CargoAdmin, Bureaucrats, Moderators (CommentStreams), fileuploaders, Interface administrators, newuser, Push subscription managers, Suppressors, Administrators
5,230
edits
National Security Agency: Difference between revisions
m
Text replacement - "The Guardian" to "The Guardian"
m (Text replacement - "World War I" to "World War I") |
m (Text replacement - "The Guardian" to "The Guardian") |
||
| (6 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
The ''' National Security Agency''' ('''NSA''') is an [[intelligence agency]] of the [[United States Department of Defense]], under the authority of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] (DNI). The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for foreign intelligence and [[counterintelligence]] purposes, specializing in a discipline known as [[signals intelligence]] (SIGINT). The NSA is also tasked with the [[Information assurance|protection]] of U.S. communications networks and [[information systems]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About NSA: Mission |publisher=National Security Agency |url=https://www.nsa.gov/about/mission/index.shtml |access-date=September 14, 2014 |archive-date=September 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918003311/https://www.nsa.gov/about/mission/index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nakashima" /> The NSA relies on a variety of measures to accomplish its mission, the majority of which are [[clandestine operations|clandestine]].<ref>[[Executive Order 13470]] – [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/WCPD-2008-08-04/pdf/WCPD-2008-08-04-Pg1064.pdf 2008 Amendments to Executive Order 12333] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113014752/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/WCPD-2008-08-04/pdf/WCPD-2008-08-04-Pg1064.pdf |date=2018-11-13 }}, United States Intelligence Activities, July 30, 2008 (PDF)</ref> The NSA has roughly 32,000 employees.<ref name=nprschorr>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5176847&t=1631649030521 |date=January 29, 2006 |access-date=September 15, 2021 |first1=Daniel |last1=Schorr |work=NPR |title=A Brief History of the NSA |archive-date=September 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915132002/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5176847&t=1631649030521 |url-status=live }}</ref> | The ''' National Security Agency''' ('''NSA''') is an [[intelligence agency]] of the [[United States Department of Defense]], under the authority of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] (DNI). The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for foreign intelligence and [[counterintelligence]] purposes, specializing in a discipline known as [[signals intelligence]] (SIGINT). The NSA is also tasked with the [[Information assurance|protection]] of U.S. communications networks and [[information systems]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About NSA: Mission |publisher=National Security Agency |url=https://www.nsa.gov/about/mission/index.shtml |access-date=September 14, 2014 |archive-date=September 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918003311/https://www.nsa.gov/about/mission/index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nakashima" /> The NSA relies on a variety of measures to accomplish its mission, the majority of which are [[clandestine operations|clandestine]].<ref>[[Executive Order 13470]] – [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/WCPD-2008-08-04/pdf/WCPD-2008-08-04-Pg1064.pdf 2008 Amendments to Executive Order 12333] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113014752/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/WCPD-2008-08-04/pdf/WCPD-2008-08-04-Pg1064.pdf |date=2018-11-13 }}, United States Intelligence Activities, July 30, 2008 (PDF)</ref> The NSA has roughly 32,000 employees.<ref name=nprschorr>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5176847&t=1631649030521 |date=January 29, 2006 |access-date=September 15, 2021 |first1=Daniel |last1=Schorr |work=NPR |title=A Brief History of the NSA |archive-date=September 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915132002/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5176847&t=1631649030521 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in [[World War II]], it was officially formed as the NSA by President | Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in [[World War II]], it was officially formed as the NSA by President Harry S. Truman in 1952. Between then and the end of the Cold War, it became the largest of the [[U.S. intelligence community#Organization|U.S. intelligence organizations]] in terms of personnel and budget, but information available as of 2013 indicates that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) pulled ahead in this regard, with a budget of $14.7 billion.<ref name="wapoblack1"/><ref>[[James Bamford|Bamford, James]]. ''[[Body of Secrets]]: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency'', [[Random House Digital, Inc.]], December 18, 2007</ref> The NSA currently conducts [[mass surveillance|worldwide mass data collection]] and has been known to physically [[bugging|bug]] electronic systems as one method to this end.<ref>Malkin, Bonnie. "NSA surveillance: US bugged EU offices". ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', June 30, 2013.</ref> The NSA is also alleged to have been behind such attack software as [[Stuxnet]], which severely damaged [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear program]].<ref>Ngak, Chenda. [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nsa-leaker-snowden-claimed-us-and-israel-co-wrote-stuxnet-virus/ "NSA leaker Snowden claimed U.S. and Israel co-wrote Stuxnet virus"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512124937/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nsa-leaker-snowden-claimed-us-and-israel-co-wrote-stuxnet-virus/ |date=2024-05-12 }}, [[CBS]], July 9, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bamford|first=James|url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/?p=58188|title=The Secret War |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125144725/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/?p=58188|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=June 12, 2013|archive-date=January 25, 2014}}</ref> The NSA, alongside the CIA, maintains a physical presence in many countries across the globe; the CIA/NSA joint [[Special Collection Service]] (a highly classified intelligence team) inserts eavesdropping devices in high-value targets (such as presidential palaces or embassies). SCS collection tactics allegedly encompass "close surveillance, burglary, wiretapping, [and] breaking and entering".<ref name=lichtblau01>{{cite news |last=Lichtblau |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Lichtblau |title=Spy Suspect May Have Revealed U.S. Bugging; Espionage: Hanssen left signs that he told Russia where top-secret overseas eavesdropping devices are placed, officials say |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=February 28, 2001 |page=A1 |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/updates2/lat_spy010228.htm |archive-date=April 17, 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010417230720/http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/updates2/lat_spy010228.htm |access-date=April 1, 2015 }}</ref> | ||
