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BP: Difference between revisions
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|title = Vivergo UK biorefinery starts operations | |title = Vivergo UK biorefinery starts operations | ||
|last1 = Hunt |first1 = Nigel | |last1 = Hunt |first1 = Nigel | ||
|work = | |work = Reuters | ||
|date = 6 December 2012 | |date = 6 December 2012 | ||
|access-date = 16 September 2017}} | |access-date = 16 September 2017}} | ||
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|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/eu-bp-dupont-idUSBRQ00743220090708 | |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/eu-bp-dupont-idUSBRQ00743220090708 | ||
|title = EU clears BP, DuPont to take over biobutanol firm | |title = EU clears BP, DuPont to take over biobutanol firm | ||
|work = | |work = Reuters | ||
|date = 8 July 2009 | |date = 8 July 2009 | ||
|access-date = 16 September 2017}} | |access-date = 16 September 2017}} | ||
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In January 2010, [[Carl-Henric Svanberg]] became chairman of BP board of directors.<ref name=wsj191017>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bp-chairman-carl-henric-svanberg-to-retire-1508429234 | title=BP Chairman Carl-Henric Svanberg to Retire | last=Kent | first=Sarah | newspaper= The Wall Street Journal | date=19 October 2017 | access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref> | In January 2010, [[Carl-Henric Svanberg]] became chairman of BP board of directors.<ref name=wsj191017>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bp-chairman-carl-henric-svanberg-to-retire-1508429234 | title=BP Chairman Carl-Henric Svanberg to Retire | last=Kent | first=Sarah | newspaper= The Wall Street Journal | date=19 October 2017 | access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref> | ||
On 20 April 2010, the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|''Deepwater Horizon'' oil spill]], a major industrial accident, happened.<ref name=report2011/> Consequently, [[Bob Dudley]] replaced Tony Hayward as the company's CEO, serving from October 2010 to February 2020.<ref name=reuters300910>{{Cite news |url = https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-dividend/new-bp-ceo-says-hopes-to-restore-dividend-in-2011-idUKTRE68T3WR20100930 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200302201441/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-dividend/new-bp-ceo-says-hopes-to-restore-dividend-in-2011-idUKTRE68T3WR20100930 |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2 March 2020 |title = New BP CEO says hopes to restore dividend in 2011 |last1 = Young |first1 = Sarah |last2 = Falloon |first2 = Matt |work = | On 20 April 2010, the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|''Deepwater Horizon'' oil spill]], a major industrial accident, happened.<ref name=report2011/> Consequently, [[Bob Dudley]] replaced Tony Hayward as the company's CEO, serving from October 2010 to February 2020.<ref name=reuters300910>{{Cite news |url = https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-dividend/new-bp-ceo-says-hopes-to-restore-dividend-in-2011-idUKTRE68T3WR20100930 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200302201441/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-dividend/new-bp-ceo-says-hopes-to-restore-dividend-in-2011-idUKTRE68T3WR20100930 |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2 March 2020 |title = New BP CEO says hopes to restore dividend in 2011 |last1 = Young |first1 = Sarah |last2 = Falloon |first2 = Matt |work = Reuters |date = 30 September 2010 |access-date = 30 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="DudleyRetires">{{cite news |title=BP Chief Executive Bob Dudley Is to Retire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/04/business/bp-ceo-bob-dudley-bernard-looney.html |last1=Reed |first1=Stanley |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 October 2019 |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> BP announced a divestment program to sell about $38 billion worth of non-core assets to compensate its liabilities related to the accident.<ref name=wsj100912/><ref name=nasdaq> | ||
{{Cite news | {{Cite news | ||
|url = http://www.nasdaq.com/article/bp-close-to-gom-assets-sale-analyst-blog-cm171508 | |url = http://www.nasdaq.com/article/bp-close-to-gom-assets-sale-analyst-blog-cm171508 | ||
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|archive-date= 4 June 2020 | |archive-date= 4 June 2020 | ||
|title= BP sells Southern Africa fuel retail units | |title= BP sells Southern Africa fuel retail units | ||
|work= | |work=Reuters | ||
|first1= Tom| last1= Bergin | |first1= Tom| last1= Bergin | ||
|first2= Emma |last2 = Farge | |first2= Emma |last2 = Farge | ||
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|archive-date= 4 June 2020 | |archive-date= 4 June 2020 | ||
|title= Marathon to buy BP Texas City refinery for up to $2.5 billion | |title= Marathon to buy BP Texas City refinery for up to $2.5 billion | ||
|work= | |work=Reuters | ||
|first1= Kristen | last1= Hays | |first1= Kristen | last1= Hays | ||
|date= 8 October 2012 | |date= 8 October 2012 | ||
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|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/bp-brief/brief-bp-to-sell-interest-in-draugen-field-to-shell-for-240-mln-idUSWLA324220120913 | |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/bp-brief/brief-bp-to-sell-interest-in-draugen-field-to-shell-for-240-mln-idUSWLA324220120913 | ||
|title= BP to sell interest in Draugen field to Shell for $240 mln | |title= BP to sell interest in Draugen field to Shell for $240 mln | ||
|work= | |work=Reuters | ||
|date= 13 September 2012 | |date= 13 September 2012 | ||
|access-date= 22 October 2012}} | |access-date= 22 October 2012}} | ||
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|archive-date= 17 September 2017 | |archive-date= 17 September 2017 | ||
|title= BP sells UK LPG distribution business to DCC | |title= BP sells UK LPG distribution business to DCC | ||
|work= | |work=Reuters | ||
|date= 8 August 2012 | |date= 8 August 2012 | ||
|access-date= 16 September 2017}} | |access-date= 16 September 2017}} | ||
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|archive-date= 4 June 2020 | |archive-date= 4 June 2020 | ||
|title= Rosneft beefs up with TNK-BP purchase | |title= Rosneft beefs up with TNK-BP purchase | ||
|work= | |work=Reuters | ||
|first1= Darya | last1= Korsunskaya | |first1= Darya | last1= Korsunskaya | ||
|first2= Andrew |last2 = Callus | |first2= Andrew |last2 = Callus | ||
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| archive-date= 4 January 2019 | | archive-date= 4 January 2019 | ||
| title= Rosneft pays out in historic TNK-BP deal completion | | title= Rosneft pays out in historic TNK-BP deal completion | ||
| work = | | work = Reuters | ||
| first1 = Vladimir | last1 = Soldatkin | | first1 = Vladimir | last1 = Soldatkin | ||
| first2 = Andrew | last2 = Callus | | first2 = Andrew | last2 = Callus | ||
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</ref> In 2012, BP acquired an acreage in the [[Utica Shale]] but these developments plans were cancelled in 2014.<ref name=platts29042014/> | </ref> In 2012, BP acquired an acreage in the [[Utica Shale]] but these developments plans were cancelled in 2014.<ref name=platts29042014/> | ||
In 2011–2015, BP cut down its alternative energy business. The company announced its departure from the solar energy market in December 2011 by closing its solar power business, BP Solar.<ref name=reuters211211>{{cite news | work= | In 2011–2015, BP cut down its alternative energy business. The company announced its departure from the solar energy market in December 2011 by closing its solar power business, BP Solar.<ref name=reuters211211>{{cite news | work=Reuters | title = BP turns out lights at solar business | url= https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bp-solar/bp-turns-out-lights-at-solar-business-idUSTRE7BK1CC20111221| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181205123303/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bp-solar/bp-turns-out-lights-at-solar-business-idUSTRE7BK1CC20111221| url-status= dead| archive-date= 5 December 2018| first1 = Tom | last1 = Bergin | first2 = Sarah | last2 = Young | date = 21 December 2011 | access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> In 2012, BP shut down the [[BP Biofuels Highlands]] project which was developed since 2008 to make [[cellulosic ethanol]] from emerging energy crops like [[switchgrass]] and from [[biomass]].<ref name=sunshine>{{cite news | work= Sunshine State News | title = BP Changes Ethanol Plans in Florida | url= http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/story/bp-changes-ethanol-plans-florida | first1 = Michael | last1 = Peltier | date = 26 October 2012 | access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref><ref name=bfd261012> | ||
{{Cite news | {{Cite news | ||
|url = http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2012/10/26/the-october-surprise-bp-cancels-plans-for-us-cellulosic-ethanol-plant/ | |url = http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2012/10/26/the-october-surprise-bp-cancels-plans-for-us-cellulosic-ethanol-plant/ | ||
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</ref> | </ref> | ||
In April 2017, the company reached an agreement to sell its [[Forties pipeline system]] in the North Sea to [[Ineos]] for $250 million. The sale included terminals at [[Dalmeny]] and Kinneil, a site in Aberdeen, and the Forties Unity Platform.<ref>{{cite news|title=BP sells Forties North Sea pipeline to Ineos|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-39476674|access-date=3 April 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=3 April 2017}}</ref> In 2017, the company floated its subsidiary BP Midstream Partners LP, a pipeline operator in the United States, at the New York Stock Exchange. In Argentina, BP and [[Bridas Corporation]] agreed to merge their interests in Pan American Energy and Axion Energy to form a jointly owned Pan American Energy Group.<ref name=reuters110917>{{cite news|url= https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-bridas-m-a/bp-in-south-american-venture-with-argentinas-bridas-idUKKCN1BM1F7|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170911135552/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-bridas-m-a/bp-in-south-american-venture-with-argentinas-bridas-idUKKCN1BM1F7|url-status= dead|archive-date= 11 September 2017|title=BP in South American venture with Argentina's Bridas | work= | In April 2017, the company reached an agreement to sell its [[Forties pipeline system]] in the North Sea to [[Ineos]] for $250 million. The sale included terminals at [[Dalmeny]] and Kinneil, a site in Aberdeen, and the Forties Unity Platform.<ref>{{cite news|title=BP sells Forties North Sea pipeline to Ineos|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-39476674|access-date=3 April 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=3 April 2017}}</ref> In 2017, the company floated its subsidiary BP Midstream Partners LP, a pipeline operator in the United States, at the New York Stock Exchange. In Argentina, BP and [[Bridas Corporation]] agreed to merge their interests in Pan American Energy and Axion Energy to form a jointly owned Pan American Energy Group.<ref name=reuters110917>{{cite news|url= https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-bridas-m-a/bp-in-south-american-venture-with-argentinas-bridas-idUKKCN1BM1F7|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170911135552/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-bridas-m-a/bp-in-south-american-venture-with-argentinas-bridas-idUKKCN1BM1F7|url-status= dead|archive-date= 11 September 2017|title=BP in South American venture with Argentina's Bridas | work=Reuters |date=11 September 2017 |access-date = 26 December 2017}}</ref> | ||
In 2017, BP invested $200 million to acquire a 43% stake in the solar energy developer Lightsource Renewable Energy, a company which was renamed [[Lightsource BP]].<ref name=bloomberg151217/><ref name=reuters151217/> In March 2017, the company acquired Clean Energy's biomethane business and assets, including its production sites and existing supply contracts.<ref name="Hardcastle17"/> In April 2017, its subsidiary Butamax bought an [[isobutanol]] production company Nesika Energy.<ref name=biomass030417/> | In 2017, BP invested $200 million to acquire a 43% stake in the solar energy developer Lightsource Renewable Energy, a company which was renamed [[Lightsource BP]].<ref name=bloomberg151217/><ref name=reuters151217/> In March 2017, the company acquired Clean Energy's biomethane business and assets, including its production sites and existing supply contracts.<ref name="Hardcastle17"/> In April 2017, its subsidiary Butamax bought an [[isobutanol]] production company Nesika Energy.<ref name=biomass030417/> | ||
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In September 2020, BP formed a partnership with Equinor to develop offshore wind and announced it will acquire 50% non-operating stake in the Empire Wind off New York and Beacon Wind off Massachusetts offshore wind farms. The deal is expected to be completed at the first half of 2021.<ref name=reuters100920/> In December 2020, BP acquired a majority stake in Finite Carbon, the largest forest [[carbon offset]]s developer in the United States.<ref name=reuters161220/> | In September 2020, BP formed a partnership with Equinor to develop offshore wind and announced it will acquire 50% non-operating stake in the Empire Wind off New York and Beacon Wind off Massachusetts offshore wind farms. The deal is expected to be completed at the first half of 2021.<ref name=reuters100920/> In December 2020, BP acquired a majority stake in Finite Carbon, the largest forest [[carbon offset]]s developer in the United States.<ref name=reuters161220/> | ||
In response to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], BP announced that it would sell its 19.75% stake in Rosneft, although no timeline was announced.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-60548382|title=BP to offload stake in Rosneft amid Ukraine conflict|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=27 February 2022|access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref> At the time of BP's decision, Rosneft's activities accounted for around half of BP's oil and gas reserves and a third of its production.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bousso |first1=Ron |last2=Zhdannikov |first2=Dmitry |date=27 February 2022 |title=BP retreats from Russia's Rosneft at cost of $25 bln over Ukraine invasion |language=en |work= | In response to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], BP announced that it would sell its 19.75% stake in Rosneft, although no timeline was announced.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-60548382|title=BP to offload stake in Rosneft amid Ukraine conflict|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=27 February 2022|access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref> At the time of BP's decision, Rosneft's activities accounted for around half of BP's oil and gas reserves and a third of its production.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bousso |first1=Ron |last2=Zhdannikov |first2=Dmitry |date=27 February 2022 |title=BP retreats from Russia's Rosneft at cost of $25 bln over Ukraine invasion |language=en |work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/britains-bp-says-exit-stake-russian-oil-giant-rosneft-2022-02-27/ |access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref> BP's decision came after the British government expressed concern about BP's involvement in Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Strasburg |first=Max Colchester and Jenny |date=25 February 2022 |title=BP Faces Pressure From U.K. Government Over Stake in Russia's Rosneft |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bp-faces-pressure-from-u-k-government-over-stake-in-russias-rosneft-11645817245 |access-date=27 February 2022 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=BP's ties to Russia draw UK government 'concern' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/feb/25/bps-ties-to-russia-draw-uk-government-concern |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> However, BP remained a Rosneft shareholder throughout the whole 2022 year, which caused some criticism from the Ukrainian president's office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/63821028 | title=BP 'stands to receive blood money' from Ukraine war | date=2 December 2022 | publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=2 December 2022 }}</ref> | ||
In October 2022, BP announced that it would be acquiring Archaea Energy Inc., a renewable natural gas producer, for $4.1 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bousso |first1=Ron |last2=Soni |first2=Ruhi |date=17 October 2022 |title=BP to buy U.S. biogas producer Archaea for $4.1 bln |language=en |work= | In October 2022, BP announced that it would be acquiring Archaea Energy Inc., a renewable natural gas producer, for $4.1 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bousso |first1=Ron |last2=Soni |first2=Ruhi |date=17 October 2022 |title=BP to buy U.S. biogas producer Archaea for $4.1 bln |language=en |work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/archaea-energy-be-bought-by-bp-41-bln-including-debt-2022-10-17/ |access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref> In December 2022, it was announced BP had completed the acquisition of Archaea Energy Inc. for $3.3 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TOP NEWS: BP completes USD3.3 billion acquisition of Archaea Energy {{!}} Financial News |url=https://www.lse.co.uk/news/top-news-bp-completes-usd33-billion-acquisition-of-archaea-energy-mbfybrzhf006ql2.html |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=www.lse.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> In November 2022, the company announced a large increase in profit for the period from July to September due to the high fuel prices caused by the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63468313 | title=BP sees huge profit due to high oil and gas prices | date=November 2022 | publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> | ||
In February 2023, BP reported record annual profits, on a replacement cost basis, for the year 2022. On that basis, 2022 profits were more than double than in 2021, and they were also the biggest profits in the whole 114-year long history of BP.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64544110 | title=BP sees biggest profit in 114-year history after oil and gas prices soar | date=7 February 2023 | publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref> | In February 2023, BP reported record annual profits, on a replacement cost basis, for the year 2022. On that basis, 2022 profits were more than double than in 2021, and they were also the biggest profits in the whole 114-year long history of BP.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64544110 | title=BP sees biggest profit in 114-year history after oil and gas prices soar | date=7 February 2023 | publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref> | ||
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There are 1,200 BP service stations in the UK.<ref name="Gosden16"/><ref name="BP-UK"/> Since 2018 BP operates the UK's largest [[electric vehicle]] charging network through its subsidiary [[BP Pulse]] (formerly Chargemaster).<ref name="AR18-glance"/> | There are 1,200 BP service stations in the UK.<ref name="Gosden16"/><ref name="BP-UK"/> Since 2018 BP operates the UK's largest [[electric vehicle]] charging network through its subsidiary [[BP Pulse]] (formerly Chargemaster).<ref name="AR18-glance"/> | ||
In February 2020, BP announced a Joint Venture with [[EnBW]] to develop and operate 3GW off Offshore Wind capacity in the [[Crown Estate]] Leasing Round 4.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Twidale|first=Susanna|date=8 February 2021|title=RWE, Total, BP among winners in UK offshore wind farm auction|language=en|work= | In February 2020, BP announced a Joint Venture with [[EnBW]] to develop and operate 3GW off Offshore Wind capacity in the [[Crown Estate]] Leasing Round 4.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Twidale|first=Susanna|date=8 February 2021|title=RWE, Total, BP among winners in UK offshore wind farm auction|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-windpower-auction-idINKBN2A80RN|access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref> This is BP's first move into [[List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom|Britain's Offshore wind market]], however, BP currently provides a range of services to the Offshore Wind sector in the UK through its subsidiary ONYX InSight who provide a range of [[Predictive maintenance|Predictive Maintenance]] and Engineering Consultancy services to the sector.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 January 2020|title=BP's unicorn seeker not afraid to back the occasional wrong horse - News for the Oil and Gas Sector|language=en-US|work=Energy Voice|url=https://www.energyvoice.com/renewables-energy-transition/219707/bps-unicorn-seeker-not-afraid-to-back-the-occasional-wrong-horse/|access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref> | ||
In February 2022, BP announced it acquired a 30% stake in the [[London]]-based company, Green Biofuels Ltd, a producer of [[Hydrogenated vegetable oil|renewable hydrogenated vegetable oil]] fuels that can be used as a direct replacement for diesel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BP acquires 30% stake in UK producer of hydrogenated vegetable oil|url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/business-environment-and-energy/bp-acquires-30-stake-uk-producer-hydrogenated-vegetable-oil|access-date=3 February 2022|website=Autocar|language=en}}</ref> | In February 2022, BP announced it acquired a 30% stake in the [[London]]-based company, Green Biofuels Ltd, a producer of [[Hydrogenated vegetable oil|renewable hydrogenated vegetable oil]] fuels that can be used as a direct replacement for diesel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BP acquires 30% stake in UK producer of hydrogenated vegetable oil|url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/business-environment-and-energy/bp-acquires-30-stake-uk-producer-hydrogenated-vegetable-oil|access-date=3 February 2022|website=Autocar|language=en}}</ref> | ||
