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<!-- "Twitter" is the first word in the lead sentence, per MOS:LEADSENTENCE. See talk. --> | <!-- "Twitter" is the first word in the lead sentence, per MOS:LEADSENTENCE. See talk. --> | ||
'''Twitter''', officially known as '''X''' since July 2023, is a [[social networking service]]. It is one of the world's largest [[social media]] platforms and one of the [[most-visited websites]].<ref name="cnbc-kolodny">{{Cite web |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |date=September 18, 2023 |title=Elon Musk says Twitter, now X, is moving to monthly subscription fees and has 550 million users |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/18/musk-says-twitter-now-x-is-moving-to-monthly-subscriptions.html |access-date=September 19, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=September 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918225046/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/18/musk-says-twitter-now-x-is-moving-to-monthly-subscriptions.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Websites Ranking |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=Similarweb}}</ref> Users can share short text messages, images, and videos in [[Microblogging|short posts]] commonly known as "[[Tweet (social media)|tweets]]" or "[[retweet]]s" (officially "post" or "repost") and [[Like button|like]] other users' content.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Conger |first=Kate |date=August 3, 2023 |title=So What Do We Call Twitter Now Anyway? |language=en-US |work= | '''Twitter''', officially known as '''X''' since July 2023, is a [[social networking service]]. It is one of the world's largest [[social media]] platforms and one of the [[most-visited websites]].<ref name="cnbc-kolodny">{{Cite web |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |date=September 18, 2023 |title=Elon Musk says Twitter, now X, is moving to monthly subscription fees and has 550 million users |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/18/musk-says-twitter-now-x-is-moving-to-monthly-subscriptions.html |access-date=September 19, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=September 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918225046/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/18/musk-says-twitter-now-x-is-moving-to-monthly-subscriptions.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Websites Ranking |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=Similarweb}}</ref> Users can share short text messages, images, and videos in [[Microblogging|short posts]] commonly known as "[[Tweet (social media)|tweets]]" or "[[retweet]]s" (officially "post" or "repost") and [[Like button|like]] other users' content.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Conger |first=Kate |date=August 3, 2023 |title=So What Do We Call Twitter Now Anyway? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/03/technology/twitter-x-tweets-elon-musk.html |access-date=August 29, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012220459/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/03/technology/twitter-x-tweets-elon-musk.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The platform also includes [[direct message|direct messaging]], video and audio calling, bookmarks, lists, communities, a chatbot ([[Grok (chatbot)|Grok]]), job search,<ref>{{Cite web |title=X, formerly Twitter, opens job search function to all users |url=https://www.hrdive.com/news/x-elon-musk-opens-job-search-function/700391/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=HR Dive |language=en-US}}</ref> and Spaces, a social audio feature. Users can vote on context added by approved users using the [[Community Notes]] feature. | ||
Twitter was created in March 2006 by [[Jack Dorsey]], [[Noah Glass]], [[Biz Stone]], and [[Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]], and was launched in July of that year. Twitter grew quickly; by 2012 more than 100 million users produced 340 million tweets per day.<ref name="Twitter-2012">{{cite web |url=https://blog.twitter.com/2012/twitter-turns-six |title=Twitter turns six |date=March 21, 2012 |via=Twitter |access-date=August 29, 2014 |archive-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206120727/https://blog.twitter.com/2012/twitter-turns-six |url-status=live }}</ref> Twitter, Inc., was based in San Francisco, California, and had more than 25 offices around the world.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://about.twitter.com/|title=Company: "About Twitter"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403002854/https://about.twitter.com/company|archive-date=April 3, 2016|access-date=April 24, 2014}}</ref> A signature characteristic of the service initially was that posts were required to be brief. Posts were initially limited to 140 characters, which was changed to 280 characters in 2017. The limitation was removed for subscribed accounts in 2023.<ref name="Twitter_500" /> The majority of tweets are produced by a minority of users.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|last=Carlson|first=Nicholas|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stunning-new-numbers-on-who-uses-twitter/|title=Stunning New Numbers on Who Uses Twitter|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=June 2, 2009|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205143012/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stunning-new-numbers-on-who-uses-twitter/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wojcik|first1=Stefan|last2=Hughes|first2=Adam|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|title=Sizing Up Twitter Users|work=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=April 24, 2019|access-date=April 25, 2019|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029223842/https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, it was estimated that approximately 48 million accounts (15% of all accounts) were run by [[internet bot]]s rather than humans.