Unlike the CIA and the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA), both of which specialize primarily in foreign [[Clandestine human intelligence|human espionage]], the NSA does not publicly conduct [[Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)|human intelligence gathering]]. The NSA is entrusted with assisting with and coordinating, SIGINT elements for other government organizations—which are prevented by Executive Order from engaging in such activities on their own.<ref>''[[Executive Order 13470]] – [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/WCPD-2008-08-04/pdf/WCPD-2008-08-04-Pg1064.pdf 2008 Amendments to Executive Order 12333] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113014752/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/WCPD-2008-08-04/pdf/WCPD-2008-08-04-Pg1064.pdf |date=2018-11-13 }}, United States Intelligence Activities'', Section C.2, July 30, 2008</ref> As part of these responsibilities, the agency has a co-located organization called the [[Central Security Service]] (CSS), which facilitates cooperation between the NSA and other U.S. defense [[cryptanalysis]] components. To further ensure streamlined communication between the signals [[United States Intelligence Community|intelligence community]] divisions, the [[Director of the National Security Agency|NSA Director]] simultaneously serves as the Commander of the [[United States Cyber Command]] and as Chief of the Central Security Service. | Unlike the CIA and the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA), both of which specialize primarily in foreign [[Clandestine human intelligence|human espionage]], the NSA does not publicly conduct [[Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)|human intelligence gathering]]. The NSA is entrusted with assisting with and coordinating, SIGINT elements for other government organizations—which are prevented by Executive Order from engaging in such activities on their own.<ref>''[[Executive Order 13470]] – [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/WCPD-2008-08-04/pdf/WCPD-2008-08-04-Pg1064.pdf 2008 Amendments to Executive Order 12333] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113014752/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/WCPD-2008-08-04/pdf/WCPD-2008-08-04-Pg1064.pdf |date=2018-11-13 }}, United States Intelligence Activities'', Section C.2, July 30, 2008</ref> As part of these responsibilities, the agency has a co-located organization called the [[Central Security Service]] (CSS), which facilitates cooperation between the NSA and other U.S. defense [[cryptanalysis]] components. To further ensure streamlined communication between the signals [[United States Intelligence Community|intelligence community]] divisions, the [[Director of the National Security Agency|NSA Director]] simultaneously serves as the Commander of the [[United States Cyber Command]] and as Chief of the Central Security Service. | ||
| Line 62: | Line 62: | ||
[[File:Black Chamber cryptanalytic work sheet for solving Japanese diplomatic cipher, 1919 - National Cryptologic Museum - DSC07698.JPG|thumb|right|Black Chamber cryptanalytic work sheet for solving Japanese diplomatic cipher, 1919]] | [[File:Black Chamber cryptanalytic work sheet for solving Japanese diplomatic cipher, 1919 - National Cryptologic Museum - DSC07698.JPG|thumb|right|Black Chamber cryptanalytic work sheet for solving Japanese diplomatic cipher, 1919]] | ||
After the disbandment of the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] cryptographic section of military intelligence known as MI-8, the U.S. government created the Cipher Bureau, also known as [[Black Chamber]], in 1919. The Black Chamber was the United States' first peacetime [[cryptanalytic]] organization.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yardley |first=Herbert O. |title=The American Black Chamber |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute|Naval Institute Press]] |year=1931 |isbn=978-1-59114-989-7 |location=Annapolis, MD}}</ref> Jointly funded by the Army and the State Department, the Cipher Bureau was disguised as a | After the disbandment of the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] cryptographic section of military intelligence known as MI-8, the U.S. government created the Cipher Bureau, also known as [[Black Chamber]], in 1919. The Black Chamber was the United States' first peacetime [[cryptanalytic]] organization.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yardley |first=Herbert O. |title=The American Black Chamber |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute|Naval Institute Press]] |year=1931 |isbn=978-1-59114-989-7 |location=Annapolis, MD}}</ref> Jointly funded by the Army and the State Department, the Cipher Bureau was disguised as a New York City [[commercial code (communications)|commercial code]] company; it produced and sold such codes for business use. Its true mission, however, was to break the communications (chiefly diplomatic) of other nations. At the [[Washington Naval Conference]], it aided American negotiators by providing them with the decrypted traffic of many of the conference delegations, including the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]]. The Black Chamber successfully persuaded [[Western Union]], the largest U.S. [[Telegraphy|telegram]] company at the time, as well as several other communications companies, to illegally give the Black Chamber access to cable traffic of foreign embassies and consulates.<ref>{{cite news|last=James Bamford|title=Building America's secret surveillance state|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/06/10/building-americas-secret-surveillance-state/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613121507/http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/06/10/building-americas-secret-surveillance-state/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 13, 2013|work=Reuters|access-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref> Soon, these companies publicly discontinued their collaboration. | ||
Despite the Chamber's initial successes, it was shut down in 1929 by U.S. Secretary of State [[Henry L. Stimson]], who defended his decision by stating, "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail."<ref name="encyc">{{cite book|last1=Hastedt|first1=Glenn P.|title=Spies, wiretaps, and secret operations: An encyclopedia of American espionage|year=2009|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-85109-807-1|page=32|author2=Guerrier, Steven W.}}</ref> | Despite the Chamber's initial successes, it was shut down in 1929 by U.S. Secretary of State [[Henry L. Stimson]], who defended his decision by stating, "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail."<ref name="encyc">{{cite book|last1=Hastedt|first1=Glenn P.|title=Spies, wiretaps, and secret operations: An encyclopedia of American espionage|year=2009|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-85109-807-1|page=32|author2=Guerrier, Steven W.}}</ref> | ||
| Line 69: | Line 69: | ||
During [[World War II]], the [[Signal Intelligence Service]] (SIS) was created to intercept and decipher the communications of the [[Axis powers]].<ref name="army mil">{{cite web |title=Army Security Agency Established, 15 September 1945 |url=https://www.army.mil/article/110544/ |author=USAICoE History Office |website=army.mil |date=6 September 2013 |publisher=[[United States Army]] |access-date=November 9, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716133448/https://www.army.mil/article/110544/ |archive-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref> When the war ended, the SIS was reorganized as the [[United States Army Security Agency|Army Security Agency]] (ASA), and it was placed under the leadership of the Director of Military Intelligence.<ref name="army mil" /> | During [[World War II]], the [[Signal Intelligence Service]] (SIS) was created to intercept and decipher the communications of the [[Axis powers]].<ref name="army mil">{{cite web |title=Army Security Agency Established, 15 September 1945 |url=https://www.army.mil/article/110544/ |author=USAICoE History Office |website=army.mil |date=6 September 2013 |publisher=[[United States Army]] |access-date=November 9, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716133448/https://www.army.mil/article/110544/ |archive-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref> When the war ended, the SIS was reorganized as the [[United States Army Security Agency|Army Security Agency]] (ASA), and it was placed under the leadership of the Director of Military Intelligence.<ref name="army mil" /> | ||