====United States==== | ====United States==== | ||
[[File:BPAmericasHQ.JPG|thumb|The headquarters of BP America in [[Westlake Park (Houston)|Westlake Park]], | [[File:BPAmericasHQ.JPG|thumb|The headquarters of BP America in [[Westlake Park (Houston)|Westlake Park]], Houston]] | ||
[[File:Thunder Horse Semisub.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Thunder Horse PDQ]]'' semi-submersible oil platform in the [[Thunder Horse Oil Field]]]] | [[File:Thunder Horse Semisub.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Thunder Horse PDQ]]'' semi-submersible oil platform in the [[Thunder Horse Oil Field]]]] | ||
The United States operations comprise nearly one-third of BP's operations.<ref name="NYTBusiness2012">{{cite news |title=BP Plc. |url= https://www.nytimes.com/topic/company/bp-plc |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 May 2012 |access-date=7 June 2012 |first=Emma G. |last=Fitzsimmons}}</ref> BP employs approximately 14,000 people in the United States.<ref name="AR18-USlabour"/> In 2018, BP's total production in the United States included {{convert|385000|oilbbl/d}} of oil and {{convert|1.9|e9cuft/d|abbr=off}} of natural gas,<ref name="AR18-USproduction"/> and its refinery throughput was {{convert|703000|oilbbl/d}}.<ref name="AR18-USrefinery"/> | The United States operations comprise nearly one-third of BP's operations.<ref name="NYTBusiness2012">{{cite news |title=BP Plc. |url= https://www.nytimes.com/topic/company/bp-plc |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 May 2012 |access-date=7 June 2012 |first=Emma G. |last=Fitzsimmons}}</ref> BP employs approximately 14,000 people in the United States.<ref name="AR18-USlabour"/> In 2018, BP's total production in the United States included {{convert|385000|oilbbl/d}} of oil and {{convert|1.9|e9cuft/d|abbr=off}} of natural gas,<ref name="AR18-USproduction"/> and its refinery throughput was {{convert|703000|oilbbl/d}}.<ref name="AR18-USrefinery"/> | ||
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BP's upstream activities in the Lower 48 states are conducted through Denver-based BPX Energy.<ref name=denver040220/> It has a {{convert|7.5|Goilbbl|abbr=off}} resource base on {{convert|5.7|e6acre}}.<ref name=OGJ15>{{cite news |title=BP's US Lower 48 unit buys Devon's New Mexico assets |url= https://www.ogj.com/articles/2015/12/bp-s-lower-48-unit-buys-devon-s-new-mexico-assets.html |newspaper = [[Oil & Gas Journal]] |date=18 December 2015 |access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref> It has [[Shale gas in the United States|shale positions]] in the [[Shale gas in the United States#Woodford Shale, Oklahoma|Woodford, Oklahoma]], [[Shale gas in the United States#Haynesville Shale, Louisiana|Haynesville, Texas]], and [[Eagle Ford Formation|Eagle Ford, Texas]] shales.<ref name="Pulsinelli2014"/><ref name="Rouan2012"/> It has [[unconventional gas]] ([[shale gas]] or [[tight gas]]) stakes also in Colorado, [[New Mexico]] and Wyoming, primarily in the [[San Juan Basin]].<ref name="Hasterok2012"/><ref name="ZacksJun2012"/><ref name="BPUSExploration"/> | BP's upstream activities in the Lower 48 states are conducted through Denver-based BPX Energy.<ref name=denver040220/> It has a {{convert|7.5|Goilbbl|abbr=off}} resource base on {{convert|5.7|e6acre}}.<ref name=OGJ15>{{cite news |title=BP's US Lower 48 unit buys Devon's New Mexico assets |url= https://www.ogj.com/articles/2015/12/bp-s-lower-48-unit-buys-devon-s-new-mexico-assets.html |newspaper = [[Oil & Gas Journal]] |date=18 December 2015 |access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref> It has [[Shale gas in the United States|shale positions]] in the [[Shale gas in the United States#Woodford Shale, Oklahoma|Woodford, Oklahoma]], [[Shale gas in the United States#Haynesville Shale, Louisiana|Haynesville, Texas]], and [[Eagle Ford Formation|Eagle Ford, Texas]] shales.<ref name="Pulsinelli2014"/><ref name="Rouan2012"/> It has [[unconventional gas]] ([[shale gas]] or [[tight gas]]) stakes also in Colorado, [[New Mexico]] and Wyoming, primarily in the [[San Juan Basin]].<ref name="Hasterok2012"/><ref name="ZacksJun2012"/><ref name="BPUSExploration"/> | ||
{{As of|2019}}, BP produced about {{convert|300000|oilbbl/d}} of oil equivalent in the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name=Ault19>{{cite news |title=BP to boost Gulf of Mexico spending as shale-focused rivals pull back |last=Resnick-Ault |first=Jessica |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bp-oil-gulfmexico/bp-to-boost-gulf-of-mexico-spending-as-shale-focused-rivals-pull-back-idUSKCN1SC12F |work= | {{As of|2019}}, BP produced about {{convert|300000|oilbbl/d}} of oil equivalent in the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name=Ault19>{{cite news |title=BP to boost Gulf of Mexico spending as shale-focused rivals pull back |last=Resnick-Ault |first=Jessica |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bp-oil-gulfmexico/bp-to-boost-gulf-of-mexico-spending-as-shale-focused-rivals-pull-back-idUSKCN1SC12F |work=Reuters |date=6 May 2019 |access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref> BP operates the [[Atlantis oil field|Atlantis]], [[Mad Dog oil field|Mad Dog]], Na Kika, and [[Thunder Horse oil field|Thunder Horse]] production platforms while holding interest in hubs operated by other companies.<ref name="Ambrose17">{{cite news |title=BP starts up new $1bn Gulf of Mexico project almost one year early |last1=Ambrose |first1=Jillian |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/01/23/bp-starts-new-1bn-gulf-mexico-project-almost-one-year-early/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/01/23/bp-starts-new-1bn-gulf-mexico-project-almost-one-year-early/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=23 January 2017 |access-date=25 May 2018|url-access=subscription}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="BP-Gulf">{{cite web |url=https://www.bp.com/en_us/bp-us/what-we-do/exploration-and-production/deepwater-gulf-of-mexico.html |title=Gulf of Mexico |publisher=BP |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> In April 2023, BP launched a new oil rig, the ''Argos'', in the Gulf.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Drane |first1=Amanda |title=BP's Argos platform begins producing oil in the Gulf of Mexico |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/energy/article/bp-gulf-offshore-argos-platform-oil-production-17894070.php |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=Houston Chronicle |date=13 April 2023}}</ref> | ||
BP operates [[Whiting Refinery]] in Indiana<ref name="BPUSRefining">{{cite web|url= http://www.bp.com/en_us/bp-us/what-we-do/refining.html |title=United States: Refining |publisher=BP |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> and [[Cherry Point Refinery]] in Washington.<ref name="BPUSRefining"/> It formerly co-owned and operated a refinery in Toledo, Ohio, with [[Husky Energy]], but sold its stake in the refinery in February 2023 to [[Cenovus Energy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Skebba |first1=Jay |title=BP sells remaining 50% stake in Toledo refinery to Cenovus for $300M |url=https://www.wtol.com/article/money/business/bp-sells-remaining-50-stake-toledo-refinery-to-cenovus/512-b099f0d5-8797-4430-b4a9-f7a776eada5e |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=WTOL |date=8 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishna |first1=Rithika |title=Cenovus to buy remaining 50% stake in Toledo refinery from BP |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/cenovus-buy-remaining-50-stake-toledo-refinery-bp-2022-08-08/ |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=Reuters |date=8 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Company acquires full ownership of former bp-Husky Toledo Refinery |url=https://www.13abc.com/2023/02/28/company-acquires-full-ownership-bp-husky-toledo-refinery/ |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=WTVG |date=28 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> | BP operates [[Whiting Refinery]] in Indiana<ref name="BPUSRefining">{{cite web|url= http://www.bp.com/en_us/bp-us/what-we-do/refining.html |title=United States: Refining |publisher=BP |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> and [[Cherry Point Refinery]] in Washington.<ref name="BPUSRefining"/> It formerly co-owned and operated a refinery in Toledo, Ohio, with [[Husky Energy]], but sold its stake in the refinery in February 2023 to [[Cenovus Energy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Skebba |first1=Jay |title=BP sells remaining 50% stake in Toledo refinery to Cenovus for $300M |url=https://www.wtol.com/article/money/business/bp-sells-remaining-50-stake-toledo-refinery-to-cenovus/512-b099f0d5-8797-4430-b4a9-f7a776eada5e |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=WTOL |date=8 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishna |first1=Rithika |title=Cenovus to buy remaining 50% stake in Toledo refinery from BP |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/cenovus-buy-remaining-50-stake-toledo-refinery-bp-2022-08-08/ |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=Reuters |date=8 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Company acquires full ownership of former bp-Husky Toledo Refinery |url=https://www.13abc.com/2023/02/28/company-acquires-full-ownership-bp-husky-toledo-refinery/ |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=WTVG |date=28 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
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BP is active in offshore oil development in Angola, where it holds an interest in a total of nine oil exploration and production blocks covering more than {{convert|30000|km2}}. This includes four blocks it acquired in December 2011 and an additional block that is operated by Brazilian national oil company, [[Petrobras]], in which it holds a 40% stake.<ref name="BPAngolaAcquisition">{{cite press release|title=BP Grows Deepwater Exploration Portfolio with Major Win of Angola Acreage |url= http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/media/press-releases/bp-grows-deepwater-exploration-portfolio-with-major-win-of-angola-acreage.html |publisher=BP |date=20 December 2011 |access-date=1 October 2012 }}</ref> | BP is active in offshore oil development in Angola, where it holds an interest in a total of nine oil exploration and production blocks covering more than {{convert|30000|km2}}. This includes four blocks it acquired in December 2011 and an additional block that is operated by Brazilian national oil company, [[Petrobras]], in which it holds a 40% stake.<ref name="BPAngolaAcquisition">{{cite press release|title=BP Grows Deepwater Exploration Portfolio with Major Win of Angola Acreage |url= http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/media/press-releases/bp-grows-deepwater-exploration-portfolio-with-major-win-of-angola-acreage.html |publisher=BP |date=20 December 2011 |access-date=1 October 2012 }}</ref> | ||
BP has a stake in exploration of two blocks of offshore deepwater assets in the South China Sea.<ref name="China2012">{{cite news |title=BP gets OK for deepwater gas exploration |url=http://www.china.org.cn/business/2012-02/15/content_24640409.htm |work=China.org.cn |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Xu2012">{{cite news |title=BP hopes to drill new S.China Sea gas block this yr |author=Wan Xu |author2=Wills, Ken|url= https://uk.reuters.com/article/bp-gas-china/bp-hopes-to-drill-new-s-china-sea-gas-block-this-yr-idUSL4E8DF2E320120215 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181205122852/https://uk.reuters.com/article/bp-gas-china/bp-hopes-to-drill-new-s-china-sea-gas-block-this-yr-idUSL4E8DF2E320120215 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 5 December 2018 |work= | BP has a stake in exploration of two blocks of offshore deepwater assets in the South China Sea.<ref name="China2012">{{cite news |title=BP gets OK for deepwater gas exploration |url=http://www.china.org.cn/business/2012-02/15/content_24640409.htm |work=China.org.cn |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Xu2012">{{cite news |title=BP hopes to drill new S.China Sea gas block this yr |author=Wan Xu |author2=Wills, Ken|url= https://uk.reuters.com/article/bp-gas-china/bp-hopes-to-drill-new-s-china-sea-gas-block-this-yr-idUSL4E8DF2E320120215 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181205122852/https://uk.reuters.com/article/bp-gas-china/bp-hopes-to-drill-new-s-china-sea-gas-block-this-yr-idUSL4E8DF2E320120215 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 5 December 2018 |work=Reuters|date=15 February 2012 |access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> | ||
In India, BP owns a 30% share of oil and gas assets operated by [[Reliance Industries]], including exploration and production rights in more than 20 offshore oil and gas blocks, representing an investment of more than US$7 billion into oil and gas exploration in the country.<ref name="Sharma2011">{{cite news |title=BP to Make Big India Investment |first1=Amol |last1 = Sharma |first2=Marietta |last2 =Cauchi |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704476604576157930214553312 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=21 February 2011 |access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref> | In India, BP owns a 30% share of oil and gas assets operated by [[Reliance Industries]], including exploration and production rights in more than 20 offshore oil and gas blocks, representing an investment of more than US$7 billion into oil and gas exploration in the country.<ref name="Sharma2011">{{cite news |title=BP to Make Big India Investment |first1=Amol |last1 = Sharma |first2=Marietta |last2 =Cauchi |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704476604576157930214553312 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=21 February 2011 |access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref> | ||
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BP has major liquefied natural gas activities in Indonesia, where it operates the [[Tangguh gas field|Tangguh LNG]] project, which began production in 2009 and has a capacity of 7.6 million tonnes of liquid natural gas per year.<ref name="Grieder2009">{{cite news|title=Indonesia's Tangguh LNG Project Begins Commissioning |first=Tom |last=Grieder |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4VHY-CTH0-TX4S-W0NW&csi=250053&oc=00240&perma=true |work=Global Insight |date=3 February 2009 |access-date=30 July 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045322/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4VHY-CTH0-TX4S-W0NW&csi=250053&oc=00240&perma=true |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> Also in that country, the company has invested in the exploration and development of [[coalbed methane]].<ref name="Suhana2011"/> | BP has major liquefied natural gas activities in Indonesia, where it operates the [[Tangguh gas field|Tangguh LNG]] project, which began production in 2009 and has a capacity of 7.6 million tonnes of liquid natural gas per year.<ref name="Grieder2009">{{cite news|title=Indonesia's Tangguh LNG Project Begins Commissioning |first=Tom |last=Grieder |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4VHY-CTH0-TX4S-W0NW&csi=250053&oc=00240&perma=true |work=Global Insight |date=3 February 2009 |access-date=30 July 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045322/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4VHY-CTH0-TX4S-W0NW&csi=250053&oc=00240&perma=true |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> Also in that country, the company has invested in the exploration and development of [[coalbed methane]].<ref name="Suhana2011"/> | ||
BP operates in Iraq as part of the joint venture [[Rumaila Field Operating Organization|Rumaila Operating Organization]] in the [[Rumaila oil field]], the world's fourth largest oilfield, where it produced over {{convert|1|Moilbbl/d}} of oil equivalent in 2011.<ref name="ReutersOct2009">{{cite news |title=Iraq signs deal with BP, CNPC for Rumaila field |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-43021420091008 |work= | BP operates in Iraq as part of the joint venture [[Rumaila Field Operating Organization|Rumaila Operating Organization]] in the [[Rumaila oil field]], the world's fourth largest oilfield, where it produced over {{convert|1|Moilbbl/d}} of oil equivalent in 2011.<ref name="ReutersOct2009">{{cite news |title=Iraq signs deal with BP, CNPC for Rumaila field |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-43021420091008 |work=Reuters|date=8 October 2009 |access-date=1 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="UPIJan11">{{cite news |title=BP reaches production milestone in Iraq |url= https://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Industry/2011/01/12/BP-reaches-production-milestone-in-Iraq/UPI-97321294840756/ |work=[[United Press International|UPI]] |date=12 January 2011 |access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref> A BBC investigation found in 2022 that waste-gas was being burned as close as 350 meters from people's homes. A leaked report from [[Ministry of Health (Iraq)]] blamed air pollution for 20% rise in [[cancer]] in [[Basra]] between 2015 and 2018.<ref name=BBC1>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-63083634 BP in oil field where 'cancer is rife'], by Jess Kelly, Owen Pinnell & Esme Stallard, 30 September, [[BBC]]</ref> The Iraqi Ministry of Health has banned its employees from speaking about the health damage.<ref name=BBC1/> Iraqi Environment Minister Jassem al-Falahi later admitted that "pollution from oil production is the main reason for increases in local cancer rates."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-63284896 |title=Iraqi minister admits gas flaring cancer link - BBC News|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=17 October 2022|access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> | ||
In Oman, BP currently has a 60% participation interest in Block 61. Block 61 is one of Oman's largest gas blocks with a daily production capacity of 1.5 billion cubic feet of gas and more than 65,000 barrels of condensate. It covers around 3,950 km in central Oman and contains the largest tight gas development in the Middle East. On 1 February 2021, BP inked a deal to sell 20% participating interest in Block 61 to Thailand's [[PTT Exploration and Production|PTT Exploration and Production Public Company Ltd. (PTTEP)]] for a total of $2.6 billion. Upon closure of the sale, the BP will remain the block's operator with a 40% interest.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2021|title=BP sells minority shares in Oman's Block 61 for $2.6 billion|url=https://wafoman.com/2021/02/01/bp-sells-minority-shares-in-omans-block-61-for-2-6-billion/?lang=en|access-date=1 February 2021|website=WAF|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 February 2021|title=BP sells 20% stake in Oman gas development to Thailand's PTTEP|language=en|work= | In Oman, BP currently has a 60% participation interest in Block 61. Block 61 is one of Oman's largest gas blocks with a daily production capacity of 1.5 billion cubic feet of gas and more than 65,000 barrels of condensate. It covers around 3,950 km in central Oman and contains the largest tight gas development in the Middle East. On 1 February 2021, BP inked a deal to sell 20% participating interest in Block 61 to Thailand's [[PTT Exploration and Production|PTT Exploration and Production Public Company Ltd. (PTTEP)]] for a total of $2.6 billion. Upon closure of the sale, the BP will remain the block's operator with a 40% interest.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2021|title=BP sells minority shares in Oman's Block 61 for $2.6 billion|url=https://wafoman.com/2021/02/01/bp-sells-minority-shares-in-omans-block-61-for-2-6-billion/?lang=en|access-date=1 February 2021|website=WAF|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 February 2021|title=BP sells 20% stake in Oman gas development to Thailand's PTTEP|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-divestiture-idUSKBN2A11QB|access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Australian road train headed by Volvo NH15.jpg|thumb|A BP [[road train]] in the Australian outback]] | [[File:Australian road train headed by Volvo NH15.jpg|thumb|A BP [[road train]] in the Australian outback]] | ||