<ref name=Rodriguez/> | Twitter was created in March 2006 by [[Jack Dorsey]], [[Noah Glass]], [[Biz Stone]], and [[Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]], and was launched in July of that year. Twitter grew quickly; by 2012 more than 100 million users produced 340 million tweets per day.<ref name="Twitter-2012">{{cite web |url=https://blog.twitter.com/2012/twitter-turns-six |title=Twitter turns six |date=March 21, 2012 |via=Twitter |access-date=August 29, 2014 |archive-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206120727/https://blog.twitter.com/2012/twitter-turns-six |url-status=live }}</ref> Twitter, Inc., was based in San Francisco, California, and had more than 25 offices around the world.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://about.twitter.com/|title=Company: "About Twitter"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403002854/https://about.twitter.com/company|archive-date=April 3, 2016|access-date=April 24, 2014}}</ref> A signature characteristic of the service initially was that posts were required to be brief. Posts were initially limited to 140 characters, which was changed to 280 characters in 2017. The limitation was removed for subscribed accounts in 2023.<ref name="Twitter_500" /> The majority of tweets are produced by a minority of users.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|last=Carlson|first=Nicholas|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stunning-new-numbers-on-who-uses-twitter/|title=Stunning New Numbers on Who Uses Twitter|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=June 2, 2009|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205143012/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stunning-new-numbers-on-who-uses-twitter/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wojcik|first1=Stefan|last2=Hughes|first2=Adam|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|title=Sizing Up Twitter Users|work=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=April 24, 2019|access-date=April 25, 2019|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029223842/https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, it was estimated that approximately 48 million accounts (15% of all accounts) were run by [[internet bot]]s rather than humans.<ref name=Rodriguez/> | ||
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=== 2006–2021 === | === 2006–2021 === | ||
[[File:Twttr sketch-Dorsey-2006.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|A sketch, {{circa|2006}}, by [[Jack Dorsey]], envisioning an SMS-based [[social network]]]] | [[File:Twttr sketch-Dorsey-2006.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|A sketch, {{circa|2006}}, by [[Jack Dorsey]], envisioning an SMS-based [[social network]]]] | ||
[[Jack Dorsey]] claims to have introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate to a small group in 2006.<ref>{{registration required|date=February 2011}} {{Cite news |last=Miller, Claire Cain |date=October 30, 2010 |title=Why Twitter's C.E.O. Demoted Himself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101065448/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html |archive-date=November 1, 2010 |access-date=October 31, 2010 |work= | [[Jack Dorsey]] claims to have introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate to a small group in 2006.<ref>{{registration required|date=February 2011}} {{Cite news |last=Miller, Claire Cain |date=October 30, 2010 |title=Why Twitter's C.E.O. Demoted Himself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101065448/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html |archive-date=November 1, 2010 |access-date=October 31, 2010 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The original [[project code name]] for the service was ''twttr'', an idea that Williams later ascribed to [[Noah Glass (Twitter)|Noah Glass]],<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=58275072011542529 |user=ev |title=It's true that @Noah never got enough credit for his early role at Twitter. Also, he came up with the name, which was brilliant. |author=Ev |date=April 13, 2011 |access-date=April 26, 2011}}</ref> inspired by [[Flickr]] and the five-character length of American SMS [[short code]]s. The decision was also partly due to the fact that the domain twitter.com was already in use, and it was six months after the launch of twttr that the crew purchased the domain and changed the name of the service to ''Twitter''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Buy a vowel? How Twttr became Twitter |url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2010/technology/1011/gallery.Startup_Domain_Names/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427150243/https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2010/technology/1011/gallery.Startup_Domain_Names/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=June 9, 2015 |work=[[CNN Money]]}}</ref> Work on the project started in February 2006.<ref name="Carlson-2011" /> | ||