On May 20, 1949, all cryptologic activities were centralized under a national organization called the Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA).<ref name="army mil" /> This organization was originally established within the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]] under the command of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]].<ref name=Burns>{{cite web |title=The Origins of the National Security Agency 1940–1952 (U)|last=Burns |first=Thomas L. |publisher=National Security Agency |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB278/02.PDF |website=gwu.edu |access-date=November 28, 2020 |page=60 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129024035/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB278/02.PDF |archive-date=November 29, 2020}}</ref> The AFSA was tasked with directing the Department of Defense communications and electronic intelligence activities, except those of U.S. [[military intelligence]] units.<ref name=Burns /> However, the AFSA was unable to centralize [[COMINT|communications intelligence]] and failed to coordinate with civilian agencies that shared its interests, such as the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI).<ref name=Burns /> In December 1951, President | On May 20, 1949, all cryptologic activities were centralized under a national organization called the Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA).<ref name="army mil" /> This organization was originally established within the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]] under the command of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]].<ref name=Burns>{{cite web |title=The Origins of the National Security Agency 1940–1952 (U)|last=Burns |first=Thomas L. |publisher=National Security Agency |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB278/02.PDF |website=gwu.edu |access-date=November 28, 2020 |page=60 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129024035/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB278/02.PDF |archive-date=November 29, 2020}}</ref> The AFSA was tasked with directing the Department of Defense communications and electronic intelligence activities, except those of U.S. [[military intelligence]] units.<ref name=Burns /> However, the AFSA was unable to centralize [[COMINT|communications intelligence]] and failed to coordinate with civilian agencies that shared its interests, such as the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI).<ref name=Burns /> In December 1951, President Harry S. Truman ordered a panel to investigate how AFSA had failed to achieve its goals. The results of the investigation led to improvements and its redesignation as the National Security Agency.<ref name=NSApt2of3>{{cite web |title=The Creation of NSA – Part 2 of 3: The Brownell Committee |url=https://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/crypto_almanac_50th/The_Creation_of_NSA_Part_3.pdf |website=nsa.gov |publisher=National Security Agency |access-date=July 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918015612/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/crypto_almanac_50th/The_Creation_of_NSA_Part_3.pdf |archive-date=September 18, 2013 }}</ref> | ||
The [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] issued a memorandum of October 24, 1952, that revised [[National Security Council Intelligence Directives|National Security Council Intelligence Directive (NSCID) 9]]. On the same day, Truman issued a second memorandum that called for the establishment of the NSA.<ref name=Truman>{{cite web |title=Memorandum |author=Truman, Harry S. |url=https://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/truman/truman_memo.pdf |website=nsa.gov |publisher=National Security Agency |date=October 24, 1952 |access-date=July 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821073605/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/truman/truman_memo.pdf |archive-date=August 21, 2013 }}</ref> The actual establishment of the NSA was done by a November 4 memo by [[Robert A. Lovett]], the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], changing the name of the AFSA to the NSA, and making the new agency responsible for all communications intelligence.<ref>{{cite web |first=Thomas L. |last=Burns |url=https://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/cryptologic_histories/origins_of_nsa.pdf |title=The Origins of the National Security Agency |year=1990 |publisher=National Security Agency |series=United States Cryptologic History |volume=1 |pages=107–08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322122158/https://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/cryptologic_histories/origins_of_nsa.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-22 |df=mdy-all |access-date=2016-08-23 }}</ref> Since President Truman's memo was a [[classified information|classified]] document,<ref name=Truman /> the existence of the NSA was not known to the public at that time. Due to its ultra-secrecy, the U.S. intelligence community referred to the NSA as "No Such Agency".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/no-such-agency-spies-on-the-communications-of-the-world/2013/06/06/5bcd46a6-ceb9-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html|title='No Such Agency' spies on the communications of the world|last=Anne Gearan|date=June 7, 2013|access-date=November 9, 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-date=December 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225234416/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/no-such-agency-spies-on-the-communications-of-the-world/2013/06/06/5bcd46a6-ceb9-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | The [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] issued a memorandum of October 24, 1952, that revised [[National Security Council Intelligence Directives|National Security Council Intelligence Directive (NSCID) 9]]. On the same day, Truman issued a second memorandum that called for the establishment of the NSA.<ref name=Truman>{{cite web |title=Memorandum |author=Truman, Harry S. |url=https://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/truman/truman_memo.pdf |website=nsa.gov |publisher=National Security Agency |date=October 24, 1952 |access-date=July 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821073605/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/truman/truman_memo.pdf |archive-date=August 21, 2013 }}</ref> The actual establishment of the NSA was done by a November 4 memo by [[Robert A. Lovett]], the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], changing the name of the AFSA to the NSA, and making the new agency responsible for all communications intelligence.<ref>{{cite web |first=Thomas L. |last=Burns |url=https://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/cryptologic_histories/origins_of_nsa.pdf |title=The Origins of the National Security Agency |year=1990 |publisher=National Security Agency |series=United States Cryptologic History |volume=1 |pages=107–08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322122158/https://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/cryptologic_histories/origins_of_nsa.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-22 |df=mdy-all |access-date=2016-08-23 }}</ref> Since President Truman's memo was a [[classified information|classified]] document,<ref name=Truman /> the existence of the NSA was not known to the public at that time. Due to its ultra-secrecy, the U.S. intelligence community referred to the NSA as "No Such Agency".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/no-such-agency-spies-on-the-communications-of-the-world/2013/06/06/5bcd46a6-ceb9-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html|title='No Such Agency' spies on the communications of the world|last=Anne Gearan|date=June 7, 2013|access-date=November 9, 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-date=December 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225234416/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/no-such-agency-spies-on-the-communications-of-the-world/2013/06/06/5bcd46a6-ceb9-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| Line 150: | Line 150: | ||
To support its [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]] program, the NSA is intercepting "millions of images per day".<ref>{{cite news|author1=James Risen|author2=Laura Poitras|title=N.S.A. Collecting Millions of Faces From Web Images|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/01/us/nsa-collecting-millions-of-faces-from-web-images.html|access-date=June 1, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=June 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601084735/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/01/us/nsa-collecting-millions-of-faces-from-web-images.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | To support its [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]] program, the NSA is intercepting "millions of images per day".<ref>{{cite news|author1=James Risen|author2=Laura Poitras|title=N.S.A. Collecting Millions of Faces From Web Images|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/01/us/nsa-collecting-millions-of-faces-from-web-images.html|access-date=June 1, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=June 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601084735/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/01/us/nsa-collecting-millions-of-faces-from-web-images.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