BP operates the [[Kwinana Oil Refinery|Kwinana]] refinery in [[Western Australia]], which can process up to {{convert|146000|oilbbl/d}} of crude oil and is the country's largest refinery,<ref name=Denton15>{{cite news |title=BP Australia to invest A$450 million to expand and upgrade retail network |last1=Denton |first1=Vicky |url=https://fuelsandlubes.com/bp-australia-to-invest-aud-450-million-to-expand-and-upgrade-retail-network-2/ |newspaper=F+L Daily |date=6 May 2015 |access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> supplying fuel to 80% of Western Australia.<ref name=McKnight17>{{cite news |title=$80m overhaul at BP |last1=McKnight |first1=Gareth |url=https://thewest.com.au/news/sound-southern-telegraph/80m-overhaul-at-bp-ng-b88474084z |newspaper=The West Australian |date=16 May 2017 |access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> BP is a non-operating joint venture partner in the [[North West Shelf]], which produces LNG, pipeline gas, condensate and oil.<ref name=Chambers16>{{cite news |title= BP job cuts go deeper as focus turns to fuel retailing |last1=Chambers |first1=Matt |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/bp-job-cuts-go-deeper-as-focus-turns-to-fuel-retailing/news-story/24f57e9e2170bd3fdd3a0d4b2588c27a |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |date=18 May 2016 |access-date=18 August 2017 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The NWS venture is Australia's largest resource development and accounts for around one third of Australia's oil and gas production.<ref name=Lanis17>{{cite news |title=Counting the missing billions: How Australia is losing out to oil and gas giants |last1=Lanis |first1=Roman |last2=Govendir |first2=Brett |last3=McClure |first3=Ross |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/apr/26/counting-the-missing-billions-how-australia-is-losing-out-to-oil-and-gas-giants |newspaper= | BP operates the [[Kwinana Oil Refinery|Kwinana]] refinery in [[Western Australia]], which can process up to {{convert|146000|oilbbl/d}} of crude oil and is the country's largest refinery,<ref name=Denton15>{{cite news |title=BP Australia to invest A$450 million to expand and upgrade retail network |last1=Denton |first1=Vicky |url=https://fuelsandlubes.com/bp-australia-to-invest-aud-450-million-to-expand-and-upgrade-retail-network-2/ |newspaper=F+L Daily |date=6 May 2015 |access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> supplying fuel to 80% of Western Australia.<ref name=McKnight17>{{cite news |title=$80m overhaul at BP |last1=McKnight |first1=Gareth |url=https://thewest.com.au/news/sound-southern-telegraph/80m-overhaul-at-bp-ng-b88474084z |newspaper=The West Australian |date=16 May 2017 |access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> BP is a non-operating joint venture partner in the [[North West Shelf]], which produces LNG, pipeline gas, condensate and oil.<ref name=Chambers16>{{cite news |title= BP job cuts go deeper as focus turns to fuel retailing |last1=Chambers |first1=Matt |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/bp-job-cuts-go-deeper-as-focus-turns-to-fuel-retailing/news-story/24f57e9e2170bd3fdd3a0d4b2588c27a |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |date=18 May 2016 |access-date=18 August 2017 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The NWS venture is Australia's largest resource development and accounts for around one third of Australia's oil and gas production.<ref name=Lanis17>{{cite news |title=Counting the missing billions: How Australia is losing out to oil and gas giants |last1=Lanis |first1=Roman |last2=Govendir |first2=Brett |last3=McClure |first3=Ross |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/apr/26/counting-the-missing-billions-how-australia-is-losing-out-to-oil-and-gas-giants |newspaper=The Guardian |date=25 April 2017 |access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=Daiss16>{{cite news |title=Woodside hedges bet with extra $2B North West Shelf investment |last1=Daiss |first1=Tim |url=http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/142516/woodside_hedges_bet_with_extra_2b_north_west_shelf_investment |newspaper=Rigzone |date=15 January 2016 |access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> | ||
BP operates the two largest oil and gas production projects in the Azerbaijan's sector of the Caspian Sea, the [[Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli]] offshore oil fields, which supplies 80% of the country's oil production, and the [[Shah Deniz gas field]]. It also and develops the [[Shafag-Asiman]] complex of offshore geological structures.<ref name="Neff2010">{{cite news |title=BP Chief Reassures Azerbaijan on U.K. Firm's Commitment amid Talk of Asset Sales |first=Andrew |last = Neff |url= https://ihsmarkit.com/country-industry-forecasting.html?id=106594069 |work=Global Insight |date=7 July 2010 |access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Yevgrashina2012">{{cite news |title=BP to boost investment in Azeri projects in 2012 |first=Lada | last =Yevgrashina |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/azerbaijan-bp-investment-idUSL5E8E17K820120301 |work= | BP operates the two largest oil and gas production projects in the Azerbaijan's sector of the Caspian Sea, the [[Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli]] offshore oil fields, which supplies 80% of the country's oil production, and the [[Shah Deniz gas field]]. It also and develops the [[Shafag-Asiman]] complex of offshore geological structures.<ref name="Neff2010">{{cite news |title=BP Chief Reassures Azerbaijan on U.K. Firm's Commitment amid Talk of Asset Sales |first=Andrew |last = Neff |url= https://ihsmarkit.com/country-industry-forecasting.html?id=106594069 |work=Global Insight |date=7 July 2010 |access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Yevgrashina2012">{{cite news |title=BP to boost investment in Azeri projects in 2012 |first=Lada | last =Yevgrashina |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/azerbaijan-bp-investment-idUSL5E8E17K820120301 |work=Reuters|date=1 March 2012 |access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=today>{{cite news | url= http://today.az/news/business/70583.html | title= SOCAR and BP sign agreement on development project of oil and gas structures in Azerbaijan | publisher= [[Today.az]] | date=6 July 2010 | access-date=6 July 2010}}</ref> In addition, it operates the [[Sangachal Terminal|Sangachal terminal]] and the Azerbaijan's major export pipelines through [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] such as [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline|Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan]], [[Baku–Supsa Pipeline|Baku–Supsa]] and [[South Caucasus Pipeline|South Caucasus]] pipelines.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yumich |first=Seth |title= BP-Georgia General Director – Mr. Neil Dunn |url=http://www.the-american-times.com/bp-georgia-general-director-mr-neil-dunn/2013/01/12 |work=The American Times | date= 12 January 2013 |access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Oil depot, Frontignan, Hérault 01.jpg|thumb|right|A GDH (subsidiary of BP) oil depot, Frontigan, Hérault, France]] | [[File:Oil depot, Frontignan, Hérault 01.jpg|thumb|right|A GDH (subsidiary of BP) oil depot, Frontigan, Hérault, France]] | ||
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BP Upstream's activities include exploring for new oil and natural gas resources, developing access to such resources, and producing, transporting, storing and processing oil and natural gas.<ref name="Forbes2012"/><ref name="CNNMoney2011"/> The activities in this area of operations take place in 25 countries worldwide. In 2018, BP produced around {{convert|3.7|Moilbbl/d}} of oil equivalent,<ref name="AR18-glance"/> of which {{convert|2.191|Moilbbl/d}} were liquids and {{convert|8.659|e9cuft/d|abbr=off}} was natural gas, and had total proved reserves of {{convert|19945|Moilbbl}} of oil equivalent, of which liquids accounted {{convert|11456|Moilbbl}} barrels and natural gas {{convert|49.239|e12cuft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="AR18-estimates"/> In addition to the conventional oil exploration and production, BP has a stake in the three oil sands projects in Canada.<ref name=fp300712/><ref name="reuters240620"/> | BP Upstream's activities include exploring for new oil and natural gas resources, developing access to such resources, and producing, transporting, storing and processing oil and natural gas.<ref name="Forbes2012"/><ref name="CNNMoney2011"/> The activities in this area of operations take place in 25 countries worldwide. In 2018, BP produced around {{convert|3.7|Moilbbl/d}} of oil equivalent,<ref name="AR18-glance"/> of which {{convert|2.191|Moilbbl/d}} were liquids and {{convert|8.659|e9cuft/d|abbr=off}} was natural gas, and had total proved reserves of {{convert|19945|Moilbbl}} of oil equivalent, of which liquids accounted {{convert|11456|Moilbbl}} barrels and natural gas {{convert|49.239|e12cuft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="AR18-estimates"/> In addition to the conventional oil exploration and production, BP has a stake in the three oil sands projects in Canada.<ref name=fp300712/><ref name="reuters240620"/> | ||
BP had plans to drop its oil and gas production to fall by at least one million barrels a day by 2030, a 40% reduction on 2019 levels, but this was scrapped in October 2024, with plans for an increase in production instead.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Bousso |first=Ron |date=October 7, 2024 |title=Exclusive: BP abandons goal to cut oil output, resets strategy |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/bp-drops-oil-output-target-strategy-reset-sources-say-2024-10-07/ |access-date=October 9, 2024 |website= | BP had plans to drop its oil and gas production to fall by at least one million barrels a day by 2030, a 40% reduction on 2019 levels, but this was scrapped in October 2024, with plans for an increase in production instead.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Bousso |first=Ron |date=October 7, 2024 |title=Exclusive: BP abandons goal to cut oil output, resets strategy |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/bp-drops-oil-output-target-strategy-reset-sources-say-2024-10-07/ |access-date=October 9, 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=cnn040820/> | ||
===Refining and marketing=== | ===Refining and marketing=== | ||
[[File:Aral.JPG|thumb|An [[Aral AG|Aral]] service station in Weiterstadt, Germany]] | [[File:Aral.JPG|thumb|An [[Aral AG|Aral]] service station in Weiterstadt, Germany]] | ||
BP downstream's activities include the refining, marketing, manufacturing, transportation, trading and supply of [[crude oil]] and [[petroleum product]]s.<ref name="Forbes2012"/> Downstream is responsible for BP's fuels and lubricants businesses, and has major operations located in Europe, North America and Asia.<ref name="ReutersProfile2012">{{cite news |title=Profile: BP PLC (BP) |url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=BP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210091851/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=BP |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 February 2010 |work= | BP downstream's activities include the refining, marketing, manufacturing, transportation, trading and supply of [[crude oil]] and [[petroleum product]]s.<ref name="Forbes2012"/> Downstream is responsible for BP's fuels and lubricants businesses, and has major operations located in Europe, North America and Asia.<ref name="ReutersProfile2012">{{cite news |title=Profile: BP PLC (BP) |url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=BP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210091851/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=BP |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 February 2010 |work=Reuters|access-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> As of 2018, BP owned or had a share in 11 refineries.<ref name="AR18-USrefinery"/> | ||
BP, which employs about 1,800 people in oil trading and trades over {{convert|5|Moilbbl/d}} of oil and refined products, is the world's third-biggest oil trader after [[Royal Dutch Shell]] and [[Vitol]].<ref name="Reuters BP trading"/> The operation is estimated to be able to generate over $1 billion trading profits in a good year.<ref name="Reuters BP trading">{{cite news|last1=Bousso|first1=Ron|last2=Zhdannikov|first2=Dmitry|title=BP sees trading benefits from oil boom in the Americas|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-refining-trading-idUKKBN1701KN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329122411/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-refining-trading-idUKKBN1701KN|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 March 2017|access-date=29 March 2017|work= | BP, which employs about 1,800 people in oil trading and trades over {{convert|5|Moilbbl/d}} of oil and refined products, is the world's third-biggest oil trader after [[Royal Dutch Shell]] and [[Vitol]].<ref name="Reuters BP trading"/> The operation is estimated to be able to generate over $1 billion trading profits in a good year.<ref name="Reuters BP trading">{{cite news|last1=Bousso|first1=Ron|last2=Zhdannikov|first2=Dmitry|title=BP sees trading benefits from oil boom in the Americas|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-refining-trading-idUKKBN1701KN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329122411/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-refining-trading-idUKKBN1701KN|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 March 2017|access-date=29 March 2017|work=Reuters|date=29 March 2017}}</ref> | ||
[[Air BP]] is the aviation division of BP, providing [[aviation fuel]], lubricants & services. It has operations in over 50 countries worldwide. [[BP Shipping]] provides the logistics to move BP's oil and gas cargoes to market, as well as marine structural assurance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9019836&contentId=7036987 |title=Marine Assurance |publisher=BP |date=1 January 2008 |access-date=17 July 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100719050328/http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9019836&contentId=7036987| archive-date= 19 July 2010|url-status = live}}</ref> It manages a large fleet of vessels most of which are held on long-term operating leases. BP Shipping's chartering teams based in London, Singapore, and Chicago also charter third party vessels on both time charter and voyage charter basis. The BP-managed fleet consists of [[Very Large Crude Carrier]]s (VLCCs), one North Sea shuttle tanker, medium size crude and product carriers, [[LNG carrier|liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers]], [[LPG carrier|liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) carriers]], and coasters. All of these ships are double-hulled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/en/global/bp-shipping/our-fleet.html |title= Our fleet |publisher=BP |access-date=17 July 2010}}</ref> | [[Air BP]] is the aviation division of BP, providing [[aviation fuel]], lubricants & services. It has operations in over 50 countries worldwide. [[BP Shipping]] provides the logistics to move BP's oil and gas cargoes to market, as well as marine structural assurance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9019836&contentId=7036987 |title=Marine Assurance |publisher=BP |date=1 January 2008 |access-date=17 July 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100719050328/http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9019836&contentId=7036987| archive-date= 19 July 2010|url-status = live}}</ref> It manages a large fleet of vessels most of which are held on long-term operating leases. BP Shipping's chartering teams based in London, Singapore, and Chicago also charter third party vessels on both time charter and voyage charter basis. The BP-managed fleet consists of [[Very Large Crude Carrier]]s (VLCCs), one North Sea shuttle tanker, medium size crude and product carriers, [[LNG carrier|liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers]], [[LPG carrier|liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) carriers]], and coasters. All of these ships are double-hulled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/en/global/bp-shipping/our-fleet.html |title= Our fleet |publisher=BP |access-date=17 July 2010}}</ref> | ||
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=== Integrity and compliance === | === Integrity and compliance === | ||
Investigative journalism by [[Panorama (TV programme)|BBC Panorama]] and Africa Eye aired in June 2019 criticising BP for the way in which it had obtained the development rights of Cayar Offshore Profond and St. Louis Offshore Profond blocks, off the coast of [[Senegal]] in 2017. In 2012, a [[Frank Timiș]] company, Petro-Tim, though previously unknown to the oil industry, was awarded a license to explore the blocks despite having no known record in the industry. Soon after, Aliou Sall, brother of Senegal's president, [[Macky Sall]], was hired at the company, implying a conflict of interest,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-senegal-politics-energy/senegal-justice-ministry-calls-for-inquiry-into-energy-contracts-idUKKCN1TB29Z|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610204949/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-senegal-politics-energy/senegal-justice-ministry-calls-for-inquiry-into-energy-contracts-idUKKCN1TB29Z|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2019|title=Senegal justice ministry calls for inquiry into energy contracts|date=10 June 2019|work= | Investigative journalism by [[Panorama (TV programme)|BBC Panorama]] and Africa Eye aired in June 2019 criticising BP for the way in which it had obtained the development rights of Cayar Offshore Profond and St. Louis Offshore Profond blocks, off the coast of [[Senegal]] in 2017. In 2012, a [[Frank Timiș]] company, Petro-Tim, though previously unknown to the oil industry, was awarded a license to explore the blocks despite having no known record in the industry. Soon after, Aliou Sall, brother of Senegal's president, [[Macky Sall]], was hired at the company, implying a conflict of interest,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-senegal-politics-energy/senegal-justice-ministry-calls-for-inquiry-into-energy-contracts-idUKKCN1TB29Z|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610204949/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-senegal-politics-energy/senegal-justice-ministry-calls-for-inquiry-into-energy-contracts-idUKKCN1TB29Z|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2019|title=Senegal justice ministry calls for inquiry into energy contracts|date=10 June 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=16 June 2019}}</ref> causing public outrage in Senegal. The 2019 program by BBC Panorama and Africa Eye accuses BP of a failure in [[due diligence]] when it agreed on a deal with Timis Corporation in 2017. The deal by BP is expected to provide substantial royalties to Frank Timiș despite accusations of initially obtaining the exploration rights through corruption. [[Kosmos Energy]] was also implicated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kosmosenergy.com/latest-news/response-to-bbc-panorama/|title=Response to BBC Panorama|date=6 June 2019|website=Kosmos Energy {{!}} Deepwater Exploration and Production|language=en-US|access-date=16 June 2019}}</ref> BP refutes any implications of improper conduct. Regarding the acquisition of Timis Corporation interests in Senegal in April 2017, BP states that it "paid what it considered a fair market value for the interests at this stage of exploration/development". However, BP has not made public what was the basis of the valuation, and states that "the details of the deal are confidential".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/what-we-do/worldwide/bbc-panorama-response-english.pdf|title=BP Response to BBC Panorama Programme|date=6 June 2019|work=BP Press Release|access-date=16 June 2019}}</ref> BP argues that "the amount which would be paid separately by BP to Timis Corporation would be less than one percent of what the Republic of Senegal would receive". Senegal's justice ministry has called an inquiry into the energy contracts.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
=== LGBTQ recognition === | === LGBTQ recognition === | ||
In 2014, BP backed a global study researching challenges for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender employees and for ways that companies can be a "force for change" for LGBT workers around the world.<ref name="FT14">{{cite news |title=BP backs global discrimination research |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6c0d3d2a-924d-11e3-9e43-00144feab7de |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |date=10 February 2014 |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> In 2015, | In 2014, BP backed a global study researching challenges for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender employees and for ways that companies can be a "force for change" for LGBT workers around the world.<ref name="FT14">{{cite news |title=BP backs global discrimination research |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6c0d3d2a-924d-11e3-9e43-00144feab7de |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |date=10 February 2014 |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> In 2015, Reuters wrote that BP is "known for their more liberal policies for gay and transgender workers".<ref name="Driver15">{{cite news |title=Exxon adds discrimination protections in U.S. for LGBT workers |last1=Driver |first1=Anna |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-exxon-lgbt/exxon-adds-discrimination-protections-in-u-s-for-lgbt-workers-idUSKBN0L32D420150130 |newspaper=Reuters |date=30 January 2015 |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> A 2016 article in the ''Houston Chronicle'' said BP was "among the first major companies in the United States to offer LGBT workers equal protection and benefits roughly 20 years ago".<ref>{{cite news |title=In energy sector, coming out 'can put you at risk' |last1=Blum |first1=Jordan |url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/In-energy-sector-coming-out-can-put-you-at-risk-6764343.php |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=16 January 2016 |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> BP scored a 100% on the 2018 Human Rights Campaign's Corporate Equality Index, which was released in 2017, although this was the most common score.<ref name="EqualityIndex18">{{cite web |url=https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/CEI-2018-FullReport.pdf?_ga=2.206231312.2055568906.1510934209-601590341.1510934209 |title=Corporate Equality Index 2018 |publisher=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |access-date=17 November 2017}}</ref> Also in 2017, BP added gender reassignment surgery to its list of benefits for U.S. employees.<ref name="Hunn17">{{cite news |title=BP boosts benefits, includes gender reassignment surgery |last1=Hunn |first1=David |url=http://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/BP-boosts-benefits-includes-gender-reassignment-11172800.php |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=26 May 2017 |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> According to the Human Rights Campaign, BP is one of only a few oil and gas companies offering transgender benefits to its employees.<ref name="Hunn17" /> BP ranked No. 51 on the list of Top 100 employers for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender staff on the 2017 Stonewall Workplace Equality Index.<ref name="SWEI">{{cite web |url=http://www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/top_100_employers_2017-web_0.pdf |title=Stonewall Workplace Equality Index |publisher=Stonewall |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205103741/http://www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/top_100_employers_2017-web_0.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Also in 2017, John Mingé, chairman and president of BP America, signed a letter alongside other Houston oil executives denouncing the proposed "bathroom bill" in Texas.<ref name="Andrews17">{{cite news |title=Houston oil executives join Dallas business leaders in denouncing Texas 'bathroom bill' |last1=Andrews |first1=Travis M. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/08/01/houston-oil-executives-join-dallas-business-leaders-in-denouncing-texas-bathroom-bill/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=1 August 2017 |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> | ||