The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for [[Odeo]] employees.<ref name="Carlson-2011">{{Cite web |last=Carlson |first=Nicholas |date=April 13, 2011 |title=How Twitter Was Founded |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-twitter-was-founded-2011-4?op=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714111059/http://www.businessinsider.com/how-twitter-was-founded-2011-4?op=1 |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |access-date=September 4, 2013 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> The full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.<ref name="launch">{{Cite web |last=Arrington |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Arrington |date=July 15, 2006 |title=Odeo Releases Twttr |url=https://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501035557/https://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/ |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |access-date=September 18, 2010 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> In October 2006, [[Biz Stone]], [[Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]], Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo from the investors and shareholders.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42577600 | title=The real history of Twitter isn't so short and sweet | first=Nicholas | last=Carlson | work=[[NBC News]] | date=April 14, 2011}}</ref> Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Madrigal, Alexis |date=April 14, 2011 |title=Twitter's Fifth Beatle Tells His Side of the Story |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/twitters-fifth-beatle-tells-his-side-of-the-story/237326/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523231319/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/twitters-fifth-beatle-tells-his-side-of-the-story/237326/ |archive-date=May 23, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2011 |work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Andrew |title=A Conversation with Twitter Co-Founder Jack Dorsey |url=http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727073104/http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ |archive-date=July 27, 2009 |access-date=February 12, 2009 |website=[[The Daily Anchor]]}}</ref> The [[tipping point (sociology)|tipping point]] for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 [[South by Southwest Interactive]] (SXSWi) conference. During the event, [[Twitter usage]] increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meyers |first=Courtney Boyd |date=July 15, 2011 |title=5 years ago today Twitter launched to the public |url=https://thenextweb.com/twitter/2011/07/15/5-years-ago-today-twitter-launched-to-the-public/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427150843/https://thenextweb.com/twitter/2011/07/15/5-years-ago-today-twitter-launched-to-the-public/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=The Next Web}}</ref> | The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for [[Odeo]] employees.<ref name="Carlson-2011">{{Cite web |last=Carlson |first=Nicholas |date=April 13, 2011 |title=How Twitter Was Founded |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-twitter-was-founded-2011-4?op=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714111059/http://www.businessinsider.com/how-twitter-was-founded-2011-4?op=1 |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |access-date=September 4, 2013 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> The full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.<ref name="launch">{{Cite web |last=Arrington |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Arrington |date=July 15, 2006 |title=Odeo Releases Twttr |url=https://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501035557/https://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/ |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |access-date=September 18, 2010 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> In October 2006, [[Biz Stone]], [[Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]], Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo from the investors and shareholders.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42577600 | title=The real history of Twitter isn't so short and sweet | first=Nicholas | last=Carlson | work=[[NBC News]] | date=April 14, 2011}}</ref> Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Madrigal, Alexis |date=April 14, 2011 |title=Twitter's Fifth Beatle Tells His Side of the Story |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/twitters-fifth-beatle-tells-his-side-of-the-story/237326/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523231319/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/twitters-fifth-beatle-tells-his-side-of-the-story/237326/ |archive-date=May 23, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2011 |work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Andrew |title=A Conversation with Twitter Co-Founder Jack Dorsey |url=http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727073104/http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ |archive-date=July 27, 2009 |access-date=February 12, 2009 |website=[[The Daily Anchor]]}}</ref> The [[tipping point (sociology)|tipping point]] for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 [[South by Southwest Interactive]] (SXSWi) conference. During the event, [[Twitter usage]] increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meyers |first=Courtney Boyd |date=July 15, 2011 |title=5 years ago today Twitter launched to the public |url=https://thenextweb.com/twitter/2011/07/15/5-years-ago-today-twitter-launched-to-the-public/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427150843/https://thenextweb.com/twitter/2011/07/15/5-years-ago-today-twitter-launched-to-the-public/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=The Next Web}}</ref> | ||
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From September through October 2010, the company began rolling out "New Twitter", an entirely revamped edition of twitter.com. Changes included the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on individual tweets which contain links to images and clips from a variety of supported websites, including YouTube and [[Flickr]], and a complete overhaul of the interface.<ref name=":4" /> In 2019, Twitter was announced to be the 10th most downloaded mobile app of the decade, from 2010 to 2019.