The [[Real Time Regional Gateway]] is a data collection program introduced in 2005 in Iraq by the NSA during the [[Iraq War]] that consisted of gathering all electronic communication, storing it, then searching and otherwise analyzing it. It was effective in providing information about Iraqi insurgents who had eluded less comprehensive techniques.<ref name="WP71413">{{cite news|title=For NSA chief, terrorist threat drives passion to 'collect it all,' observers say|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/for-nsa-chief-terrorist-threat-drives-passion-to-collect-it-all/2013/07/14/3d26ef80-ea49-11e2-a301-ea5a8116d211_story.html|access-date=July 15, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=July 14, 2013|author=Ellen Nakashima|author2=Joby Warrick|quote=Collect it all, tag it, store it. . . . And whatever it is you want, you go searching for it.|archive-date=March 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301114727/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/for-nsa-chief-terrorist-threat-drives-passion-to-collect-it-all/2013/07/14/3d26ef80-ea49-11e2-a301-ea5a8116d211_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This "collect it all" strategy introduced by NSA director, [[Keith B. Alexander]], is believed by [[Glenn Greenwald]] of '' | The [[Real Time Regional Gateway]] is a data collection program introduced in 2005 in Iraq by the NSA during the [[Iraq War]] that consisted of gathering all electronic communication, storing it, then searching and otherwise analyzing it. It was effective in providing information about Iraqi insurgents who had eluded less comprehensive techniques.<ref name="WP71413">{{cite news|title=For NSA chief, terrorist threat drives passion to 'collect it all,' observers say|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/for-nsa-chief-terrorist-threat-drives-passion-to-collect-it-all/2013/07/14/3d26ef80-ea49-11e2-a301-ea5a8116d211_story.html|access-date=July 15, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=July 14, 2013|author=Ellen Nakashima|author2=Joby Warrick|quote=Collect it all, tag it, store it. . . . And whatever it is you want, you go searching for it.|archive-date=March 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301114727/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/for-nsa-chief-terrorist-threat-drives-passion-to-collect-it-all/2013/07/14/3d26ef80-ea49-11e2-a301-ea5a8116d211_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This "collect it all" strategy introduced by NSA director, [[Keith B. Alexander]], is believed by [[Glenn Greenwald]] of ''The Guardian'' to be the model for the comprehensive worldwide mass archiving of communications which NSA is engaged in as of 2013.<ref name="NSA71513">{{cite news|title=The crux of the NSA story in one phrase: 'collect it all': The actual story that matters is not hard to see: the NSA is attempting to collect, monitor, and store all forms of human communication|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/15/crux-nsa-collect-it-all|access-date=July 16, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=July 15, 2013|author=Glenn Greenwald|archive-date=March 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310132541/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/15/crux-nsa-collect-it-all|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
A dedicated unit of the NSA locates targets for the [[CIA]] for extrajudicial assassination in the Middle East.<ref name="MillerTateTargeted">Greg Miller and Julie Tate, October 17, 2013, "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/documents-reveal-nsas-extensive-involvement-in-targeted-killing-program/2013/10/16/29775278-3674-11e3-8a0e-4e2cf80831fc_story.html Documents reveal NSA's extensive involvement in targeted killing program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823063930/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/documents-reveal-nsas-extensive-involvement-in-targeted-killing-program/2013/10/16/29775278-3674-11e3-8a0e-4e2cf80831fc_story.html |date=2017-08-23 }}", ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved October 18, 2013.</ref> The NSA has also spied extensively on the European Union, the United Nations, and numerous governments including allies and trading partners in Europe, South America, and Asia.<ref>Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach, Fidelius Schmid und Holger Stark. "[http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/nsa-hat-wanzen-in-eu-gebaeuden-installiert-a-908515.html Geheimdokumente: NSA horcht EU-Vertretungen mit Wanzen aus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182038/https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/nsa-hat-wanzen-in-eu-gebaeuden-installiert-a-908515.html |date=2024-05-18 }}". ''Der Spiegel'' (in German). Retrieved June 29, 2013.</ref><ref>"[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/nsa-hoerte-zentrale-der-vereinte-nationen-in-new-york-ab-a-918421.html US-Geheimdienst hörte Zentrale der Vereinten Nationen ab] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512130608/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/nsa-hoerte-zentrale-der-vereinte-nationen-in-new-york-ab-a-918421.html |date=2024-05-12 }}". ''Der Spiegel'' (in German). Retrieved August 25, 2013.</ref> In June 2015, [[WikiLeaks]] published documents showing that NSA spied on [[France|French]] companies.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/wikileaks-enthuellung-nsa-soll-auch-franzoesische-wirtschaft-bespitzelt-haben-a-1041268.html Spiegel.de: Wikileaks-Enthüllung, NSA soll auch französische Wirtschaft bespizelt haben (German)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919202253/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/wikileaks-enthuellung-nsa-soll-auch-franzoesische-wirtschaft-bespitzelt-haben-a-1041268.html |date=2016-09-19 }}, June 2015</ref> WikiLeaks also published documents showing that NSA spied on federal German ministries since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/wikileaks-und-taeglich-gruesst-die-nsa/12034888.html|title=Wikileaks: Und täglich grüßt die NSA|author=|date=July 9, 2015|website=Handelsblatt.com|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-date=October 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018075016/https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/wikileaks-und-taeglich-gruesst-die-nsa/12034888.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/nsa-skanal-us-spionage-ist-eine-demuetigung-fuer-deutschland-1.2558131|title=US-Spionage ist eine Demütigung für Deutschland|first=Tanjev|last=Schultz|website=Süddeutsche.de|date=9 July 2015|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223192449/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/nsa-skanal-us-spionage-ist-eine-demuetigung-fuer-deutschland-1.2558131|url-status=live}}</ref> Even Germany's Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]]'s cellphones and phones of her predecessors had been intercepted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/08/nsa-tapped-german-chancellery-decades-wikileaks-claims-merkel|title=NSA tapped German Chancellery for decades, WikiLeaks claims|agency=Reuters|date=8 July 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> | A dedicated unit of the NSA locates targets for the [[CIA]] for extrajudicial assassination in the Middle East.<ref name="MillerTateTargeted">Greg Miller and Julie Tate, October 17, 2013, "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/documents-reveal-nsas-extensive-involvement-in-targeted-killing-program/2013/10/16/29775278-3674-11e3-8a0e-4e2cf80831fc_story.html Documents reveal NSA's extensive involvement in targeted killing program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823063930/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/documents-reveal-nsas-extensive-involvement-in-targeted-killing-program/2013/10/16/29775278-3674-11e3-8a0e-4e2cf80831fc_story.html |date=2017-08-23 }}", ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved October 18, 2013.</ref> The NSA has also spied extensively on the European Union, the United Nations, and numerous governments including allies and trading partners in Europe, South America, and Asia.<ref>Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach, Fidelius Schmid und Holger Stark. "[http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/nsa-hat-wanzen-in-eu-gebaeuden-installiert-a-908515.html Geheimdokumente: NSA horcht EU-Vertretungen mit Wanzen aus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182038/https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/nsa-hat-wanzen-in-eu-gebaeuden-installiert-a-908515.html |date=2024-05-18 }}". ''Der Spiegel'' (in German). Retrieved June 29, 2013.