==Environmental record== | ==Environmental record== | ||
===Climate policy=== | ===Climate policy=== | ||
Prior to 1997, BP was a member of the [[Global Climate Coalition]], an industry organisation established to promote [[global warming scepticism]], but withdrew in 1997, saying "the time to consider the policy dimensions of [[climate change]] is not when the link between [[greenhouse gas]]es and climate change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken seriously by the society of which we are part. We in BP have reached that point.".<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change Speech By John Browne, Group Chief Executive, British Petroleum (BP America) Stanford University, 19 May 1997 |url=http://www.jayhanson.us/page106.htm |work=From Capitalism To Democracy |access-date=28 October 2013 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031153114/https://www.jayhanson.us/page106.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Stanford GSB">{{Cite news|url=http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/community/bmag/sbsm0997/feature_ranks.html |title=Breaking Ranks |publisher=Stanford Graduate School of Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006112452/http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/community/bmag/sbsm0997/feature_ranks.html |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> BP was distinguished as the first multinational outside of the reinsurance industry to publicly support the [[scientific consensus on climate change]], which [[Pew Center on Global Climate Change]] president [[Eileen Claussen]] then described as a transformative moment on the issue.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cornelissen|first=Joep|title=Corporate Communications: Theory and Practice|year=2004|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0761944362|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWVOhNxeLpEC}}</ref> In March 2002, Lord John Browne, the group chief executive of BP that time, declared in a speech that [[global warming]] was real and that urgent action was needed.<ref name=nyt050610>{{cite news |last=Frey |first=Darcy |title=How green is BP? | newspaper = The New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/08/magazine/how-green-is-bp.html |date=8 December 2002 |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> Notwithstanding this, from 1988 to 2015 BP was responsible for 1.53% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name=guardian100717/> In 2015, BP was listed by the UK-based non-profit organisation Influence Map as the fiercest opponent of action on climate change in Europe.<ref name=guardian050610>{{cite news |last= Neslen |first= Arthur | title = BP tops the list of firms obstructing climate action in Europe | newspaper = | Prior to 1997, BP was a member of the [[Global Climate Coalition]], an industry organisation established to promote [[global warming scepticism]], but withdrew in 1997, saying "the time to consider the policy dimensions of [[climate change]] is not when the link between [[greenhouse gas]]es and climate change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken seriously by the society of which we are part. We in BP have reached that point.".<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change Speech By John Browne, Group Chief Executive, British Petroleum (BP America) Stanford University, 19 May 1997 |url=http://www.jayhanson.us/page106.htm |work=From Capitalism To Democracy |access-date=28 October 2013 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031153114/https://www.jayhanson.us/page106.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Stanford GSB">{{Cite news|url=http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/community/bmag/sbsm0997/feature_ranks.html |title=Breaking Ranks |publisher=Stanford Graduate School of Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006112452/http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/community/bmag/sbsm0997/feature_ranks.html |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> BP was distinguished as the first multinational outside of the reinsurance industry to publicly support the [[scientific consensus on climate change]], which [[Pew Center on Global Climate Change]] president [[Eileen Claussen]] then described as a transformative moment on the issue.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cornelissen|first=Joep|title=Corporate Communications: Theory and Practice|year=2004|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0761944362|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWVOhNxeLpEC}}</ref> In March 2002, Lord John Browne, the group chief executive of BP that time, declared in a speech that [[global warming]] was real and that urgent action was needed.<ref name=nyt050610>{{cite news |last=Frey |first=Darcy |title=How green is BP? | newspaper = The New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/08/magazine/how-green-is-bp.html |date=8 December 2002 |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> Notwithstanding this, from 1988 to 2015 BP was responsible for 1.53% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name=guardian100717/> In 2015, BP was listed by the UK-based non-profit organisation Influence Map as the fiercest opponent of action on climate change in Europe.<ref name=guardian050610>{{cite news |last= Neslen |first= Arthur | title = BP tops the list of firms obstructing climate action in Europe | newspaper = The Guardian | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/21/bp-tops-the-list-of-firms-obstructing-climate-action-in-europe |date= 21 September 2015 |access-date = 25 October 2020}}</ref> In 2018, BP was the largest contributor to the campaign opposing [[Washington Initiative 1631|carbon fee initiative 1631]] in Washington State.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Times |first1=Seattle |title=Carbon-fee opponents raise record $25.8M to defeat I-1631 |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/carbon-fee-opponents-raise-record-25-8m-to-defeat-i-1631/ |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> Robert Allendorfer, manager of BP's Cherry Point refinery, wrote the following in a letter to state lawmakers: "[Initiative 1631] would exempt six of the ten largest stationary source emitters in the state, including a coal-fired power plant, an aluminum smelter, and a number of pulp and paper plants."<ref>{{cite news |title=E&E News |url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060095019 |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> According to a 2019 [[The Guardian|Guardian]] ranking, BP was the 6th largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world.<ref name=guardian>{{Cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Matthew|last2=Watts|first2=Jonathan|date=9 October 2019|title=Revealed: the 20 firms behind a third of all carbon emissions | newspaper =The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/09/revealed-20-firms-third-carbon-emissions|access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref> | ||
In February 2020, BP set a goal to cut its greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero by 2050. BP is seeking [[Carbon neutrality|net-zero]] [[carbon emissions]] across its operations and the fuels the company sells, including emissions from cars, homes, and factories.<ref name="LooneyCEO"/><ref name="LAT-Emissions"/><ref name=guardian120220/> Details on the scope of this and how this will be achieved are publicly limited.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marchese|first=David Hodari and Adriano|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bp-wants-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2050-11581517147|title=BP Wants to Become Carbon Neutral by 2050, but Doesn't Say How|date=12 February 2020|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=20 February 2020|issn=0099-9660|url-access=subscription}}</ref> BP said that it is restructuring its operations into four business groups to meet these goals: production and operations; customers and products; gas and low carbon; and innovation and engineering.<ref name="LooneyCEO"/> The company discontinued involvement with [[American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers]], [[Western States Petroleum Association]], and Western Energy Alliance, involved in lobbying government within the United States, because of differences of position on the issue of methane and carbon policies, as a development of this new commitment.<ref name=sky260220/><ref name=bloomberg260220/> However, an investigation conducted by Unearthed, an investigations unit of [[Greenpeace UK]], and [[HuffPost]] unveiled eight anti-climate trade associations BP failed to disclose, including Alliance of Western Energy Consumers, [[Texas Oil and Gas Association]], [[Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association]], and the [[Business Council of Australia]], among others.<ref name=huffpost280920/> | In February 2020, BP set a goal to cut its greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero by 2050. BP is seeking [[Carbon neutrality|net-zero]] [[carbon emissions]] across its operations and the fuels the company sells, including emissions from cars, homes, and factories.<ref name="LooneyCEO"/><ref name="LAT-Emissions"/><ref name=guardian120220/> Details on the scope of this and how this will be achieved are publicly limited.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marchese|first=David Hodari and Adriano|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bp-wants-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2050-11581517147|title=BP Wants to Become Carbon Neutral by 2050, but Doesn't Say How|date=12 February 2020|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=20 February 2020|issn=0099-9660|url-access=subscription}}</ref> BP said that it is restructuring its operations into four business groups to meet these goals: production and operations; customers and products; gas and low carbon; and innovation and engineering.<ref name="LooneyCEO"/> The company discontinued involvement with [[American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers]], [[Western States Petroleum Association]], and Western Energy Alliance, involved in lobbying government within the United States, because of differences of position on the issue of methane and carbon policies, as a development of this new commitment.<ref name=sky260220/><ref name=bloomberg260220/> However, an investigation conducted by Unearthed, an investigations unit of [[Greenpeace UK]], and [[HuffPost]] unveiled eight anti-climate trade associations BP failed to disclose, including Alliance of Western Energy Consumers, [[Texas Oil and Gas Association]], [[Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association]], and the [[Business Council of Australia]], among others.<ref name=huffpost280920/> | ||
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In December 2022, [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform|U.S. House Oversight and Reform Committee]] Chair [[Carolyn Maloney]] and [[United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Environment|U.S. House Oversight Environment Subcommittee]] Chair [[Ro Khanna]] sent a memorandum to all House Oversight and Reform Committee members summarizing additional findings from the Committee's investigation into the fossil fuel industry disinformation campaign to obscure the role of fossil fuels in causing global warming, and that upon reviewing internal company documents, accused BP along with [[ExxonMobil]], [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], and [[Shell plc|Shell]] of [[greenwashing]] their [[Paris Agreement]] [[carbon neutrality]] pledges while continuing long-term investment in fossil fuel production and sales, for engaging in a campaign to promote the use of natural gas as a clean energy source and bridge fuel to renewable energy, and of intimidating journalists reporting about the companies' climate actions and of obstructing the Committee's investigation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clifford|first=Catherine|date=9 December 2022|title=Democratic lawmakers accuse big oil companies of 'greenwashing'|publisher=[[CNBC]]|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/09/democratic-lawmakers-accuse-big-oil-of-greenwashing.html|access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last1=Maloney|first1=Carolyn|last2=Khanna|first2=Ro|title=MEMORANDUM – Re: Investigation of Fossil Fuel Industry Disinformation|date=9 December 2022|publisher=U.S. House Oversight and Reform Committee|url=https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2022-12-09.COR_Supplemental_Memo-Fossil_Fuel_Industry_Disinformation.pdf|access-date=10 December 2022|archive-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228070207/https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2022-12-09.COR_Supplemental_Memo-Fossil_Fuel_Industry_Disinformation.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode|title=The Power of Big Oil|title-link=The Power of Big Oil|series=FRONTLINE|series-link=Frontline (American TV program)|network=[[PBS]]|station=[[WGBH-TV|WGBH]]|season=40|number=10–12|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/the-power-of-big-oil/|access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> | In December 2022, [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform|U.S. House Oversight and Reform Committee]] Chair [[Carolyn Maloney]] and [[United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Environment|U.S. House Oversight Environment Subcommittee]] Chair [[Ro Khanna]] sent a memorandum to all House Oversight and Reform Committee members summarizing additional findings from the Committee's investigation into the fossil fuel industry disinformation campaign to obscure the role of fossil fuels in causing global warming, and that upon reviewing internal company documents, accused BP along with [[ExxonMobil]], [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], and [[Shell plc|Shell]] of [[greenwashing]] their [[Paris Agreement]] [[carbon neutrality]] pledges while continuing long-term investment in fossil fuel production and sales, for engaging in a campaign to promote the use of natural gas as a clean energy source and bridge fuel to renewable energy, and of intimidating journalists reporting about the companies' climate actions and of obstructing the Committee's investigation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clifford|first=Catherine|date=9 December 2022|title=Democratic lawmakers accuse big oil companies of 'greenwashing'|publisher=[[CNBC]]|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/09/democratic-lawmakers-accuse-big-oil-of-greenwashing.html|access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last1=Maloney|first1=Carolyn|last2=Khanna|first2=Ro|title=MEMORANDUM – Re: Investigation of Fossil Fuel Industry Disinformation|date=9 December 2022|publisher=U.S. House Oversight and Reform Committee|url=https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2022-12-09.COR_Supplemental_Memo-Fossil_Fuel_Industry_Disinformation.pdf|access-date=10 December 2022|archive-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228070207/https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2022-12-09.COR_Supplemental_Memo-Fossil_Fuel_Industry_Disinformation.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode|title=The Power of Big Oil|title-link=The Power of Big Oil|series=FRONTLINE|series-link=Frontline (American TV program)|network=[[PBS]]|station=[[WGBH-TV|WGBH]]|season=40|number=10–12|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/the-power-of-big-oil/|access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> | ||
After initially pledging to reduce its emissions by 35% by 2030, BP stated in 2023 that it would aim for a 20-30% reduction instead.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Noor |first=Dharna |date=16 July 2023 |title=Big oil quietly walks back on climate pledges as global heat records tumble |language=en-GB |work= | After initially pledging to reduce its emissions by 35% by 2030, BP stated in 2023 that it would aim for a 20-30% reduction instead.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Noor |first=Dharna |date=16 July 2023 |title=Big oil quietly walks back on climate pledges as global heat records tumble |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jul/16/big-oil-climate-pledges-extreme-heat-fossil-fuel |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> | ||
=== Indigenous rights === | === Indigenous rights === | ||
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In 2006, a group of [[Colombia]]n farmers reached a multimillion-dollar out-of-court settlement with BP for alleged environmental damage caused by the [[Ocensa pipeline]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Verkaik |first=Robert |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115444/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2008 |title=BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers – Americas – World |work=[[The Independent]]|date=22 July 2006 |access-date=26 April 2013 |location=London}}</ref> The company was accused of benefiting from a regime of terror carried out by Colombian government paramilitaries to protect the {{convert|450|mi|km|adj=on}} Ocensa pipeline; BP said throughout that it has acted responsibly and that landowners were fairly compensated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html|title=BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers |work=[[The Independent]] |location=London |date=22 July 2006 |access-date=5 June 2010 | first=Robert | last=Verkaik| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100617065629/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html| archive-date= 17 June 2010 |url-status = dead}}</ref> | In 2006, a group of [[Colombia]]n farmers reached a multimillion-dollar out-of-court settlement with BP for alleged environmental damage caused by the [[Ocensa pipeline]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Verkaik |first=Robert |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115444/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2008 |title=BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers – Americas – World |work=[[The Independent]]|date=22 July 2006 |access-date=26 April 2013 |location=London}}</ref> The company was accused of benefiting from a regime of terror carried out by Colombian government paramilitaries to protect the {{convert|450|mi|km|adj=on}} Ocensa pipeline; BP said throughout that it has acted responsibly and that landowners were fairly compensated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html|title=BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers |work=[[The Independent]] |location=London |date=22 July 2006 |access-date=5 June 2010 | first=Robert | last=Verkaik| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100617065629/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html| archive-date= 17 June 2010 |url-status = dead}}</ref> | ||
In 2009, another group of 95 Colombian farmers filed a suit against BP, saying the company's Ocensa pipeline caused landslides and damage to soil and groundwater, affecting crops, livestock, and contaminating water supplies, making fish ponds unsustainable. Most of the land traversed by the pipeline was owned by peasant farmers who were illiterate and unable to read the environmental impact assessment conducted by BP prior to construction, which acknowledged significant and widespread risks of damage to the land.<ref>{{cite news|author=Diane Taylor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/11/colombia-farmers-sue-bp-pipeline |title=BP faces damages claim over pipeline through Colombian farmland |work= | In 2009, another group of 95 Colombian farmers filed a suit against BP, saying the company's Ocensa pipeline caused landslides and damage to soil and groundwater, affecting crops, livestock, and contaminating water supplies, making fish ponds unsustainable. Most of the land traversed by the pipeline was owned by peasant farmers who were illiterate and unable to read the environmental impact assessment conducted by BP prior to construction, which acknowledged significant and widespread risks of damage to the land.<ref>{{cite news|author=Diane Taylor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/11/colombia-farmers-sue-bp-pipeline |title=BP faces damages claim over pipeline through Colombian farmland |work=The Guardian |access-date=26 April 2013 |location=London |date=11 November 2009}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia]] handed down a judgement rejecting the case in August 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hsfnotes.com/litigation/2016/08/11/judgment-handed-down-in-long-running-class-action-regarding-the-ocensa-pipeline-in-colombia/|title=Judgment handed down in long-running class action regarding the Ocensa pipeline in Colombia|date=11 August 2016|publisher=Herbert Smith Freehills|access-date=26 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
===Canadian oil sands=== | ===Canadian oil sands=== | ||