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Rayome |first=Alison DeNisco |title=Facebook was the most-downloaded app of the decade |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/10-most-downloaded-apps-of-the-decade-facebook-dominated-2010-2019/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218120846/https://www.cnet.com/news/10-most-downloaded-apps-of-the-decade-facebook-dominated-2010-2019/ |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |access-date=December 18, 2019 |publisher=CNET}}</ref> | From September through October 2010, the company began rolling out "New Twitter", an entirely revamped edition of twitter.com. Changes included the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on individual tweets which contain links to images and clips from a variety of supported websites, including YouTube and [[Flickr]], and a complete overhaul of the interface.<ref name=":4" /> In 2019, Twitter was announced to be the 10th most downloaded mobile app of the decade, from 2010 to 2019.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Rayome |first=Alison DeNisco |title=Facebook was the most-downloaded app of the decade |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/10-most-downloaded-apps-of-the-decade-facebook-dominated-2010-2019/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218120846/https://www.cnet.com/news/10-most-downloaded-apps-of-the-decade-facebook-dominated-2010-2019/ |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |access-date=December 18, 2019 |publisher=CNET}}</ref> | ||
On March 21, 2012, Twitter celebrated its sixth birthday by announcing that it had 140 million users, a 40% rise from September 2011, who were sending 340 million tweets per day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2012 |title=Twitter Says It Has 140 Million Users |url=http://mashable.com/2012/03/21/twitter-has-140-million-users/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502191640/https://mashable.com/2012/03/21/twitter-has-140-million-users/ |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=March 21, 2012 |website=Mashable}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2012 |title=Twitter Now Has More Than 200 Million Monthly Active Users |url=http://mashable.com/2012/12/18/twitter-200-million-active-users/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714164943/https://mashable.com/2012/12/18/twitter-200-million-active-users/ |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |access-date=December 18, 2012 |website=Mashable}}</ref> On June 5, 2012, a modified logo was unveiled through the company blog, removing the text to showcase the slightly redesigned bird as the sole symbol of Twitter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Salvador |date=June 6, 2012 |title=Twitter flips the bird, adopts new logo |url=https://latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-twitter-new-bird-20120606%2C0%2C2138652.story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712062434/http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-twitter-new-bird-20120606%2C0%2C2138652.story |archive-date=July 12, 2012 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website= | On March 21, 2012, Twitter celebrated its sixth birthday by announcing that it had 140 million users, a 40% rise from September 2011, who were sending 340 million tweets per day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2012 |title=Twitter Says It Has 140 Million Users |url=http://mashable.com/2012/03/21/twitter-has-140-million-users/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502191640/https://mashable.com/2012/03/21/twitter-has-140-million-users/ |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=March 21, 2012 |website=Mashable}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2012 |title=Twitter Now Has More Than 200 Million Monthly Active Users |url=http://mashable.com/2012/12/18/twitter-200-million-active-users/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714164943/https://mashable.com/2012/12/18/twitter-200-million-active-users/ |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |access-date=December 18, 2012 |website=Mashable}}</ref> On June 5, 2012, a modified logo was unveiled through the company blog, removing the text to showcase the slightly redesigned bird as the sole symbol of Twitter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Salvador |date=June 6, 2012 |title=Twitter flips the bird, adopts new logo |url=https://latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-twitter-new-bird-20120606%2C0%2C2138652.story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712062434/http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-twitter-new-bird-20120606%2C0%2C2138652.story |archive-date=July 12, 2012 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gilbertson |first=Scott |date=June 8, 2012 |title=Twitter's New Logo Inspires Parodies, CSS Greatness |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/06/twitters-new-logo-inspires-parodies-css-greatness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106203523/https://www.wired.com/2012/06/twitters-new-logo-inspires-parodies-css-greatness/ |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |magazine=Wired}}</ref> On December 18, 2012, Twitter announced it had surpassed 200 million [[monthly active users]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} In September 2013, the company's data showed that 200 million users sent over 400 million tweets daily, with nearly 60% of tweets sent from mobile devices.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Heidi |date=September 12, 2013 |title=Twitter files for IPO in first stage of stock market launch |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/sep/12/twitter-ipo-stock-market-launch?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2&et_cid=48826&et_rid=7107573&Linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.theguardian.com%2ftechnology%2f2013%2fsep%2f12%2ftwitter-ipo-stock-market-launch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801075059/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/sep/12/twitter-ipo-stock-market-launch?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2&et_cid=48826&et_rid=7107573&Linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.theguardian.com%2ftechnology%2f2013%2fsep%2f12%2ftwitter-ipo-stock-market-launch |archive-date=August 1, 2019 |access-date=September 13, 2013 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> | ||