</ref><ref>"[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/nsa-hoerte-zentrale-der-vereinte-nationen-in-new-york-ab-a-918421.html US-Geheimdienst hörte Zentrale der Vereinten Nationen ab] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512130608/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/nsa-hoerte-zentrale-der-vereinte-nationen-in-new-york-ab-a-918421.html |date=2024-05-12 }}". ''Der Spiegel'' (in German). Retrieved August 25, 2013.</ref> In June 2015, [[WikiLeaks]] published documents showing that NSA spied on [[France|French]] companies.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/wikileaks-enthuellung-nsa-soll-auch-franzoesische-wirtschaft-bespitzelt-haben-a-1041268.html Spiegel.de: Wikileaks-Enthüllung, NSA soll auch französische Wirtschaft bespizelt haben (German)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919202253/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/wikileaks-enthuellung-nsa-soll-auch-franzoesische-wirtschaft-bespitzelt-haben-a-1041268.html |date=2016-09-19 }}, June 2015</ref> WikiLeaks also published documents showing that NSA spied on federal German ministries since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/wikileaks-und-taeglich-gruesst-die-nsa/12034888.html|title=Wikileaks: Und täglich grüßt die NSA|author=|date=July 9, 2015|website=Handelsblatt.com|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-date=October 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018075016/https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/wikileaks-und-taeglich-gruesst-die-nsa/12034888.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/nsa-skanal-us-spionage-ist-eine-demuetigung-fuer-deutschland-1.2558131|title=US-Spionage ist eine Demütigung für Deutschland|first=Tanjev|last=Schultz|website=Süddeutsche.de|date=9 July 2015|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223192449/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/nsa-skanal-us-spionage-ist-eine-demuetigung-fuer-deutschland-1.2558131|url-status=live}}</ref> Even Germany's Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]]'s cellphones and phones of her predecessors had been intercepted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/08/nsa-tapped-german-chancellery-decades-wikileaks-claims-merkel|title=NSA tapped German Chancellery for decades, WikiLeaks claims|agency=Reuters|date=8 July 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> | ||
| Line 190: | Line 190: | ||
{{See also|NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)}} | {{See also|NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)}} | ||
George W. Bush, president during the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 terrorist attacks]], approved the [[Patriot Act]] shortly after the attacks to take anti-terrorist security measures. [[Title I of the Patriot Act|Titles 1]], [[Title II of the Patriot Act|2]], and [[Title IX of the Patriot Act|9]] specifically authorized measures that would be taken by the NSA. These titles granted enhanced domestic security against terrorism, surveillance procedures, and improved intelligence, respectively. On March 10, 2004, there was a debate between President Bush and White House Counsel [[Alberto Gonzales]], Attorney General [[John Ashcroft]], and Acting Attorney General [[James Comey]]. The Attorneys General were unsure if the NSA's programs could be considered constitutional. They threatened to resign over the matter, but ultimately the NSA's programs continued.<ref>{{cite book|title=President George W. Bush's Influence Over Bureaucracy and Policy|last=Provost|first=Colin|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2009|isbn=978-0-230-60954-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/presidentgeorgew0000unse/page/94 94–99]|url=https://archive.org/details/presidentgeorgew0000unse/page/94}}</ref> On March 11, 2004, President Bush signed a new authorization for mass surveillance of Internet records, in addition to the surveillance of phone records. This allowed the president to be able to override laws such as the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]], which protected civilians from mass surveillance. In addition to this, President Bush also signed that the measures of mass surveillance were also retroactively in place.<ref name=NYTimes2015-09-20 /><ref name="NYTWarrantless">[[James Risen]] & [[Eric Lichtblau]] (December 16, 2005), [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524040621/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html |date=2015-05-24 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref> | |||
One such surveillance program, authorized by the U.S. Signals Intelligence Directive 18 of President George Bush, was the Highlander Project undertaken for the National Security Agency by the U.S. Army [[513th Military Intelligence Brigade]]. NSA relayed telephone (including cell phone) conversations obtained from ground, airborne, and satellite monitoring stations to various U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Officers, including the [[201st Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade|201st Military Intelligence Battalion]]. Conversations of citizens of the U.S. were intercepted, along with those of other nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB23/index2.html |title=Gwu.edu |publisher=Gwu.edu |access-date=October 9, 2013 |archive-date=June 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602002703/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB23/index2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | One such surveillance program, authorized by the U.S. Signals Intelligence Directive 18 of President George Bush, was the Highlander Project undertaken for the National Security Agency by the U.S. Army [[513th Military Intelligence Brigade]]. NSA relayed telephone (including cell phone) conversations obtained from ground, airborne, and satellite monitoring stations to various U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Officers, including the [[201st Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade|201st Military Intelligence Battalion]]. Conversations of citizens of the U.S. were intercepted, along with those of other nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB23/index2.html |title=Gwu.edu |publisher=Gwu.edu |access-date=October 9, 2013 |archive-date=June 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602002703/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB23/index2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
| Line 271: | Line 271: | ||
=== Personnel security === | === Personnel security === | ||
The NSA received criticism early on in 1960 after two agents had defected to the | The NSA received criticism early on in 1960 after two agents had defected to the Soviet Union. Investigations by the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] and a special subcommittee of the [[United States House Committee on Armed Services]] revealed severe cases of ignorance of personnel security regulations, prompting the former personnel director and the director of security to step down and leading to the adoption of stricter security practices.<ref name="Kahn">David Kahn, ''The Codebreakers'', Scribner Press, 1967, chapter 19, pp. 672–733.</ref> Nonetheless, security breaches reoccurred only a year later when in an issue of ''[[Izvestia]]'' of July 23, 1963, a former NSA employee published several cryptologic secrets. | ||
The very same day, an NSA clerk-messenger committed [[suicide]] as ongoing investigations disclosed that he had sold secret information to the Soviets regularly. The reluctance of congressional houses to look into these affairs prompted a journalist to write, "If a similar series of tragic blunders occurred in any ordinary agency of Government an aroused public would insist that those responsible be officially censured, demoted, or fired." [[David Kahn (writer)|David Kahn]] criticized the NSA's tactics of concealing its doings as smug and the Congress' blind faith in the agency's right-doing as shortsighted, and pointed out the necessity of surveillance by the Congress to prevent abuse of power.<ref name="Kahn" /> | The very same day, an NSA clerk-messenger committed [[suicide]] as ongoing investigations disclosed that he had sold secret information to the Soviets regularly. The reluctance of congressional houses to look into these affairs prompted a journalist to write, "If a similar series of tragic blunders occurred in any ordinary agency of Government an aroused public would insist that those responsible be officially censured, demoted, or fired." [[David Kahn (writer)|David Kahn]] criticized the NSA's tactics of concealing its doings as smug and the Congress' blind faith in the agency's right-doing as shortsighted, and pointed out the necessity of surveillance by the Congress to prevent abuse of power.<ref name="Kahn" /> | ||