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On 30 October 2009, the US [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA) fined BP an additional $87 million, the largest fine in OSHA history, for failing to correct safety hazards documented in the 2005 explosion. Inspectors found 270 safety violations that had been cited but not fixed and 439 new violations. BP appealed the fine.<ref name="McClatchy Washington Bureau"/><ref>Associated Press, "BP fined record $87 million for safety breaches", 31 October 2009.</ref> In July 2012, the company agreed to pay $13 million to settle the new violations. At that time OSHA found "no imminent dangers" at the Texas plant. Thirty violations remained under discussion.<ref name=reuters120712> | On 30 October 2009, the US [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA) fined BP an additional $87 million, the largest fine in OSHA history, for failing to correct safety hazards documented in the 2005 explosion. Inspectors found 270 safety violations that had been cited but not fixed and 439 new violations. BP appealed the fine.<ref name="McClatchy Washington Bureau"/><ref>Associated Press, "BP fined record $87 million for safety breaches", 31 October 2009.</ref> In July 2012, the company agreed to pay $13 million to settle the new violations. At that time OSHA found "no imminent dangers" at the Texas plant. Thirty violations remained under discussion.<ref name=reuters120712> | ||
{{cite news | {{cite news | ||
| work= | | work=Reuters | ||
| title = BP pays $13 mln to settle Texas refinery safety probe | | title = BP pays $13 mln to settle Texas refinery safety probe | ||
| url= https://www.reuters.com/article/refinery-bp-osha-idUSL2E8IC7YW20120712 | | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/refinery-bp-osha-idUSL2E8IC7YW20120712 | ||
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[[File:Aerial view of prudhoe bay.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Prudhoe Bay]] | [[File:Aerial view of prudhoe bay.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Prudhoe Bay]] | ||
In March 2006, corrosion of a BP Exploration Alaska (BPXA) oil transit pipeline in [[Prudhoe Bay]] transporting oil to the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System|Trans-Alaska Pipeline]] led to a five-day leak and the largest oil spill on [[Alaska North Slope|Alaska's North Slope]].<ref name="Roach2006" /> According to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC), a total of {{convert|212252|USgal|oilbbl m3}} of oil was spilled, covering {{convert|2|acre}} of the North Slope.<ref name="ADECMar2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.dec.state.ak.us/SPAR/PERP/response/sum_fy06/060302301/sitreps/060302301_sr_23.pdf |title=GC-2 Oil Transit Line Release Situation Report |date=28 March 2008 |work=dec.state.ak.us |publisher=Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> BP admitted that cost-cutting measures had resulted in a lapse in monitoring and maintenance of the pipeline and the consequent leak. At the moment of the leak, [[pipeline inspection gauges]] (known as "pigs") had not been run through the pipeline since 1998.<ref name="Rosen2007"/><ref name="Baltimore2007">{{cite news |title=BP admits budget a factor in Alaska spill |first1=Chris |last1=Baltimore |first2=Robert |last2=Campbell |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-alaska-congress/bp-admits-budget-a-factor-in-alaska-spill-idUKN1619278420070516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802152233/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-alaska-congress/bp-admits-budget-a-factor-in-alaska-spill-idUKN1619278420070516 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 August 2020 |work= | In March 2006, corrosion of a BP Exploration Alaska (BPXA) oil transit pipeline in [[Prudhoe Bay]] transporting oil to the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System|Trans-Alaska Pipeline]] led to a five-day leak and the largest oil spill on [[Alaska North Slope|Alaska's North Slope]].<ref name="Roach2006" /> According to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC), a total of {{convert|212252|USgal|oilbbl m3}} of oil was spilled, covering {{convert|2|acre}} of the North Slope.<ref name="ADECMar2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.dec.state.ak.us/SPAR/PERP/response/sum_fy06/060302301/sitreps/060302301_sr_23.pdf |title=GC-2 Oil Transit Line Release Situation Report |date=28 March 2008 |work=dec.state.ak.us |publisher=Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> BP admitted that cost-cutting measures had resulted in a lapse in monitoring and maintenance of the pipeline and the consequent leak. At the moment of the leak, [[pipeline inspection gauges]] (known as "pigs") had not been run through the pipeline since 1998.<ref name="Rosen2007"/><ref name="Baltimore2007">{{cite news |title=BP admits budget a factor in Alaska spill |first1=Chris |last1=Baltimore |first2=Robert |last2=Campbell |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-alaska-congress/bp-admits-budget-a-factor-in-alaska-spill-idUKN1619278420070516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802152233/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-alaska-congress/bp-admits-budget-a-factor-in-alaska-spill-idUKN1619278420070516 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 August 2020 |work=Reuters |date=16 May 2007 |access-date=21 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Andrew Clark in New York |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/may/01/energy.business |title=BP accused of 'draconian' cost cuts prior to Alaskan pipeline spill |work=The Guardian |date= 1 May 2007|access-date=5 June 2010 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/10/16/8388595/index.htm |title=Can BP bounce back? A disastrous leak. A deadly explosion. CEO John Browne must turn his troubled oil giant around, but time is running out. |last=Schwartz |first=Nelson D. |date=31 October 2006 |journal=Fortune |publisher=CNN |access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref> BP completed the clean-up of the spill by May 2006, including removal of contaminated gravel and vegetation, which was replaced with new material from the Arctic tundra.<ref name="ADECMar2008"/><ref name="Benschoten2006">{{cite news |title=BP Prudhoe Bay Oil Leak Cleanup Completed |author=Andrea Lyn Van Benschoten |url=http://www.manufacturing.net/articles/2006/05/bp-prudhoe-bay-oil-leak-cleanup-completed?menuid=272 |publisher=Manufacturing.net |date=22 May 2006 |access-date=22 January 2013}}</ref> | ||
Following the spill, the company was ordered by regulators to inspect the {{convert|35|km}} of pipelines in Prudhoe Bay using "smart pigs".<ref name="Kleiner2006">{{cite news |title=Bacteria may have eaten through Alaskan oil pipe |author=Kurt Kleiner |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9703-bacteria-may-have-eaten-through-alaskan-oil-pipe.html |work=New Scientist |date=9 August 2006 |access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> In late July 2006, the "smart pigs" monitoring the pipelines found 16 places where corrosion had thinned pipeline walls. A BP crew sent to inspect the pipe in early August discovered a leak and small spill,<ref name="Kleiner2006"/><ref name="Isidore2006">{{cite news |title=New worry for drivers: BP shuts oilfield |author=Chris Isidore |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/08/07/news/international/oil_alaska/ |publisher=CNN|date=8 August 2006 |access-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> following which, BP announced that the eastern portion of the Alaskan field would be shut down for repairs on the pipeline,<ref name="Isidore2006"/><ref name="Zibel2007">{{cite news |title=BP shuts 100,000 barrels of Alaska oil |author=Alan Zibel |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-05-22-2959368754_x.htm |work= | Following the spill, the company was ordered by regulators to inspect the {{convert|35|km}} of pipelines in Prudhoe Bay using "smart pigs".<ref name="Kleiner2006">{{cite news |title=Bacteria may have eaten through Alaskan oil pipe |author=Kurt Kleiner |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9703-bacteria-may-have-eaten-through-alaskan-oil-pipe.html |work=New Scientist |date=9 August 2006 |access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> In late July 2006, the "smart pigs" monitoring the pipelines found 16 places where corrosion had thinned pipeline walls. A BP crew sent to inspect the pipe in early August discovered a leak and small spill,<ref name="Kleiner2006"/><ref name="Isidore2006">{{cite news |title=New worry for drivers: BP shuts oilfield |author=Chris Isidore |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/08/07/news/international/oil_alaska/ |publisher=CNN|date=8 August 2006 |access-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> following which, BP announced that the eastern portion of the Alaskan field would be shut down for repairs on the pipeline,<ref name="Isidore2006"/><ref name="Zibel2007">{{cite news |title=BP shuts 100,000 barrels of Alaska oil |author=Alan Zibel |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-05-22-2959368754_x.htm |work=USA Today |date=22 May 2007 |access-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> with approval from the [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]]. The shutdown resulted in a reduction of {{convert|200000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} until work began to bring the eastern field to full production on 2 October 2006.<ref name="Alaska Update">{{Cite news|url=http://usresponse.bp.com/go/doc/1249/132386/ |title=Alaska Update |publisher=BP |date=2 October 2006|id={{subscription required}}}}</ref> In total, {{convert|23|oilbbl|m3}} of oil were spilled and {{convert|176|oilbbl|m3}} were "contained and recovered", according to ADEC. The spill was cleaned up and there was no impact upon wildlife.<ref name="ADECAug2006">{{cite web |url=http://dec.alaska.gov/spar/perp/response/sum_fy07/060806301/060806301_sr_05.pdf |title=Flow Station 2 Transit Oil Line Release Situation Report |date=14 August 2006 |work=dec.state.ak.us |publisher=Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802021119/https://dec.alaska.gov/spar/ppr/response/sum_fy07/060806301/060806301_sr_05.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
After the shutdown, BP pledged to replace {{convert|26|km}} of its Alaskan oil transit pipelines<ref name="Nelson2007">{{cite news |title=BP replacing entire transit system |author=Kristen Nelson |url=http://www.petroleumnews.com/pntruncate/954556022.shtml |work=Petroleum News |date=18 February 2007 |access-date=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="HeraldMar2008">{{cite news|title=BP to start replacing Alaska pipelines |url=http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/calgarybusiness/story.html?id=afa03605-518e-4450-844b-234254a762ed |work=Calgary Herald |date=1 March 2008 |access-date=22 January 2013 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521044758/http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/calgarybusiness/story.html?id=afa03605-518e-4450-844b-234254a762ed |archive-date=21 May 2013 }}</ref> and the company completed work on the {{convert|16|mi}} of new pipeline by the end of 2008.<ref name="BPPrudhoeBayFact">{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/A/abp_wwd_alaska_prudhoe_bay_fact_sheet.pdf |title=Greater Prudhoe Bay |year=2012 |publisher=BP |access-date=22 January 2013 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229141741/http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/A/abp_wwd_alaska_prudhoe_bay_fact_sheet.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2010 }}</ref> In November 2007, BP Exploration, Alaska pleaded guilty to negligent discharge of oil, a misdemeanour under the federal [[Clean Water Act]] and was fined US$20 million.<ref name="corrosion">[http://puc.sd.gov/commission/dockets/hydrocarbonpipeline/2007/Hp07-001/webexhibit8.pdf "BP fined $20 million for pipeline corrosion"], [[Anchorage Daily News]], 26 October 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2007.</ref> There was no charge brought for the smaller spill in August 2006 due to BP's quick response and clean-up.<ref name="Rosen2007">{{cite news |title=BP set to plead in Prudhoe Bay pipeline case |first=Yereth | last=Rosen |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-alaska/bp-set-to-plead-in-prudhoe-bay-pipeline-case-idUKN2864909420071129 | work= | After the shutdown, BP pledged to replace {{convert|26|km}} of its Alaskan oil transit pipelines<ref name="Nelson2007">{{cite news |title=BP replacing entire transit system |author=Kristen Nelson |url=http://www.petroleumnews.com/pntruncate/954556022.shtml |work=Petroleum News |date=18 February 2007 |access-date=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="HeraldMar2008">{{cite news|title=BP to start replacing Alaska pipelines |url=http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/calgarybusiness/story.html?id=afa03605-518e-4450-844b-234254a762ed |work=Calgary Herald |date=1 March 2008 |access-date=22 January 2013 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521044758/http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/calgarybusiness/story.html?id=afa03605-518e-4450-844b-234254a762ed |archive-date=21 May 2013 }}</ref> and the company completed work on the {{convert|16|mi}} of new pipeline by the end of 2008.<ref name="BPPrudhoeBayFact">{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/A/abp_wwd_alaska_prudhoe_bay_fact_sheet.pdf |title=Greater Prudhoe Bay |year=2012 |publisher=BP |access-date=22 January 2013 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229141741/http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/A/abp_wwd_alaska_prudhoe_bay_fact_sheet.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2010 }}</ref> In November 2007, BP Exploration, Alaska pleaded guilty to negligent discharge of oil, a misdemeanour under the federal [[Clean Water Act]] and was fined US$20 million.<ref name="corrosion">[http://puc.sd.gov/commission/dockets/hydrocarbonpipeline/2007/Hp07-001/webexhibit8.pdf "BP fined $20 million for pipeline corrosion"], [[Anchorage Daily News]], 26 October 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2007.</ref> There was no charge brought for the smaller spill in August 2006 due to BP's quick response and clean-up.<ref name="Rosen2007">{{cite news |title=BP set to plead in Prudhoe Bay pipeline case |first=Yereth | last=Rosen |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-alaska/bp-set-to-plead-in-prudhoe-bay-pipeline-case-idUKN2864909420071129 | work=Reuters|date=29 November 2007 |access-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> On 16 October 2007, ADEC officials reported a "toxic spill" from a BP pipeline in Prudhoe Bay comprising {{convert|2000|USgal}} of primarily [[methanol|methanol (methyl alcohol)]] mixed with crude oil and water, which spilled onto a gravel pad and frozen tundra pond.<ref name="ktuu">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S=7221594 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113155521/http://www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S=7221594 |archive-date=13 November 2007 |title=Methanol and crude spill from Prudhoe Bay pipeline |publisher=2 News KTUU.com |agency=Associated Press |date=16 October 2007 |access-date=11 June 2010}}</ref> | ||
In the settlement of a civil suit, in July 2011 investigators from the U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration determined that the 2006 spills were a result of BPXA's failure to properly inspect and maintain the pipeline to prevent corrosion. The government issued a Corrective Action Order to BP XA that addressed the pipeline's risks and ordered pipeline repair or replacement. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had investigated the extent of the oil spills and oversaw BPXA's cleanup. When BP XA did not fully comply with the terms of the corrective action, a complaint was filed in March 2009 alleging violations of the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act and the Pipeline Safety Act. In July 2011, the U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska entered a consent decree between the United States and BPXA resolving the government's claims. Under the consent decree, BPXA paid a $25 million civil penalty, the largest per-barrel penalty at that time for an oil spill, and agreed to take measures to significantly improve inspection and maintenance of its pipeline infrastructure on the North Slope to reduce the threat of additional oil spills.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/enrd/5812.htm|title=USDOJ: Environment and Natural Resources Division : U.S. v. BP Exploration & Production, Inc. (D. La.)|work=justice.gov|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729130124/https://www.justice.gov/enrd/us-v-bp-exploration-production-inc-d-la|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=APMay32011>{{cite news| newspaper = [[The Washington Examiner]] |title=BP agrees to $25M penalty for 2006 Alaska spills|url= http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/bp-agrees-to-25m-penalty-for-2006-alaska-spills/article/113593 |access-date=17 September 2017|date=3 May 2011}}</ref> | In the settlement of a civil suit, in July 2011 investigators from the U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration determined that the 2006 spills were a result of BPXA's failure to properly inspect and maintain the pipeline to prevent corrosion. The government issued a Corrective Action Order to BP XA that addressed the pipeline's risks and ordered pipeline repair or replacement. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had investigated the extent of the oil spills and oversaw BPXA's cleanup. When BP XA did not fully comply with the terms of the corrective action, a complaint was filed in March 2009 alleging violations of the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act and the Pipeline Safety Act. In July 2011, the U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska entered a consent decree between the United States and BPXA resolving the government's claims. Under the consent decree, BPXA paid a $25 million civil penalty, the largest per-barrel penalty at that time for an oil spill, and agreed to take measures to significantly improve inspection and maintenance of its pipeline infrastructure on the North Slope to reduce the threat of additional oil spills.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/enrd/5812.htm|title=USDOJ: Environment and Natural Resources Division : U.S. v. BP Exploration & Production, Inc. (D. La.)|work=justice.gov|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729130124/https://www.justice.gov/enrd/us-v-bp-exploration-production-inc-d-la|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=APMay32011>{{cite news| newspaper = [[The Washington Examiner]] |title=BP agrees to $25M penalty for 2006 Alaska spills|url= http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/bp-agrees-to-25m-penalty-for-2006-alaska-spills/article/113593 |access-date=17 September 2017|date=3 May 2011}}</ref> | ||
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| access-date = 1 July 2012}} | | access-date = 1 July 2012}} | ||
</ref><ref name=time181210> | </ref><ref name=time181210> | ||
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| author = US Embassy in Azerbaijan | | author = US Embassy in Azerbaijan | ||
| newspaper = | | newspaper = The Guardian | ||
| access-date = 1 July 2012}} | | access-date = 1 July 2012}} | ||
</ref> Production at the West Azeri Platform resumed on 9 October 2008 and at the Central Azeri Platform in December 2008.<ref name=reuters101008> | </ref> Production at the West Azeri Platform resumed on 9 October 2008 and at the Central Azeri Platform in December 2008.<ref name=reuters101008> | ||
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| access-date = 1 July 2012}} | | access-date = 1 July 2012}} | ||
</ref><ref name=reuters231208> | </ref><ref name=reuters231208> | ||
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| work= | | work= Reuters | ||
| access-date = 1 July 2012}} | | access-date = 1 July 2012}} | ||
</ref> According to leaked US Embassy cables, BP had been "exceptionally circumspect in disseminating information" and showed that BP thought the cause for the blowout was a bad cement job. The cables further said that some of BP's ACG partners complained that the company was so secretive that it was withholding information even from them.<ref name=time181210/><ref>{{Cite news|title=WikiLeaks cables: BP suffered blowout on Azerbaijan gas platform |author=Tim Webb |work= | </ref> According to leaked US Embassy cables, BP had been "exceptionally circumspect in disseminating information" and showed that BP thought the cause for the blowout was a bad cement job. The cables further said that some of BP's ACG partners complained that the company was so secretive that it was withholding information even from them.<ref name=time181210/><ref>{{Cite news|title=WikiLeaks cables: BP suffered blowout on Azerbaijan gas platform |author=Tim Webb |work=The Guardian|location=UK |date=16 December 2010 |access-date=16 December 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/15/wikileaks-bp-azerbaijan-gulf-spill | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101216102041/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/15/wikileaks-bp-azerbaijan-gulf-spill| archive-date= 16 December 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=wikileaks150109> | ||
{{cite report | {{cite report | ||
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/187280 | | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/187280 | ||
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| date = 15 January 2009 | | date = 15 January 2009 | ||
| author = US Embassy in Azerbaijan | | author = US Embassy in Azerbaijan | ||
| newspaper = | | newspaper = The Guardian | ||
| access-date = 1 July 2012}} | | access-date = 1 July 2012}} | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
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| title = BP Deepwater Horizon costs balloon to $65 billion | | title = BP Deepwater Horizon costs balloon to $65 billion | ||
| last1 = Bousso | first1 = Ron | | last1 = Bousso | first1 = Ron | ||
| work= | | work=Reuters | ||
| date = 16 January 2018 | | date = 16 January 2018 | ||
| access-date = 31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116133342/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-deepwaterhorizon/bp-deepwater-horizon-costs-balloon-to-65-billion-idUKKBN1F50O6|archive-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=ft010518> | | access-date = 31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116133342/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-deepwaterhorizon/bp-deepwater-horizon-costs-balloon-to-65-billion-idUKKBN1F50O6|archive-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=ft010518> | ||