In April 2014, Twitter underwent a redesign that made the site resemble Facebook somewhat, with a profile picture and biography in a column left to the timeline, and a full-width header image with [[parallax scrolling]] effect.{{efn|It is not documented whether the parallax scrolling effect was added with the redesign in April 2014 or subsequently.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Savov |first=Vlad |date=April 8, 2014 |title=Twitter redesign looks a lot like Facebook |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/4/8/5593102/twitter-web-profile-redesign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310054451/https://www.theverge.com/2014/4/8/5593102/twitter-web-profile-redesign |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 1, 2021 |website=The Verge}}</ref> Late in 2015, it became apparent that growth had slowed, according to Fortune,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingram |first=Matthew |date=October 25, 2015 |title=What if the Twitter growth everyone is hoping for never comes? |url=http://fortune.com/2015/10/29/twitter-growth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106173515/https://fortune.com/2015/10/29/twitter-growth/ |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |access-date=September 23, 2016 |magazine=Fortune}}</ref> Business Insider,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Beaver |first1=Laurie |last2=Boland |first2=Margaret |date=October 28, 2015 |title=Twitter user growth continues to stall |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-user-growth-continues-to-stall-2015-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106173513/https://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-user-growth-continues-to-stall-2015-10 |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |access-date=September 23, 2016 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Marketing Land<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beck |first=Martin |date=October 27, 2015 |title=Revenue Is Up, But Twitter Is Still Struggling In Slow Growth Mode |url=http://marketingland.com/revenue-is-up-but-twitter-still-struggling-in-slow-growth-mode-148852 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730014029/http://marketingland.com/revenue-is-up-but-twitter-still-struggling-in-slow-growth-mode-148852 |archive-date=July 30, 2016 |access-date=September 23, 2016 |publisher=Marketing Land}}</ref> and other news websites including Quartz (in 2016).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Truong |first=Alice |date=February 10, 2016 |title=Twitter now has a problem that's way worse than slow user growth |url=http://qz.com/614607/twitter-now-has-a-problem-thats-way-worse-than-slow-user-growth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106173521/https://qz.com/614607/twitter-now-has-a-problem-thats-way-worse-than-slow-user-growth/ |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |access-date=September 23, 2016 |work=Quartz}}</ref> In 2019, Twitter released another redesign of its user interface.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Like It or Not, You're Getting Twitter's Redesigned Website Soon |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/like-it-or-not-youre-getting-twitters-redesigned-website-soon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317123902/https://www.pcmag.com/news/like-it-or-not-youre-getting-twitters-redesigned-website-soon |archive-date=March 17, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2020 |website=PC Magazine}}</ref> {{As of|2019||alt=By the start of 2019}}, Twitter had more than 330 million monthly active users.<ref name="Twitter">{{Cite news |last=Molina |first=Brett |date=October 26, 2017 |title=Twitter overcounted active users since 2014, shares surge on profit hopes |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/10/26/twitter-overcounted-active-users-since-2014-shares-surge/801968001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101193653/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/10/26/twitter-overcounted-active-users-since-2014-shares-surge/801968001/ |archive-date=January 1, 2020 |access-date=December 2, 2017 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Twitter then experienced considerable growth during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Q2 2020 Letter to Shareholders, July 23, 2020, @TwitterIR |url=https://s22.q4cdn.com/826641620/files/doc_financials/2020/q2/Q2-2020-Shareholder-Letter.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022023311/https://s22.q4cdn.com/826641620/files/doc_financials/2020/q2/Q2-2020-Shareholder-Letter.pdf |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=March 14, 2022 |via=Twitter}}</ref> The platform also was increasingly used for [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic|misinformation related to the pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2020 |title=Full Page Reload |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/twitter-bots-are-spreading-massive-amounts-of-covid-19-misinformation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103023130/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/telecom/internet/twitter-bots-are-spreading-massive-amounts-of-covid-19-misinformation |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News}}</ref> Twitter started marking tweets which contained misleading information, and adding links to fact-checks.<ref name="Roth-2020">{{Cite web |last1=Roth |first1=Yoel |last2=Pickles |first2=Nick |date=May 11, 2020 |title=Updating our Approach to Misleading Information |url=https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2020/updating-our-approach-to-misleading-information.