| Line 296: | Line 296: | ||
[[File:NSA-Fort Meade-1950.png|thumb|Headquarters at [[Fort Meade]] circa 1950s]] | [[File:NSA-Fort Meade-1950.png|thumb|Headquarters at [[Fort Meade]] circa 1950s]] | ||
When the agency was first established, its headquarters and cryptographic center were in the Naval Security Station in Washington, D.C. The COMINT functions were located in [[Arlington Hall]] in [[Northern Virginia]], which served as the headquarters of the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s cryptographic operations.<ref name=60yearsp15>{{cite web|title=60 Years of Defending Our Nation|publisher=National Security Agency|year=2012|url=https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|access-date=July 6, 2013|page=15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614022314/http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because the | When the agency was first established, its headquarters and cryptographic center were in the Naval Security Station in Washington, D.C. The COMINT functions were located in [[Arlington Hall]] in [[Northern Virginia]], which served as the headquarters of the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s cryptographic operations.<ref name=60yearsp15>{{cite web|title=60 Years of Defending Our Nation|publisher=National Security Agency|year=2012|url=https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|access-date=July 6, 2013|page=15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614022314/http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because the Soviet Union had detonated a nuclear bomb and because the facilities were crowded, the federal government wanted to move several agencies, including the AFSA/NSA. A planning committee considered [[Fort Knox]], but [[Fort George G. Meade|Fort Meade]], [[Maryland]], was ultimately chosen as NSA headquarters because it was far enough away from Washington, D.C. in case of a nuclear strike and was close enough so its employees would not have to move their families.<ref name="60yearsp10" /> | ||
Construction of additional buildings began after the agency occupied buildings at Fort Meade in the late 1950s, which they soon outgrew.<ref name=60yearsp10>{{cite web|title=60 Years of Defending Our Nation|publisher=National Security Agency|year=2012|url=https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|access-date=July 6, 2013|page=10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614022314/http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1963 the new headquarters building, nine stories tall, opened. NSA workers referred to the building as the "Headquarters Building" and since the NSA management occupied the top floor, workers used "Ninth Floor" to refer to their leaders.<ref>{{cite web|title=60 Years of Defending Our Nation|publisher=National Security Agency|year=2012|url=https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|access-date=July 6, 2013|page=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614022314/http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> COMSEC remained in Washington, D.C., until its new building was completed in 1968.<ref name=60yearsp10 /> In September 1986, the Operations 2A and 2B buildings, both copper-shielded to prevent [[eavesdropping]], opened with a dedication by President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref name=60yearsp39 /> The four NSA buildings became known as the "Big Four."<ref name=60yearsp39 /> The NSA director moved to 2B when it opened.<ref name=60yearsp39>{{cite web|title=60 Years of Defending Our Nation|publisher=National Security Agency|year=2012|url=https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|access-date=July 6, 2013|page=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614022314/http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Construction of additional buildings began after the agency occupied buildings at Fort Meade in the late 1950s, which they soon outgrew.<ref name=60yearsp10>{{cite web|title=60 Years of Defending Our Nation|publisher=National Security Agency|year=2012|url=https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|access-date=July 6, 2013|page=10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614022314/http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1963 the new headquarters building, nine stories tall, opened. NSA workers referred to the building as the "Headquarters Building" and since the NSA management occupied the top floor, workers used "Ninth Floor" to refer to their leaders.<ref>{{cite web|title=60 Years of Defending Our Nation|publisher=National Security Agency|year=2012|url=https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|access-date=July 6, 2013|page=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614022314/http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> COMSEC remained in Washington, D.C., until its new building was completed in 1968.<ref name=60yearsp10 /> In September 1986, the Operations 2A and 2B buildings, both copper-shielded to prevent [[eavesdropping]], opened with a dedication by President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref name=60yearsp39 /> The four NSA buildings became known as the "Big Four."<ref name=60yearsp39 /> The NSA director moved to 2B when it opened.<ref name=60yearsp39>{{cite web|title=60 Years of Defending Our Nation|publisher=National Security Agency|year=2012|url=https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|access-date=July 6, 2013|page=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614022314/http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/60th/book/NSA_60th_Anniversary.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| Line 472: | Line 472: | ||
{{See also|NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)}} | {{See also|NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)}} | ||
On December 16, 2005, ''The New York Times'' reported that under [[White House]] pressure and with an [[executive order]] from President | On December 16, 2005, ''The New York Times'' reported that under [[White House]] pressure and with an [[executive order]] from President George W. Bush, the National Security Agency, in an attempt to thwart terrorism, had been tapping phone calls made to persons outside the country, without obtaining [[warrant (law)|warrants]] from the [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]], a secret court created for that purpose under the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]] (FISA).<ref name="NYTWarrantless"/> | ||
===[[Edward Snowden]]=== | ===[[Edward Snowden]]=== | ||
| Line 496: | Line 496: | ||
===Other surveillance=== | ===Other surveillance=== | ||
On January 17, 2006, the [[Center for Constitutional Rights]] filed a lawsuit, [[CCR v. Bush]], against the | On January 17, 2006, the [[Center for Constitutional Rights]] filed a lawsuit, [[CCR v. Bush]], against the George W. Bush presidency. The lawsuit challenged the National Security Agency's (NSA's) surveillance of people within the U.S., including the interception of CCR emails without securing a warrant first.<ref name=TheJurist200705may21>{{cite news |url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/05/ex-guantanamo-lawyers-sue-for.php |date=May 19, 2007 |title=Ex-Guantanamo lawyers sue for recordings of client meetings |author=Mike Rosen-Molina |publisher=[[The Jurist]] |access-date=May 22, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502051556/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/05/ex-guantanamo-lawyers-sue-for.php |archive-date=May 2, 2008 }}</ref><ref name=CcrVBushDocket>{{cite web|url=http://ccrjustice.org/ourcases/current-cases/ccr-v.-bush|title=CCR v. Bush|publisher=[[Center for Constitutional Rights]]|access-date=June 15, 2009|archive-date=June 17, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617195549/http://ccrjustice.org/ourcases/current-cases/ccr-v.-bush|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