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</ref> On 20 April 2010, the semi-submersible exploratory offshore drilling rig ''[[Deepwater Horizon]]'' located in the [[Macondo Prospect]] in the Gulf of Mexico [[Deepwater Horizon explosion|exploded]] after a [[Blowout (well drilling)|blowout]]. After burning for two days, the rig sank. The well was finally capped on 15 July 2010. Of {{convert|4.9|Moilbbl|MUSgal m3}} of leaked oil {{convert|810000|oilbbl|MUSgal m3}} was collected or burned while {{convert|4.1|Moilbbl|MUSgal m3}} entered the Gulf waters.<ref name=reuters220213>{{cite news | url= https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bp-spill/u-s-gulf-coast-oil-spillers-about-to-face-day-in-court-idUSBRE91K1CJ20130222 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200727043632/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bp-spill/u-s-gulf-coast-oil-spillers-about-to-face-day-in-court-idUSBRE91K1CJ20130222 | url-status= dead | archive-date= 27 July 2020 |title= U.S. Gulf Coast oil spillers about to face day in court | first1 = Kristen | last1 = Hays | first2 = Braden | last2 = Reddall | work= | </ref> On 20 April 2010, the semi-submersible exploratory offshore drilling rig ''[[Deepwater Horizon]]'' located in the [[Macondo Prospect]] in the Gulf of Mexico [[Deepwater Horizon explosion|exploded]] after a [[Blowout (well drilling)|blowout]]. After burning for two days, the rig sank. The well was finally capped on 15 July 2010. Of {{convert|4.9|Moilbbl|MUSgal m3}} of leaked oil {{convert|810000|oilbbl|MUSgal m3}} was collected or burned while {{convert|4.1|Moilbbl|MUSgal m3}} entered the Gulf waters.<ref name=reuters220213>{{cite news | url= https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bp-spill/u-s-gulf-coast-oil-spillers-about-to-face-day-in-court-idUSBRE91K1CJ20130222 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200727043632/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bp-spill/u-s-gulf-coast-oil-spillers-about-to-face-day-in-court-idUSBRE91K1CJ20130222 | url-status= dead | archive-date= 27 July 2020 |title= U.S. Gulf Coast oil spillers about to face day in court | first1 = Kristen | last1 = Hays | first2 = Braden | last2 = Reddall | work=Reuters |date=22 February 2013 |access-date = 7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=chron270413>{{cite news | url = http://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/BP-seeks-to-spread-blame-as-first-phase-of-spill-4443183.php |title= BP seeks to spread blame as first phase of spill trial ends | first1 = Harry R. | last1 = Weber | newspaper = [[Houston Chronicle]] |date=27 April 2013 | access-date = 7 June 2013}}</ref> {{convert|1.8|e6USgal|m3}} of [[Corexit]] dispersant was applied.<ref>{{cite news|title=US to give BP evidence on size of Gulf oil spill |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bp-oilspill/u-s-to-give-bp-evidence-on-size-of-gulf-oil-spill-idUSBRE83A1FR20120411| first=Jonathan |last=Stempel | work = Reuters| date= 11 April 2012 |access-date = 17 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= One Year After BP Oil Spill, At Least 1.1 Million Barrels Still Missing |url= http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=one-year-after-bp-oil-spill-millions-of-barrels-oil-missing |newspaper= Scientific American |first= David |last= Biello |date= 25 April 2011 |access-date= 17 November 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121114075809/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=one-year-after-bp-oil-spill-millions-of-barrels-oil-missing |archive-date= 14 November 2012 |url-status = dead|df= dmy-all }}</ref> | ||
The spill had a strong economic impact on the [[Gulf Coast]]'s economy sectors such as fishing and tourism.<ref name=bloomberg070313/> | The spill had a strong economic impact on the [[Gulf Coast]]'s economy sectors such as fishing and tourism.<ref name=bloomberg070313/> | ||
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| doi-access = free | | doi-access = free | ||
}} | }} | ||
</ref> Researchers say the oil and dispersant mixture, including [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|PAHs]], permeated the [[food chain]] through [[zooplankton]].<ref name="AutoBB-174">{{cite news|last=Schneyer |first=Joshua |url= https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-oil-spill-carcinogens/u-s-oil-spill-waters-contain-carcinogens-report-idUSTRE68T6FS20100930 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180905070649/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-oil-spill-carcinogens/u-s-oil-spill-waters-contain-carcinogens-report-idUSTRE68T6FS20100930 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 5 September 2018 |title=U.S. oil spill waters contain carcinogens: report |work= | </ref> Researchers say the oil and dispersant mixture, including [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|PAHs]], permeated the [[food chain]] through [[zooplankton]].<ref name="AutoBB-174">{{cite news|last=Schneyer |first=Joshua |url= https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-oil-spill-carcinogens/u-s-oil-spill-waters-contain-carcinogens-report-idUSTRE68T6FS20100930 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180905070649/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-oil-spill-carcinogens/u-s-oil-spill-waters-contain-carcinogens-report-idUSTRE68T6FS20100930 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 5 September 2018 |title=U.S. oil spill waters contain carcinogens: report |work=Reuters|date=27 September 2010 |access-date=1 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="ortmann">{{cite journal | title= Dispersed Oil Disrupts Microbial Pathways in Pelagic Food Webs | first1 = Alice C. | last1 = Ortmann | first2 = Jennifer |last2 = Anders | first3 = Naomi | last3 = Shelton | first4 = Limin | last4 =Gong | first5 = Anthony G. | last5 = Moss | first6 = Robert H. | last6 = Condon | journal = [[PLOS One]] |date=July 2012 | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0042548 | pmid = 22860136 | id =e42548 | pages = e42548 | pmc=3409195| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...742548O | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="AutoBB-187">{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120320142100.htm |title=Oil from Deepwater Horizon disaster entered food chain in the Gulf of Mexico |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=39 |pages=n/a |doi=10.1029/2011GL049505 |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=20 March 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012|last1=Mitra |first1=Siddhartha |last2=Kimmel |first2=David G. |last3=Snyder |first3=Jessica |last4=Scalise |first4=Kimberly |last5=McGlaughon |first5=Benjamin D. |last6=Roman |first6=Michael R. |last7=Jahn |first7=Ginger L. |last8=Pierson |first8=James J. |last9=Brandt |first9=Stephen B. |last10=Montoya |first10=Joseph P. |last11=Rosenbauer |first11=Robert J. |last12=Lorenson |first12=Thomas D. |last13=Wong |first13=Florence L. |last14=Campbell |first14=Pamela L. |issue=1 |hdl=10342/4283 |hdl-access=free |bibcode=2012GeoRL..39.1605M |s2cid=46759667 }}</ref> Toxicological effects have been documented in [[benthic]] and [[pelagic]] fish, [[estuarine]] communities, mammals, birds and turtles, deep-water corals, plankton, [[foraminifera]], and microbial communities. Effects on different populations consist of increased mortality or as sub-lethal impairment on the organisms' ability to forage, reproduce and avoid predators.<ref name=ainsworth/> In 2013, it was reported that dolphins and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.seeker.com/record-dolphin-sea-turtle-deaths-since-gulf-spill-1767378408.html |title=Record Dolphin, Sea Turtle Deaths Since Gulf Spill|work=DNews|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> and half the [[dolphin]]s examined in a December 2013 study were seriously ill or dying. BP said the report was "inconclusive as to any causation associated with the spill."<ref name="dolphins-huffpo-2-14">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/02/12/bp-oil-spill-dolphins_n_4774754.html | title=BP Oil Spill: Dolphins Plagued By Death, Disease Years After Rig Explosion | work=[[HuffPost]] | date=12 February 2014 | access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Independent-dolphins-2-14">{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/dolphins-suffering-miscarriage-lung-disease-losing-teeth-after-bp-oil-spill-researchers-claim-9134045.html | title=Dolphins 'suffering miscarriage, lung disease, losing teeth after BP oil spill' researchers claim | work=[[The Independent]] | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=17 February 2014 | author=Gander, Kashmira | location=London}}</ref> | ||
Studies in 2013 suggested that as much as one-third of the released oil remains in the gulf. Further research suggested that the oil on the bottom of the seafloor was not degrading.<ref name="bathtub">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/study-dirty-bathtub-buried-oil-from-bp-spill/|title=Study: "Dirty bathtub" buried oil from BP spill|date=29 January 2013|work=cbsnews.com|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Oil in affected coastal areas increased erosion due to the death of mangrove trees and marsh grass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/|title=UT experts: BP oil spill gone from deep ocean, but remains in marshes|author=Megan Boehnke|work=KNS|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=28 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228050330/http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dermansky 4-20-13">{{cite news|last=Dermansky|first=Julie|title=Three Years After the BP Spill, Tar Balls and Oil Sheen Blight Gulf Coast|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/04/three-years-after-the-bp-spill-tar-balls-and-oil-sheen-blight-gulf-coast/275139/|access-date=29 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Degradation and resilience in Louisiana salt marshes after the BP–Deepwater Horizon oil spill|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=109|issue=28|pages=11234–11239|doi=10.1073/pnas.1204922109|pmid=22733752|pmc=3396483|year=2012|last1=Silliman|first1=B. R.|last2=Van De Koppel|first2=J.|last3=McCoy|first3=M. W.|last4=Diller|first4=J.|last5=Kasozi|first5=G. N.|last6=Earl|first6=K.|last7=Adams|first7=P. N.|last8=Zimmerman|first8=A. R.|bibcode=2012PNAS..10911234S|doi-access=free}}{{dead link|date=May 2018}}</ref> | Studies in 2013 suggested that as much as one-third of the released oil remains in the gulf. Further research suggested that the oil on the bottom of the seafloor was not degrading.<ref name="bathtub">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/study-dirty-bathtub-buried-oil-from-bp-spill/|title=Study: "Dirty bathtub" buried oil from BP spill|date=29 January 2013|work=cbsnews.com|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Oil in affected coastal areas increased erosion due to the death of mangrove trees and marsh grass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/|title=UT experts: BP oil spill gone from deep ocean, but remains in marshes|author=Megan Boehnke|work=KNS|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=28 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228050330/http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dermansky 4-20-13">{{cite news|last=Dermansky|first=Julie|title=Three Years After the BP Spill, Tar Balls and Oil Sheen Blight Gulf Coast|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/04/three-years-after-the-bp-spill-tar-balls-and-oil-sheen-blight-gulf-coast/275139/|access-date=29 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Degradation and resilience in Louisiana salt marshes after the BP–Deepwater Horizon oil spill|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=109|issue=28|pages=11234–11239|doi=10.1073/pnas.1204922109|pmid=22733752|pmc=3396483|year=2012|last1=Silliman|first1=B. R.|last2=Van De Koppel|first2=J.|last3=McCoy|first3=M. W.|last4=Diller|first4=J.|last5=Kasozi|first5=G. N.|last6=Earl|first6=K.|last7=Adams|first7=P. N.|last8=Zimmerman|first8=A. R.|bibcode=2012PNAS..10911234S|doi-access=free}}{{dead link|date=May 2018}}</ref> | ||
Researchers looking at sediment, seawater, biota, and seafood found toxic compounds in high concentrations that they said was due to the added oil and dispersants.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Distribution and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.029|pmid = 23831318|volume=73|issue = 1|pages=129–143|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|year=2013|last1=Sammarco|first1=Paul W.|last2=Kolian|first2=Steve R.|last3=Warby|first3=Richard A.F.|last4=Bouldin|first4=Jennifer L.|last5=Subra|first5=Wilma A.|last6=Porter|first6=Scott A.|bibcode=2013MarPB..73..129S |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although Gulf fisheries recovered in 2011,<ref name="NOAA-2011 fisheries">{{cite web | url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120919_fisheries2011report.html | title=U.S. seafood landings reach 14-year high in 2011 | publisher=U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | date=5 October 2012 | access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref> a 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on [[bluefin tuna]] by researchers at [[Stanford University]] and the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', found that toxins released by the oil spill sent fish into cardiac arrest. The study found that even very low concentrations of crude oil can slow the pace of fish heartbeats. BP disputed the study, which was conducted as part of the federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment process required by the Oil Pollution Act.<ref name="LATimes-fish-toxins">{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213,0,5212912.story | title=Toxins released by oil spills send fish hearts into cardiac arrest | work= | Researchers looking at sediment, seawater, biota, and seafood found toxic compounds in high concentrations that they said was due to the added oil and dispersants.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Distribution and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.029|pmid = 23831318|volume=73|issue = 1|pages=129–143|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|year=2013|last1=Sammarco|first1=Paul W.|last2=Kolian|first2=Steve R.|last3=Warby|first3=Richard A.F.|last4=Bouldin|first4=Jennifer L.|last5=Subra|first5=Wilma A.|last6=Porter|first6=Scott A.|bibcode=2013MarPB..73..129S |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although Gulf fisheries recovered in 2011,<ref name="NOAA-2011 fisheries">{{cite web | url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120919_fisheries2011report.html | title=U.S. seafood landings reach 14-year high in 2011 | publisher=U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | date=5 October 2012 | access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref> a 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on [[bluefin tuna]] by researchers at [[Stanford University]] and the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', found that toxins released by the oil spill sent fish into cardiac arrest. The study found that even very low concentrations of crude oil can slow the pace of fish heartbeats. BP disputed the study, which was conducted as part of the federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment process required by the Oil Pollution Act.<ref name="LATimes-fish-toxins">{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213,0,5212912.story | title=Toxins released by oil spills send fish hearts into cardiac arrest | work=Los Angeles Times | date=13 February 2014 | access-date=15 February 2022 | last=Sahagun |first=Louis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111072715/https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213-story.html |archive-date=11 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NOLA 2-14">{{cite news | url=http://www.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/02/bp_deepwater_horizon_spill_oil.html | title=BP Deepwater Horizon spill oil causes heart damage that can kill tuna, new study finds | work=The Times-Picayune, New Orleans | date=13 February 2014 | access-date=17 February 2014 | author=Schleifstein, Mark}}</ref> The study also found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil.<ref name="Australian - 2014 bluefin study">{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/tuna-study-reveals-how-pollution-causes-heart-problems/story-e6frg8y6-1226826877064 | title=Tuna study reveals how pollution causes heart problems | work=The Australian | date=14 February 2014 | access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> Another peer-reviewed study, released in March 2014 and conducted by 17 scientists from the United States and Australia and published in ''Proceedings of the [[National Academy of Sciences]]'', found that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs. BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but ''The New York Times'' reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.<ref name="Wines-24-March-14">{{cite news|last=Wines|first=Michael|title=Fish Embryos Exposed to Oil From BP Spill Develop Deformities, a Study Finds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/us/fish-embryos-exposed-to-oil-from-bp-spill-develop-deformities-a-study-finds.html|access-date=25 March 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 March 2014}}</ref> | ||
====Effects on human health==== | ====Effects on human health==== | ||
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In June 2010, after a meeting in the White House between President [[Barack Obama]] and BP executives, the president announced that BP would pay $20 billion into a [[Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust|trust fund]] that will be used to compensate victims of the oil spill. BP also set aside $100 million to compensate oil workers who lost their jobs because of the spill.<ref name="NPR - gulf spill fund">{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127879786 | title=White House: BP Will Pay $20B into Gulf Spill Fund | publisher=[[NPR]]| date=16 June 2010 | access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="WSJ - 6-10-10">{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704198004575310571698602094 | title=BP Agrees to $20 Billion Fund | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=17 June 2010 | access-date=17 February 2014 |author1=Weisman, Jonathan |author2=Chazan, Guy |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> | In June 2010, after a meeting in the White House between President [[Barack Obama]] and BP executives, the president announced that BP would pay $20 billion into a [[Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust|trust fund]] that will be used to compensate victims of the oil spill. BP also set aside $100 million to compensate oil workers who lost their jobs because of the spill.<ref name="NPR - gulf spill fund">{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127879786 | title=White House: BP Will Pay $20B into Gulf Spill Fund | publisher=[[NPR]]| date=16 June 2010 | access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="WSJ - 6-10-10">{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704198004575310571698602094 | title=BP Agrees to $20 Billion Fund | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=17 June 2010 | access-date=17 February 2014 |author1=Weisman, Jonathan |author2=Chazan, Guy |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> | ||
On 2 March 2012, BP and businesses and residents affected by the spill reached a settlement of roughly 100,000 suits claiming economic losses. BP estimated that the settlement cost more than $9.2 billion.<ref name="2014 appeal fail">{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bpspill-ruling-idUSBREA0A04920140111 | title=BP appeal to stop 'fictitious' U.S. oil spill claims fails | date=11 January 2014 | work= | On 2 March 2012, BP and businesses and residents affected by the spill reached a settlement of roughly 100,000 suits claiming economic losses. BP estimated that the settlement cost more than $9.2 billion.<ref name="2014 appeal fail">{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bpspill-ruling-idUSBREA0A04920140111 | title=BP appeal to stop 'fictitious' U.S. oil spill claims fails | date=11 January 2014 | work=Reuters| access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=settleAP>{{cite news|title=BP begins to put spill behind it with settlement|first1 =Jonathan | last1 = Fahey | first2 = Chris | last2 = Kahn |date=3 March 2012|newspaper =[[Boston Globe]]|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2012/03/03/bp_begins_to_put_spill_behind_it_with_settlement/|access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref> | ||
In 2015, BP and five states agreed to an $18.5 billion settlement to be used for Clean Water Act penalties and various claims.<ref name=abc020715/> | In 2015, BP and five states agreed to an $18.5 billion settlement to be used for Clean Water Act penalties and various claims.<ref name=abc020715/> | ||
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===Political contributions and lobbying=== | ===Political contributions and lobbying=== | ||
