of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] in this time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Speri |first=Alice |date=October 22, 2019 |title=The FBI's Long History of Treating Political Dissent as Terrorism |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/10/22/terrorism-fbi-political-dissent/ |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=The Intercept|archive-date=November 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105151641/https://theintercept.com/2019/10/22/terrorism-fbi-political-dissent/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2020 |title=US non-profit sues FBI to learn about phone hacking capability |url=https://www.thexyz.com/blog/us-non-profit-sues-fbi-to-learn-about-phone-hacking-capability/ |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=Thexyz Blog |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720063601/https://www.thexyz.com/blog/us-non-profit-sues-fbi-to-learn-about-phone-hacking-capability/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
*[[List of FBI controversies#Files on U.S. citizens|Files on U.S. citizens]] – The Bureau kept files on certain individuals for varying reasons and lengths of time, notably, [[FBI files on Elvis Presley|Elvis Presley]], [[Frank Sinatra]], [[John Denver]]. | *[[List of FBI controversies#Files on U.S. citizens|Files on U.S. citizens]] – The Bureau kept files on certain individuals for varying reasons and lengths of time, notably, [[FBI files on Elvis Presley|Elvis Presley]], [[Frank Sinatra]], [[John Denver]]. | ||
*[[Entrapment]] - The FBI has been criticized for its use of entrapment, where [[Agent provocateur|''agent provocateurs'']] attempt to incite individuals into committing illegal acts.<ref name ="Harris">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/16/fbi-entrapment-fake-terror-plots |title=Fake terror plots, paid informants: the tactics of FBI 'entrapment' questioned |last1=Harris |first1=Paul |date=16 November 2011 |website= | *[[Entrapment]] - The FBI has been criticized for its use of entrapment, where [[Agent provocateur|''agent provocateurs'']] attempt to incite individuals into committing illegal acts.<ref name ="Harris">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/16/fbi-entrapment-fake-terror-plots |title=Fake terror plots, paid informants: the tactics of FBI 'entrapment' questioned |last1=Harris |first1=Paul |date=16 November 2011 |website=The Guardian |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=January 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223024/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/16/fbi-entrapment-fake-terror-plots |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable critics of FBI entrapment such as [[Human Rights Watch]] and the [[ACLU]] note that entrapment cases often target impoverished individuals or those with mental or emotional disabilities and that these cases have an adverse effect on marginalized groups.<ref name ="HRW">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/07/21/illusion-justice/human-rights-abuses-us-terrorism-prosecutions |title=Illusion of Justice: Human Rights Abuses in US Terrorism Prosecutions |last1=Human Rights Watch |date=21 July 2014 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216134819/https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/07/21/illusion-justice/human-rights-abuses-us-terrorism-prosecutions |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name ="ACLU">{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/other/unleashed-and-unaccountable-fbis-unchecked-abuse-authority |title=Unleashed and Unaccountable: The FBI's Unchecked Abuse of Authority |last1=American Civil Liberties Union |date=September 2013 |website=[[ACLU]] |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216134829/https://www.aclu.org/other/unleashed-and-unaccountable-fbis-unchecked-abuse-authority |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
== Media portrayal == | == Media portrayal == | ||