In the August 2006 case ''[[ACLU v. NSA]]'', [[U.S. District Court]] Judge [[Anna Diggs Taylor]] concluded that NSA's warrantless surveillance program was both illegal and unconstitutional. On July 6, 2007, the [[6th Circuit Court of Appeals]] vacated the decision because the ACLU lacked standing to bring the suit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/nytimes/docs/nsa/aclunsa70607opn.pdf |title=6th Circuit Court of Appeals Decision |access-date=October 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053024/http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/nytimes/docs/nsa/aclunsa70607opn.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> | In the August 2006 case ''[[ACLU v. NSA]]'', [[U.S. District Court]] Judge [[Anna Diggs Taylor]] concluded that NSA's warrantless surveillance program was both illegal and unconstitutional. On July 6, 2007, the [[6th Circuit Court of Appeals]] vacated the decision because the ACLU lacked standing to bring the suit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/nytimes/docs/nsa/aclunsa70607opn.pdf |title=6th Circuit Court of Appeals Decision |access-date=October 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053024/http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/nytimes/docs/nsa/aclunsa70607opn.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> | ||
| Line 523: | Line 523: | ||
=== Section 215 metadata collection === | === Section 215 metadata collection === | ||
On April 25, 2013, the NSA obtained a court order requiring [[Verizon]]'s Business Network Services to provide [[metadata]] on all calls in its system to the NSA "on an ongoing daily basis" for three months, as reported by '' | On April 25, 2013, the NSA obtained a court order requiring [[Verizon]]'s Business Network Services to provide [[metadata]] on all calls in its system to the NSA "on an ongoing daily basis" for three months, as reported by ''The Guardian'' on June 6, 2013. This information includes "the numbers of both parties on a call ... location data, call duration, unique identifiers, and the time and duration of all calls" but not "[t]he contents of the conversation itself". The order relies on the so-called "business records" provision of the Patriot Act.<ref>{{cite news|author=Glenn Greenwald|title=Revealed: NSA collecting phone records of millions of Americans daily|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order|access-date=June 6, 2013|location=London|work=The Guardian|date=June 6, 2013|author-link=Glenn Greenwald|archive-date=October 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012153115/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes2013-06-05>{{cite news| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/06/us/us-secretly-collecting-logs-of-business-calls.html| title = U.S. Is Secretly Collecting Records of Verizon Calls| newspaper = The New York Times| date = 2013-06-05| author = [[Charlie Savage (author)|Charlie Savage]], Edward Wyatt| access-date = 2024-06-07| archive-date = 2024-05-12| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240512131030/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/06/us/us-secretly-collecting-logs-of-business-calls.html| url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
In August 2013, following the Snowden leaks, new details about the NSA's data mining activity were revealed. Reportedly, the majority of emails into or out of the United States are captured at "selected communications links" and automatically analyzed for keywords or other "selectors". Emails that do not match are deleted.<ref name="SavageBroaderSifting">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/us/broader-sifting-of-data-abroad-is-seen-by-nsa.html|title=N.S.A. Said to Search Content of Messages to and From U.S|author=Savage, Charlie|date=August 8, 2013|access-date=August 13, 2013|work=The New York Times|author-link=Charlie Savage (author)|archive-date=August 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813023342/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/us/broader-sifting-of-data-abroad-is-seen-by-nsa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | In August 2013, following the Snowden leaks, new details about the NSA's data mining activity were revealed. Reportedly, the majority of emails into or out of the United States are captured at "selected communications links" and automatically analyzed for keywords or other "selectors". Emails that do not match are deleted.<ref name="SavageBroaderSifting">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/us/broader-sifting-of-data-abroad-is-seen-by-nsa.html|title=N.S.A. Said to Search Content of Messages to and From U.S|author=Savage, Charlie|date=August 8, 2013|access-date=August 13, 2013|work=The New York Times|author-link=Charlie Savage (author)|archive-date=August 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813023342/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/us/broader-sifting-of-data-abroad-is-seen-by-nsa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| Line 567: | Line 567: | ||
The U.S. government has aggressively sought to dismiss and challenge [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]] cases raised against it, and has granted retroactive immunity to ISPs and telecoms participating in domestic surveillance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2008/02/democrats-fail-to-block-telecom-immunity-provision/ |title=Senate caves, votes to give telecoms retroactive immunity |website=Ars Technica |date=February 13, 2008 |access-date=September 16, 2013 |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708072335/https://arstechnica.com/security/2008/02/democrats-fail-to-block-telecom-immunity-provision/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://progressive.org/mag/wx071008.html |title=Forget Retroactive Immunity, FISA Bill is also about Prospective Immunity |publisher=[[The Progressive]] |date=July 10, 2008 |access-date=September 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918200841/http://progressive.org/mag/wx071008.html |archive-date=September 18, 2013 }}</ref> | The U.S. government has aggressively sought to dismiss and challenge [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]] cases raised against it, and has granted retroactive immunity to ISPs and telecoms participating in domestic surveillance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2008/02/democrats-fail-to-block-telecom-immunity-provision/ |title=Senate caves, votes to give telecoms retroactive immunity |website=Ars Technica |date=February 13, 2008 |access-date=September 16, 2013 |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708072335/https://arstechnica.com/security/2008/02/democrats-fail-to-block-telecom-immunity-provision/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://progressive.org/mag/wx071008.html |title=Forget Retroactive Immunity, FISA Bill is also about Prospective Immunity |publisher=[[The Progressive]] |date=July 10, 2008 |access-date=September 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918200841/http://progressive.org/mag/wx071008.html |archive-date=September 18, 2013 }}</ref> | ||
The U.S. military has acknowledged blocking access to parts of ''The Guardian'' website for thousands of defense personnel across the country,<ref>[http://www.montereyherald.com/local/ci_23554739/restricted-web-access-guardian-is-army-wide-officials "Restricted Web access to the Guardian is Armywide, say officials"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020150616/http://www.montereyherald.com/local/ci_23554739/restricted-web-access-guardian-is-army-wide-officials |date=2014-10-20 }}, Philipp Molnar, ''Monterey Herald'', June 27, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2014.</ref><ref name="guardarmy">[[Spencer Ackerman|Ackerman, Spencer]]; Roberts, Dan (June 28, 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/28/us-army-blocks-guardian-website-access "US Army Blocks Access to Guardian Website to Preserve 'Network Hygiene'—Military Admits to Filtering Reports and Content Relating to Government Surveillance Programs for Thousands of Personnel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103143200/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/28/us-army-blocks-guardian-website-access |date=2017-01-03 }}. '' | The U.S. military has acknowledged blocking access to parts of ''The Guardian'' website for thousands of defense personnel across the country,<ref>[http://www.montereyherald.com/local/ci_23554739/restricted-web-access-guardian-is-army-wide-officials "Restricted Web access to the Guardian is Armywide, say officials"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020150616/http://www.montereyherald.com/local/ci_23554739/restricted-web-access-guardian-is-army-wide-officials |date=2014-10-20 }}, Philipp Molnar, ''Monterey Herald'', June 27, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2014.</ref><ref name="guardarmy">[[Spencer Ackerman|Ackerman, Spencer]]; Roberts, Dan (June 28, 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/28/us-army-blocks-guardian-website-access "US Army Blocks Access to Guardian Website to Preserve 'Network Hygiene'—Military Admits to Filtering Reports and Content Relating to Government Surveillance Programs for Thousands of Personnel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103143200/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/28/us-army-blocks-guardian-website-access |date=2017-01-03 }}. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved June 30, 2013.</ref> and blocking the entire ''Guardian'' website for personnel stationed throughout Afghanistan, the Middle East, and South Asia.<ref name="guardmil">{{cite news|last=Ackerman|first=Spencer|title=US military blocks entire Guardian website for troops stationed abroad|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/01/us-military-blocks-guardian-troops|newspaper=The Guardian|date=July 1, 2013|access-date=June 7, 2024|archive-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202141818/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/01/us-military-blocks-guardian-troops|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