In February 2002, BP's then-chief executive, [[Lord Browne of Madingley]], renounced the practice of corporate [[campaign contributions]], saying: "That's why we've decided, as a global policy, that from now on we will make no political contributions from corporate funds anywhere in the world."<ref>{{Cite news|author1=Terry Macalister |author2=Michael White |name-list-style=amp |url=https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4365524,00.html |title=BP stops paying political parties |work= | In February 2002, BP's then-chief executive, [[Lord Browne of Madingley]], renounced the practice of corporate [[campaign contributions]], saying: "That's why we've decided, as a global policy, that from now on we will make no political contributions from corporate funds anywhere in the world."<ref>{{Cite news|author1=Terry Macalister |author2=Michael White |name-list-style=amp |url=https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4365524,00.html |title=BP stops paying political parties |work=The Guardian |date=16 April 2002 |access-date=5 June 2010 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115036/http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0%2C4273%2C4365524%2C00.html |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref> When the Washington Post reported in June 2010 that BP North America "donated at least $4.8 million in corporate contributions in the past seven years to political groups, partisan organizations and campaigns engaged in federal and state elections", mostly to oppose ballot measures in two states aiming to raise taxes on the oil industry, the company said that the commitment had only applied to contributions to individual candidates.<ref>{{Cite news | issn = 0190-8286 | last = Leonnig | first = Carol D. | title = Despite BP corporate code, firm has made political contributions | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | access-date = 23 March 2013 | date = 29 June 2010 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/29/AR2010062903384.html }}</ref> | ||
During the 2008 U.S. election cycle, BP employees contributed to various candidates, with Barack Obama receiving the largest amount of money,<ref>{{cite news | title = Obama was top recipient of BP-related dollars in 2008 | publisher=CNN | access-date = 23 March 2013 | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/05/05/bp.lobbying/index.html | date=5 May 2010}}</ref> broadly in line with contributions from Shell and Chevron, but significantly less than those of Exxon Mobil.<ref>{{cite web | title = Exxon, Chevron, BP Greased Obama's Campaign | access-date = 23 March 2013 | url = https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/03/14/exxon-chevron-bp-greased-obamas-campaign }}</ref> | During the 2008 U.S. election cycle, BP employees contributed to various candidates, with Barack Obama receiving the largest amount of money,<ref>{{cite news | title = Obama was top recipient of BP-related dollars in 2008 | publisher=CNN | access-date = 23 March 2013 | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/05/05/bp.lobbying/index.html | date=5 May 2010}}</ref> broadly in line with contributions from Shell and Chevron, but significantly less than those of Exxon Mobil.<ref>{{cite web | title = Exxon, Chevron, BP Greased Obama's Campaign | access-date = 23 March 2013 | url = https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/03/14/exxon-chevron-bp-greased-obamas-campaign }}</ref> | ||
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| title =BP unit accused of price manipulation | | title =BP unit accused of price manipulation | ||
| work = [[NBC News]] | | work = [[NBC News]] | ||
| agency = | | agency = Associated Press | ||
| date = 29 June 2006 | | date = 29 June 2006 | ||
| access-date = 7 September 2012}} | | access-date = 7 September 2012}} | ||
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| title = Oil price manipulation seldom prosecuted under Obama | | title = Oil price manipulation seldom prosecuted under Obama | ||
| first = Jeremy | last = Pelofsky | | first = Jeremy | last = Pelofsky | ||
| work = | | work = Reuters | ||
| date = 20 April 2012 | | date = 20 April 2012 | ||
| access-date = 7 September 2012}} | | access-date = 7 September 2012}} | ||
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| url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/feb/02/bp-investigation-allegedly-manipulating-gas-market | | url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/feb/02/bp-investigation-allegedly-manipulating-gas-market | ||
| title = BP faces investigation for allegedly manipulating gas market | | title = BP faces investigation for allegedly manipulating gas market | ||
| newspaper = | | newspaper = The Guardian | ||
| first = Tim | last = Webb | | first = Tim | last = Webb | ||
| date = 2 February 2011 | | date = 2 February 2011 | ||
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| first2 = Joe | last2 = Silha | | first2 = Joe | last2 = Silha | ||
| first3 = Tom | last3 = Bergin | | first3 = Tom | last3 = Bergin | ||
| work = | | work = Reuters | ||
| date = 2 February 2011 | | date = 2 February 2011 | ||
| access-date = 15 September 2012}} | | access-date = 15 September 2012}} | ||
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<ref name=time020610>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1993361,00.html |title=A Brief History of BP |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|quote=In 1954, in an attempt perhaps to move beyond its image as a quasi-colonial enterprise, the company rebranded itself the British Petroleum Company |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=3 July 2010 |first=Ishaan |last=Tharoor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710075234/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0%2C8599%2C1993361%2C00.html |archive-date=10 July 2010 |url-status = dead}}</ref> | <ref name=time020610>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1993361,00.html |title=A Brief History of BP |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|quote=In 1954, in an attempt perhaps to move beyond its image as a quasi-colonial enterprise, the company rebranded itself the British Petroleum Company |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=3 July 2010 |first=Ishaan |last=Tharoor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710075234/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0%2C8599%2C1993361%2C00.html |archive-date=10 July 2010 |url-status = dead}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=reut1808>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oilmajors-production-idUSL169721220080801|first = Tom | last = Bergin |title=Oil majors' output growth hinges on strategy shift|access-date=15 March 2012|work= | <ref name=reut1808>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oilmajors-production-idUSL169721220080801|first = Tom | last = Bergin |title=Oil majors' output growth hinges on strategy shift|access-date=15 March 2012|work=Reuters|date=1 August 2008}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Roach2006">{{Cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0320_060320_alaska_oil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060412083614/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0320_060320_alaska_oil.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2006 |title=Alaska Oil Spill Fuels Concerns Over Arctic Wildlife, Future Drilling |newspaper=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |first=John |last=Roach |date=20 March 2006 |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> | <ref name="Roach2006">{{Cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0320_060320_alaska_oil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060412083614/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0320_060320_alaska_oil.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2006 |title=Alaska Oil Spill Fuels Concerns Over Arctic Wildlife, Future Drilling |newspaper=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |first=John |last=Roach |date=20 March 2006 |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=AccidentalRelease>{{cite news|title=Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/03/us/03spill.html |newspaper=The New York Times|first1=Campbell |last1=Robertson |first2=Clifford |last2=Krauss |date=2 August 2010|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> | <ref name=AccidentalRelease>{{cite news|title=Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/03/us/03spill.html |newspaper=The New York Times|first1=Campbell |last1=Robertson |first2=Clifford |last2=Krauss |date=2 August 2010|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=guardian151112>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/15/bp-deepwater-horizon-gulf-oil-spill |title=BP to pay $4.5bn penalty over Deepwater Horizon disaster |first1=Suzanne |last1=Goldenberg |first2=Dominic |last2=Rushe |date=15 November 2012 |newspaper= | <ref name=guardian151112>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/15/bp-deepwater-horizon-gulf-oil-spill |title=BP to pay $4.5bn penalty over Deepwater Horizon disaster |first1=Suzanne |last1=Goldenberg |first2=Dominic |last2=Rushe |date=15 November 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=17 November 2012 |location=London}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="NYTimes2012-11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/business/global/16iht-bp16.html |title=BP Will Plead Guilty and Pay Over $4 Billion |first1=Clifford |last1=Krauss |first2=John |last2=Schwartz|date=15 November 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> | <ref name="NYTimes2012-11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/business/global/16iht-bp16.html |title=BP Will Plead Guilty and Pay Over $4 Billion |first1=Clifford |last1=Krauss |first2=John |last2=Schwartz|date=15 November 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="BP fined, profit over prudence">{{cite news|first1=Michael |last1=Muskal |first2=Ronald D. |last2=White |title=BP fined, charged in oil spill that showed 'profit over prudence' |newspaper= | <ref name="BP fined, profit over prudence">{{cite news|first1=Michael |last1=Muskal |first2=Ronald D. |last2=White |title=BP fined, charged in oil spill that showed 'profit over prudence' |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-holder-bp-oil-spill-settlement-20121115%2c0%2c335475.story |access-date=11 December 2012 |date=15 November 2012}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="bio">{{cite book|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/darcy-william-knox-5882|title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |chapter=D'Arcy, William Knox (1849–1917) |publisher=Adb.online.anu.edu.au |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> | <ref name="bio">{{cite book|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/darcy-william-knox-5882|title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |chapter=D'Arcy, William Knox (1849–1917) |publisher=Adb.online.anu.edu.au |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=ap050288>{{Cite news | agency = Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/05/business/company-news-britain-drops-a-barrier-to-bp-bid-for-britoil.html |title=Britain drops a barrier to BP bid |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 February 1988 |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> | <ref name=ap050288>{{Cite news | agency = Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/05/business/company-news-britain-drops-a-barrier-to-bp-bid-for-britoil.html |title=Britain drops a barrier to BP bid |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 February 1988 |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=lat080989>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-08-fi-1806-story.html |title=British Petroleum Chairman Sir Peter Walters to Quit |newspaper= | <ref name=lat080989>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-08-fi-1806-story.html |title=British Petroleum Chairman Sir Peter Walters to Quit |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=8 September 1989 |access-date=8 June 2013}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=roberts>{{cite web|last=Roberts |first=John |date=February 2005 |url=http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/bmag/sbsm0502/feature_bp.shtml |title=Organizing for Performance: How BP Did It |work=Stanford Business |publisher=Gsb.stanford.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114155008/http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/bmag/sbsm0502/feature_bp.shtml |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> | <ref name=roberts>{{cite web|last=Roberts |first=John |date=February 2005 |url=http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/bmag/sbsm0502/feature_bp.shtml |title=Organizing for Performance: How BP Did It |work=Stanford Business |publisher=Gsb.stanford.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114155008/http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/bmag/sbsm0502/feature_bp.shtml |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=bp151107>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7038464 |title=BP to Sell Most Company-Owned, Company-Operated Convenience Stores to Franchisees |publisher=BP |date=15 November 2007 |access-date=5 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625003707/http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7038464| archive-date=25 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> | <ref name=bp151107>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7038464 |title=BP to Sell Most Company-Owned, Company-Operated Convenience Stores to Franchisees |publisher=BP |date=15 November 2007 |access-date=5 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625003707/http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7038464| archive-date=25 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=guardian020507>{{Cite news|first1=Ian |last1=Cobain |first2=Clare |last2=Dyer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/may/02/media.pressandpublishing |title=BP's Browne quits over lie to court about private life |newspaper= | <ref name=guardian020507>{{Cite news|first1=Ian |last1=Cobain |first2=Clare |last2=Dyer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/may/02/media.pressandpublishing |title=BP's Browne quits over lie to court about private life |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2 May 2007 |access-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529193637/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/may/02/media.pressandpublishing |archive-date=29 May 2010 |url-status=live |location=London}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=masjid>[[#RefJames1994|Bamberg (1994)]], pp. 3–7</ref> | <ref name=masjid>[[#RefJames1994|Bamberg (1994)]], pp. 3–7</ref> | ||
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<ref name=beale>[[#RefBeale|Beale (2012)]], pp. 52–55</ref> | <ref name=beale>[[#RefBeale|Beale (2012)]], pp. 52–55</ref> | ||
<ref name=reuters150513>{{cite news |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oil-pricing-britain/oil-pricing-probe-widens-britain-pledges-tough-action-idUKBRE94E0K620130515|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171659/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oil-pricing-britain/oil-pricing-probe-widens-britain-pledges-tough-action-idUKBRE94E0K620130515|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 September 2017|title=Oil pricing probe widens, Britain pledges tough action |first1=William |last1=James |first2=Dmitry |last2=Zhdannikov |work= | <ref name=reuters150513>{{cite news |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oil-pricing-britain/oil-pricing-probe-widens-britain-pledges-tough-action-idUKBRE94E0K620130515|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171659/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oil-pricing-britain/oil-pricing-probe-widens-britain-pledges-tough-action-idUKBRE94E0K620130515|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 September 2017|title=Oil pricing probe widens, Britain pledges tough action |first1=William |last1=James |first2=Dmitry |last2=Zhdannikov |work=Reuters|date=15 May 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=ec140513>{{cite press release |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-435_en.htm?locale=en |title=Antitrust: Commission confirms unannounced inspections in oil and biofuels sectors |publisher=[[European Commission]] |date=14 May 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> | <ref name=ec140513>{{cite press release |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-435_en.htm?locale=en |title=Antitrust: Commission confirms unannounced inspections in oil and biofuels sectors |publisher=[[European Commission]] |date=14 May 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=reuters240608>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/tse-delistings/boeing-bp-to-delist-shares-from-tokyo-bourse-idUST25411520080624 |title=Boeing, BP to delist shares from Tokyo bourse |author=Yumiko Nishitani |work= | <ref name=reuters240608>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/tse-delistings/boeing-bp-to-delist-shares-from-tokyo-bourse-idUST25411520080624 |title=Boeing, BP to delist shares from Tokyo bourse |author=Yumiko Nishitani |work=Reuters|date=24 June 2008 |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=mt290212>{{cite news |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/20th/special/oil_n_gas/lessons-learned-from-bps-bold-move/454714.html |title=Lessons Learned From BP's 'Bold Move' |first1=Michele A. |last1=Berdy |newspaper=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=29 February 2012 |access-date=16 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319011213/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/20th/special/oil_n_gas/lessons-learned-from-bps-bold-move/454714.html |archive-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | <ref name=mt290212>{{cite news |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/20th/special/oil_n_gas/lessons-learned-from-bps-bold-move/454714.html |title=Lessons Learned From BP's 'Bold Move' |first1=Michele A. |last1=Berdy |newspaper=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=29 February 2012 |access-date=16 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319011213/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/20th/special/oil_n_gas/lessons-learned-from-bps-bold-move/454714.html |archive-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=commons2012>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmsctech/348/348vw39.htm |title=BP's evidence to the UK Parliament Commons Committee on Science and Technology |date=February 2012 |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref> | <ref name=commons2012>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmsctech/348/348vw39.htm |title=BP's evidence to the UK Parliament Commons Committee on Science and Technology |date=February 2012 |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=reuters120613>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bp-reserves/update-3-bp-cuts-global-gas-reserves-estimate-mostly-for-russia-idUSL5N0EO1I720130612 |title=BP cuts global gas reserves estimate, mostly for Russia |first1=Alex |last1=Lawler |first2=Dmitry |last2=Zhdannikov |work= | <ref name=reuters120613>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bp-reserves/update-3-bp-cuts-global-gas-reserves-estimate-mostly-for-russia-idUSL5N0EO1I720130612 |title=BP cuts global gas reserves estimate, mostly for Russia |first1=Alex |last1=Lawler |first2=Dmitry |last2=Zhdannikov |work=Reuters|date=12 June 2013 |access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Legacy of the Torrey Canyon">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jun/24/torrey-canyon-oil-spill-deepwater-bp |title=Oil spills: Legacy of the Torrey Canyon |newspaper= | <ref name="Legacy of the Torrey Canyon">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jun/24/torrey-canyon-oil-spill-deepwater-bp |title=Oil spills: Legacy of the Torrey Canyon |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Patrick |last=Barkham |date=24 June 2010 |access-date=30 June 2013 |location=London}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=bbc290367>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/29/newsid_2819000/2819369.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |title=1967: Bombs rain down on Torrey Canyon |date=29 March 1967 |access-date=30 June 2013}}</ref> | <ref name=bbc290367>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/29/newsid_2819000/2819369.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |title=1967: Bombs rain down on Torrey Canyon |date=29 March 1967 |access-date=30 June 2013}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name="Rouan2012">{{cite news |title=BP joins Ohio's shale drilling fray with deal for 84K acres |first=Rick |last=Rouan |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/news/2012/03/27/bp-joins-ohios-shale-drilling-fray.html |newspaper=Columbus Business First |date=27 March 2012 |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> | <ref name="Rouan2012">{{cite news |title=BP joins Ohio's shale drilling fray with deal for 84K acres |first=Rick |last=Rouan |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/news/2012/03/27/bp-joins-ohios-shale-drilling-fray.html |newspaper=Columbus Business First |date=27 March 2012 |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Hasterok2012">{{cite news |title=BP investigates fatal Colorado natgas blast |first=Pamela |last=Hasterok |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-explosion-bp-idUSBRE85P1GE20120626 |work= | <ref name="Hasterok2012">{{cite news |title=BP investigates fatal Colorado natgas blast |first=Pamela |last=Hasterok |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-explosion-bp-idUSBRE85P1GE20120626 |work=Reuters|date=26 June 2012 |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="BPUSExploration">{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9050551&contentId=7085103 |title=United States: Exploration and production |year=2012 |publisher=BP |access-date=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508000027/http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9050551&contentId=7085103 |archive-date=8 May 2013}}</ref> | <ref name="BPUSExploration">{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9050551&contentId=7085103 |title=United States: Exploration and production |year=2012 |publisher=BP |access-date=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508000027/http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9050551&contentId=7085103 |archive-date=8 May 2013}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name="naturalgasintel010811">{{cite news |title=FERC: BP Gamed Market at Houston Ship Channel |url=http://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/87374-ferc-bp-gamed-market-at-houston-ship-channel |work=Natural Gas Intelligence |publisher=Intelligence Press Inc. |date=1 August 2011 |access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref> | <ref name="naturalgasintel010811">{{cite news |title=FERC: BP Gamed Market at Houston Ship Channel |url=http://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/87374-ferc-bp-gamed-market-at-houston-ship-channel |work=Natural Gas Intelligence |publisher=Intelligence Press Inc. |date=1 August 2011 |access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=reuters17062014>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bp-lng-idUSKBN0ES0O920140617|title=BP to sign $20 billion LNG supply deal with China's CNOOC|first1=Vladimir |last1=Soldatkin |first2=Oleg |last2=Vukmanovic |first3=Nina |last3=Chestney |date=17 June 2014 |work= | <ref name=reuters17062014>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bp-lng-idUSKBN0ES0O920140617|title=BP to sign $20 billion LNG supply deal with China's CNOOC|first1=Vladimir |last1=Soldatkin |first2=Oleg |last2=Vukmanovic |first3=Nina |last3=Chestney |date=17 June 2014 |work=Reuters |access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=ain19082015>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2015-08-19/world-fuel-buy-bp-fuel-businesses-sweden-denmark |title=BP to sign $20 billion LNG supply deal with China's CNOOC|first1=Kerry |last1=Lynch |date=19 August 2015|work=AIN Online |access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> | <ref name=ain19082015>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2015-08-19/world-fuel-buy-bp-fuel-businesses-sweden-denmark |title=BP to sign $20 billion LNG supply deal with China's CNOOC|first1=Kerry |last1=Lynch |date=19 August 2015|work=AIN Online |access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name="AR23-finances">[[#AR23|BP (2023)]], pp. 164–167</ref> | <ref name="AR23-finances">[[#AR23|BP (2023)]], pp. 164–167</ref> | ||