An October 2014 United Nations report condemned mass surveillance by the United States and other countries as violating multiple international treaties and conventions that guarantee core privacy rights.<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=UN Report Finds Mass Surveillance Violates International Treaties and Privacy Rights|url=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/10/15/un-investigator-report-condemns-mass-surveillance/|date=October 16, 2014|access-date=October 23, 2014|archive-date=January 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103001936/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/10/15/un-investigator-report-condemns-mass-surveillance/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | An October 2014 United Nations report condemned mass surveillance by the United States and other countries as violating multiple international treaties and conventions that guarantee core privacy rights.<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=UN Report Finds Mass Surveillance Violates International Treaties and Privacy Rights|url=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/10/15/un-investigator-report-condemns-mass-surveillance/|date=October 16, 2014|access-date=October 23, 2014|archive-date=January 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103001936/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/10/15/un-investigator-report-condemns-mass-surveillance/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| Line 628: | Line 628: | ||
* Budiansky, Stephen (2017). ''Code Warriors: NSA's Codebreakers and the Secret Intelligence War Against the Soviet Union''. {{ISBN|978-080-417-097-0}}. | * Budiansky, Stephen (2017). ''Code Warriors: NSA's Codebreakers and the Secret Intelligence War Against the Soviet Union''. {{ISBN|978-080-417-097-0}}. | ||
* {{cite book|last=Hanyok|first=Robert J.|year=2002|url=https://fas.org/irp/nsa/spartans/index.html|title=Spartans in Darkness: American SIGINT and the Indochina War, 1945–1975|publisher=National Security Agency|access-date=November 16, 2008|archive-date=January 11, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111205047/http://www.fas.org/irp/nsa/spartans/index.html|url-status=live}} | * {{cite book|last=Hanyok|first=Robert J.|year=2002|url=https://fas.org/irp/nsa/spartans/index.html|title=Spartans in Darkness: American SIGINT and the Indochina War, 1945–1975|publisher=National Security Agency|access-date=November 16, 2008|archive-date=January 11, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111205047/http://www.fas.org/irp/nsa/spartans/index.html|url-status=live}} | ||
* {{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2013/06/18/obama-charlie-rose-program-nsa-surveillance/2433549/ | title=Obama: NSA surveillance programs are 'transparent' | newspaper= | * {{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2013/06/18/obama-charlie-rose-program-nsa-surveillance/2433549/ | title=Obama: NSA surveillance programs are 'transparent' | newspaper=USA Today | date=June 18, 2013 | access-date=June 18, 2013 | author=Jackson, David | archive-date=June 18, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618124016/http://www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2013/06/18/obama-charlie-rose-program-nsa-surveillance/2433549/ | url-status=live }} | ||
* {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Thomas R.|year=2008|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB260/|title=American Cryptology during the Cold War|publisher=National Security Agency: Center for Cryptological History|access-date=November 16, 2008|archive-date=December 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224044110/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB260/|url-status=live}} | * {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Thomas R.|year=2008|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB260/|title=American Cryptology during the Cold War|publisher=National Security Agency: Center for Cryptological History|access-date=November 16, 2008|archive-date=December 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224044110/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB260/|url-status=live}} | ||
* Radden Keefe, Patrick, ''Chatter: Dispatches from the Secret World of Global Eavesdropping'', Random House, {{ISBN|1-4000-6034-6}}. | * Radden Keefe, Patrick, ''Chatter: Dispatches from the Secret World of Global Eavesdropping'', Random House, {{ISBN|1-4000-6034-6}}. | ||
| Line 642: | Line 642: | ||
* [[Church Committee]], ''Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: 1976 US Senate Report on Illegal Wiretaps and Domestic Spying by the FBI, CIA and NSA'', Red and Black Publishers (May 1, 2008). | * [[Church Committee]], ''Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: 1976 US Senate Report on Illegal Wiretaps and Domestic Spying by the FBI, CIA and NSA'', Red and Black Publishers (May 1, 2008). | ||
* "[http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/us/2013/06/07/lawrence-nsa-no-such-agency.cnn.html Just what is the NSA?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022062022/http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/us/2013/06/07/lawrence-nsa-no-such-agency.cnn.html |date=2014-10-22 }}" (video). CNN. June 7, 2013. | * "[http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/us/2013/06/07/lawrence-nsa-no-such-agency.cnn.html Just what is the NSA?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022062022/http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/us/2013/06/07/lawrence-nsa-no-such-agency.cnn.html |date=2014-10-22 }}" (video). CNN. June 7, 2013. | ||
* {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/the-nsa-files|title=The NSA Files|newspaper= | * {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/the-nsa-files|title=The NSA Files|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|date=June 8, 2013|access-date=June 7, 2024|archive-date=October 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003122712/http://www.theguardian.com/world/the-nsa-files|url-status=live}} | ||
* "[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB260/ National Security Agency Releases History of Cold War Intelligence Activities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224044110/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB260/ |date=2008-12-24 }}." [[George Washington University]]. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 260. Posted November 14, 2008. | * "[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB260/ National Security Agency Releases History of Cold War Intelligence Activities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224044110/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB260/ |date=2008-12-24 }}." [[George Washington University]]. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 260. Posted November 14, 2008. | ||
* {{cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/snowden-sidtoday/?orderBy=publishedTime&orderDirection=desc#archive|title=The Snowden Archive|website=[[The Intercept]]|location=London|date=June 8, 2013|access-date=June 7, 2024|archive-date=May 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512131635/https://theintercept.com/snowden-sidtoday/?orderBy=publishedTime&orderDirection=desc#archive|url-status=live}} | * {{cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/snowden-sidtoday/?orderBy=publishedTime&orderDirection=desc#archive|title=The Snowden Archive|website=[[The Intercept]]|location=London|date=June 8, 2013|access-date=June 7, 2024|archive-date=May 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512131635/https://theintercept.com/snowden-sidtoday/?orderBy=publishedTime&orderDirection=desc#archive|url-status=live}} | ||