<ref name=reuters271010>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/venezuela-oil-tnk-bp/venezuela-says-bps-asset-sale-valued-at-800-mln-idUSN2728260120101027|title=Venezuela says BP's asset sale valued at $800 mln |work= | <ref name=reuters271010>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/venezuela-oil-tnk-bp/venezuela-says-bps-asset-sale-valued-at-800-mln-idUSN2728260120101027|title=Venezuela says BP's asset sale valued at $800 mln |work=Reuters|first1=Marianna |last1=Parraga |first2=Daniel |last2=Wallis |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=bloomberg181010>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-10-18/tnk-bp-agrees-to-acquire-bp-assets-in-venezuela-vietnam-for-1-8-billion|title=BP Sells Venezuela, Vietnam Assets to TNK-BP for $1.8 Billion|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |first1=Stephen |last1=Bierman|first2=Brian |last2=Swint|date=27 October 2010|access-date=10 September 2012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | <ref name=bloomberg181010>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-10-18/tnk-bp-agrees-to-acquire-bp-assets-in-venezuela-vietnam-for-1-8-billion|title=BP Sells Venezuela, Vietnam Assets to TNK-BP for $1.8 Billion|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |first1=Stephen |last1=Bierman|first2=Brian |last2=Swint|date=27 October 2010|access-date=10 September 2012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name="Bloomberg071215">{{cite news |last1=White |first1=Aoife |last2=Bodoni|first2=Stephanie |last3=Levring|first3=Peter |last4=Sebag|first4=Gaspard |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-07/oil-firms-dropped-from-eu-probe-into-fuel-price-manipulation-ihw0n00j |title=Big Oil Let Off Hook Days After EU Drops Wall Street Probe|access-date=18 December 2015|date=7 December 2015|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> | <ref name="Bloomberg071215">{{cite news |last1=White |first1=Aoife |last2=Bodoni|first2=Stephanie |last3=Levring|first3=Peter |last4=Sebag|first4=Gaspard |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-07/oil-firms-dropped-from-eu-probe-into-fuel-price-manipulation-ihw0n00j |title=Big Oil Let Off Hook Days After EU Drops Wall Street Probe|access-date=18 December 2015|date=7 December 2015|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=reuters100920>{{cite news |title=BP enters offshore wind with $1.1 billion Equinor deal |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-equinor-bp/bp-enters-offshore-wind-with-1-1-billion-equinor-deal-idUKKBN2610OT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910135928/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-equinor-bp/bp-enters-offshore-wind-with-1-1-billion-equinor-deal-idUKKBN2610OT |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2020 |work= | <ref name=reuters100920>{{cite news |title=BP enters offshore wind with $1.1 billion Equinor deal |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-equinor-bp/bp-enters-offshore-wind-with-1-1-billion-equinor-deal-idUKKBN2610OT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910135928/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-equinor-bp/bp-enters-offshore-wind-with-1-1-billion-equinor-deal-idUKKBN2610OT |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2020 |work=Reuters|date=10 September 2020 |access-date=15 October 2020 |first1=Nerijus |last1=Adomaitis |first2=Ron |last2=Bousso}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=reuters270819>{{cite news |title=BP to quit Alaska after 60 years with $5.6 billion sale to Hilcorp |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bp-divestiture-idUSKCN1VH21N/ |work= | <ref name=reuters270819>{{cite news |title=BP to quit Alaska after 60 years with $5.6 billion sale to Hilcorp |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bp-divestiture-idUSKCN1VH21N/ |work=Reuters|date=27 August 2019 |access-date=15 October 2020 |first1=Ron |last1=Bousso |first2=Tanishaa |last2=Nadkar}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=adn300620>{{cite news |title=In initial step, Alaska approves chunk of BP's $5.6 billion deal with Hilcorp |url=https://www.adn.com/business-economy/energy/2020/06/30/in-initial-step-alaska-approves-chunk-of-bps-56b-deal-with-hilcorp/ |newspaper=[[Anchorage Daily News]] |date=30 June 2020 |access-date=15 October 2020 |first1=Alex |last1=DeMarban}}</ref> | <ref name=adn300620>{{cite news |title=In initial step, Alaska approves chunk of BP's $5.6 billion deal with Hilcorp |url=https://www.adn.com/business-economy/energy/2020/06/30/in-initial-step-alaska-approves-chunk-of-bps-56b-deal-with-hilcorp/ |newspaper=[[Anchorage Daily News]] |date=30 June 2020 |access-date=15 October 2020 |first1=Alex |last1=DeMarban}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=ap280901>{{Cite news |url=https://products.kitsapsun.com/archive/2001/09-28/0021_olympic_pipe_line_pleads_innocent.html |title=Olympic Pipe Line pleads innocent to charges from explosion |agency=[[The Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[Kitsap Sun]] |date=28 September 2001 |access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref> | <ref name=ap280901>{{Cite news |url=https://products.kitsapsun.com/archive/2001/09-28/0021_olympic_pipe_line_pleads_innocent.html |title=Olympic Pipe Line pleads innocent to charges from explosion |agency=[[The Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[Kitsap Sun]] |date=28 September 2001 |access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=guardian120220>{{cite news |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |title=BP's statement on reaching net zero by 2050 – what it says and what it means |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2020/feb/12/bp-statement-on-reaching-net-zero-carbon-emissions-by-2050-what-it-says-and-what-it-means |access-date=25 October 2020 |newspaper= | <ref name=guardian120220>{{cite news |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |title=BP's statement on reaching net zero by 2050 – what it says and what it means |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2020/feb/12/bp-statement-on-reaching-net-zero-carbon-emissions-by-2050-what-it-says-and-what-it-means |access-date=25 October 2020 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 February 2020}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=huffpost280920>{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/bp-shell-climate_n_5f6e3120c5b64deddeed6762 |title=Revealed: BP And Shell Back Anti-Climate Lobby Groups Despite Pledges |first1=Zach |last1=Boren |first2=Alexander C. |last2=Kaufman |first3=Lawrence |last3=Carter |newspaper=[[HuffPost]] |date=28 September 2020 |access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref> | <ref name=huffpost280920>{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/bp-shell-climate_n_5f6e3120c5b64deddeed6762 |title=Revealed: BP And Shell Back Anti-Climate Lobby Groups Despite Pledges |first1=Zach |last1=Boren |first2=Alexander C. |last2=Kaufman |first3=Lawrence |last3=Carter |newspaper=[[HuffPost]] |date=28 September 2020 |access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=guardian100717>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change |title=Top 100 producers and their cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from 1988-2015 |first=Tess |last=Riley |newspaper= | <ref name=guardian100717>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change |title=Top 100 producers and their cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from 1988-2015 |first=Tess |last=Riley |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 July 2017 |access-date=29 October 2020 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=denver040220>{{cite news |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2020/02/04/bpx-energy-earnings.html |title=BPX Energy on track to hit $1 billion in cash for energy giant BP |first=Greg |last=Avery |newspaper=[[Denver Business Journal]] |date=4 February 2020 |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> | <ref name=denver040220>{{cite news |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2020/02/04/bpx-energy-earnings.html |title=BPX Energy on track to hit $1 billion in cash for energy giant BP |first=Greg |last=Avery |newspaper=[[Denver Business Journal]] |date=4 February 2020 |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=biz030513>{{cite news |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/houston/morning_call/2013/05/bp-to-pay-18m-for-early-restoration.html |title=BP to pay $18M for early restoration projects in Texas |work=[[Houston Business Journal]] |first=Olivia |last=Pulsinelli |date=3 May 2013 |access-date=13 May 2013 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | <ref name=biz030513>{{cite news |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/houston/morning_call/2013/05/bp-to-pay-18m-for-early-restoration.html |title=BP to pay $18M for early restoration projects in Texas |work=[[Houston Business Journal]] |first=Olivia |last=Pulsinelli |date=3 May 2013 |access-date=13 May 2013 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="ReutersJan2010">{{cite news |title=Factbox: Money flows again in Canada's oil sands industry |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oilsands-factbox-idUKTRE60P5VA20100126 |first=Jeffrey |last=Jones |work= | <ref name="ReutersJan2010">{{cite news |title=Factbox: Money flows again in Canada's oil sands industry |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oilsands-factbox-idUKTRE60P5VA20100126 |first=Jeffrey |last=Jones |work=Reuters|date=20 January 2010 |access-date= 9 November 2020}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="reuters240620">{{cite news |title=BP's stranded Canadian, Angolan assets expose wider industry risks |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bp-strandedassets-analysis-idUSKBN23V1ZY |work= | <ref name="reuters240620">{{cite news |title=BP's stranded Canadian, Angolan assets expose wider industry risks |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bp-strandedassets-analysis-idUSKBN23V1ZY |work=Reuters|date=24 June 2020 |access-date=9 November 2020 |first1=Ron |last1=Bousso |first2=Shadia |last2=Nasralla}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="guardian061207">{{cite news |title=BP to pump billions into oil sands despite green worries and high costs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/dec/06/bp.oil |newspaper= | <ref name="guardian061207">{{cite news |title=BP to pump billions into oil sands despite green worries and high costs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/dec/06/bp.oil |newspaper=The Guardian |date=6 December 2007 |access-date=9 November 2020 |first1=Mark |last1=Milner |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="guardian071207">{{cite news |title=Greenpeace calls BP's oil sands plan an environmental crime |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/dec/07/bp |newspaper= | <ref name="guardian071207">{{cite news |title=Greenpeace calls BP's oil sands plan an environmental crime |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/dec/07/bp |newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 December 2007 |access-date=9 November 2020 |first1=Terry |last1=Macallister |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="guardian150410">{{cite news |title=BP pledges not to use open-pit mining at Canadian oil sands sites |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/apr/15/bp-oil-sands-open-pit-mining |newspaper= | <ref name="guardian150410">{{cite news |title=BP pledges not to use open-pit mining at Canadian oil sands sites |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/apr/15/bp-oil-sands-open-pit-mining |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=9 November 2020 |first1=John |last1=Stevens |first2=Tim |last2=Webb}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Macalister2009">{{cite news |title=Cree aboriginal group to join London climate camp protest over tar sands |first=Terry |last=Macalister |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/aug/23/london-tar-sands-climate-protest |newspaper= | <ref name="Macalister2009">{{cite news |title=Cree aboriginal group to join London climate camp protest over tar sands |first=Terry |last=Macalister |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/aug/23/london-tar-sands-climate-protest |newspaper=The Guardian |date=23 August 2009 |access-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=wsj150410>{{cite news|last=Herron |first=James |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/source/2010/04/15/bp-defeats-oil-sands-critics-but-controversy-wont-die/ |title=BP Defeats Oil Sands Critics, But Controversy Won't Die |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=15 April 2010 |access-date=26 April 2013 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | <ref name=wsj150410>{{cite news|last=Herron |first=James |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/source/2010/04/15/bp-defeats-oil-sands-critics-but-controversy-wont-die/ |title=BP Defeats Oil Sands Critics, But Controversy Won't Die |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=15 April 2010 |access-date=26 April 2013 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="guardian100413">{{cite news |title=BP faces pay row at AGM |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/apr/10/bp-agm-pay-row |newspaper= | <ref name="guardian100413">{{cite news |title=BP faces pay row at AGM |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/apr/10/bp-agm-pay-row |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=9 November 2020 |first1=Terry |last1=Macallister}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=hbj181220>{{cite news|last= Pulsinelli |first=Olivia |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2020/12/18/bp-harvest-midstream-complete-alaska-deal.html |title=BP completes Alaska midstream sale to Harvest as part of $5.6B deal |newspaper= [[Houston Business Journal]] |date= 18 December 2020 |access-date=26 December 2020 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | <ref name=hbj181220>{{cite news|last= Pulsinelli |first=Olivia |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2020/12/18/bp-harvest-midstream-complete-alaska-deal.html |title=BP completes Alaska midstream sale to Harvest as part of $5.6B deal |newspaper= [[Houston Business Journal]] |date= 18 December 2020 |access-date=26 December 2020 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=accuracy210812>{{cite web|url=http://www.accuracy.org/release/record-gas-costs-and-price-manipulation/|title=Big Oil and Energy Traders Manipulating Consumers|work=[[Institute for Public Accuracy]] | date = 21 August 2012|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> | <ref name=accuracy210812>{{cite web|url=http://www.accuracy.org/release/record-gas-costs-and-price-manipulation/|title=Big Oil and Energy Traders Manipulating Consumers|work=[[Institute for Public Accuracy]] | date = 21 August 2012|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=guardian201108>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/nov/20/fossilfuels-energy | newspaper= | <ref name=guardian201108>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/nov/20/fossilfuels-energy | newspaper= The Guardian | first=Fred | last=Pearce | title=Greenwash: BP and the myth of a world 'Beyond Petroleum' | date=20 November 2008 | access-date=26 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=reuters210518>{{cite news | url= https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bp-ceo-exclusive/exclusive-bp-back-on-its-feet-but-ceo-senses-no-respite-idUKKCN1IM0E8 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180521061933/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bp-ceo-exclusive/exclusive-bp-back-on-its-feet-but-ceo-senses-no-respite-idUKKCN1IM0E8 | url-status= dead | archive-date= 21 May 2018 | title= Exclusive: BP back on its feet but CEO senses no respite | first1 = Ron | last1 = Bousso | first2 = Dmitry | last2 = Zhdannikov | date = 21 May 2018| work= | <ref name=reuters210518>{{cite news | url= https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bp-ceo-exclusive/exclusive-bp-back-on-its-feet-but-ceo-senses-no-respite-idUKKCN1IM0E8 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180521061933/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bp-ceo-exclusive/exclusive-bp-back-on-its-feet-but-ceo-senses-no-respite-idUKKCN1IM0E8 | url-status= dead | archive-date= 21 May 2018 | title= Exclusive: BP back on its feet but CEO senses no respite | first1 = Ron | last1 = Bousso | first2 = Dmitry | last2 = Zhdannikov | date = 21 May 2018| work= Reuters | access-date= 27 May 2018}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=reuters140911>{{cite news |title= BP expands Brazil ethanol operations |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/bp-ethanol-brazil-idUSS1E78D0BP20110914 |work= | <ref name=reuters140911>{{cite news |title= BP expands Brazil ethanol operations |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/bp-ethanol-brazil-idUSS1E78D0BP20110914 |work=Reuters|date=14 September 2011 |access-date= 27 April 2013}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=delaware280815>{{cite news | newspaper= Delaware online | title = DuPont bets on billion-dollar ethanol industry | url= http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/08/28/dupont-bets-billion-dollar-ethanol-industry/71341328/ | first1 = Karl | last1 = Baker | date = 28 August 2015 | access-date = 16 September 2017}}</ref> | <ref name=delaware280815>{{cite news | newspaper= Delaware online | title = DuPont bets on billion-dollar ethanol industry | url= http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/08/28/dupont-bets-billion-dollar-ethanol-industry/71341328/ | first1 = Karl | last1 = Baker | date = 28 August 2015 | access-date = 16 September 2017}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=aviationpross210817>{{cite press release | publisher= Air BP | title = Air BP Announces Third Biojet-Supplied Location at Bergen Airport | url= http://www.aviationpros.com/press_release/12361359/air-bp-announces-third-biojet-supplied-location-at-bergen-airport | date = 21 August 2017 | access-date = 17 September 2017}}</ref> | <ref name=aviationpross210817>{{cite press release | publisher= Air BP | title = Air BP Announces Third Biojet-Supplied Location at Bergen Airport | url= http://www.aviationpros.com/press_release/12361359/air-bp-announces-third-biojet-supplied-location-at-bergen-airport | date = 21 August 2017 | access-date = 17 September 2017}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=reuters151217>{{cite news | work= | <ref name=reuters151217>{{cite news | work=Reuters | title = BP returns to solar with investment in Lightsource | url= https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-lightsource-bp-stake/bp-returns-to-solar-with-investment-in-lightsource-idUKKBN1E90GW | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171215135056/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-lightsource-bp-stake/bp-returns-to-solar-with-investment-in-lightsource-idUKKBN1E90GW | url-status= dead | archive-date= 15 December 2017 | first1 = Ron | last1 = Bousso | first2 = Susanna | last2 = Twidale | date = 15 December 2017 | access-date = 15 February 2019}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=ft101120>{{cite news| url=https://www.ft.com/content/c808b72f-8e51-448d-927e-405fbbe2eb9 | newspaper=[[Financial Times]] | first= Anjli | last=Raval | title=BP and Orsted plan green hydrogen project | date=10 November 2020 | access-date= 26 December 2020}}</ref> | <ref name=ft101120>{{cite news| url=https://www.ft.com/content/c808b72f-8e51-448d-927e-405fbbe2eb9 | newspaper=[[Financial Times]] | first= Anjli | last=Raval | title=BP and Orsted plan green hydrogen project | date=10 November 2020 | access-date= 26 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=reuters161220>{{Cite news|title=BP takes majority stake in U.S. carbon offset firm Finite Carbon|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bp-carbonoffset-usa/bp-takes-majority-stake-in-u-s-carbon-offset-firm-finite-carbon-idUSKBN28Q10C|work= | <ref name=reuters161220>{{Cite news|title=BP takes majority stake in U.S. carbon offset firm Finite Carbon|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bp-carbonoffset-usa/bp-takes-majority-stake-in-u-s-carbon-offset-firm-finite-carbon-idUSKBN28Q10C|work=Reuters|date=16 December 2020 |access-date=26 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Forbes2012">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/bp/ |title=BP |work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> | <ref name="Forbes2012">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/bp/ |title=BP |work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> | ||