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228043728/https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2020/updating-our-approach-to-misleading-information.html |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2020 |via=Twitter}}</ref> | In April 2014, Twitter underwent a redesign that made the site resemble Facebook somewhat, with a profile picture and biography in a column left to the timeline, and a full-width header image with [[parallax scrolling]] effect.{{efn|It is not documented whether the parallax scrolling effect was added with the redesign in April 2014 or subsequently.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Savov |first=Vlad |date=April 8, 2014 |title=Twitter redesign looks a lot like Facebook |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/4/8/5593102/twitter-web-profile-redesign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310054451/https://www.theverge.com/2014/4/8/5593102/twitter-web-profile-redesign |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 1, 2021 |website=The Verge}}</ref> Late in 2015, it became apparent that growth had slowed, according to Fortune,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingram |first=Matthew |date=October 25, 2015 |title=What if the Twitter growth everyone is hoping for never comes? |url=http://fortune.com/2015/10/29/twitter-growth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106173515/https://fortune.com/2015/10/29/twitter-growth/ |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |access-date=September 23, 2016 |magazine=Fortune}}</ref> Business Insider,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Beaver |first1=Laurie |last2=Boland |first2=Margaret |date=October 28, 2015 |title=Twitter user growth continues to stall |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-user-growth-continues-to-stall-2015-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106173513/https://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-user-growth-continues-to-stall-2015-10 |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |access-date=September 23, 2016 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Marketing Land<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beck |first=Martin |date=October 27, 2015 |title=Revenue Is Up, But Twitter Is Still Struggling In Slow Growth Mode |url=http://marketingland.com/revenue-is-up-but-twitter-still-struggling-in-slow-growth-mode-148852 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730014029/http://marketingland.com/revenue-is-up-but-twitter-still-struggling-in-slow-growth-mode-148852 |archive-date=July 30, 2016 |access-date=September 23, 2016 |publisher=Marketing Land}}</ref> and other news websites including Quartz (in 2016).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Truong |first=Alice |date=February 10, 2016 |title=Twitter now has a problem that's way worse than slow user growth |url=http://qz.com/614607/twitter-now-has-a-problem-thats-way-worse-than-slow-user-growth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106173521/https://qz.com/614607/twitter-now-has-a-problem-thats-way-worse-than-slow-user-growth/ |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |access-date=September 23, 2016 |work=Quartz}}</ref> In 2019, Twitter released another redesign of its user interface.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Like It or Not, You're Getting Twitter's Redesigned Website Soon |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/like-it-or-not-youre-getting-twitters-redesigned-website-soon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317123902/https://www.pcmag.com/news/like-it-or-not-youre-getting-twitters-redesigned-website-soon |archive-date=March 17, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2020 |website=PC Magazine}}</ref> {{As of|2019||alt=By the start of 2019}}, Twitter had more than 330 million monthly active users.<ref name="Twitter">{{Cite news |last=Molina |first=Brett |date=October 26, 2017 |title=Twitter overcounted active users since 2014, shares surge on profit hopes |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/10/26/twitter-overcounted-active-users-since-2014-shares-surge/801968001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101193653/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/10/26/twitter-overcounted-active-users-since-2014-shares-surge/801968001/ |archive-date=January 1, 2020 |access-date=December 2, 2017 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Twitter then experienced considerable growth during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Q2 2020 Letter to Shareholders, July 23, 2020, @TwitterIR |url=https://s22.q4cdn.com/826641620/files/doc_financials/2020/q2/Q2-2020-Shareholder-Letter.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022023311/https://s22.q4cdn.com/826641620/files/doc_financials/2020/q2/Q2-2020-Shareholder-Letter.pdf |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=March 14, 2022 |via=Twitter}}</ref> The platform also was increasingly used for [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic|misinformation related to the pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2020 |title=Full Page Reload |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/twitter-bots-are-spreading-massive-amounts-of-covid-19-misinformation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103023130/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/telecom/internet/twitter-bots-are-spreading-massive-amounts-of-covid-19-misinformation |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News}}</ref> Twitter started marking tweets which contained misleading information, and adding links to fact-checks.<ref name="Roth-2020">{{Cite web |last1=Roth |first1=Yoel |last2=Pickles |first2=Nick |date=May 11, 2020 |title=Updating our Approach to Misleading Information |url=https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2020/updating-our-approach-to-misleading-information.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228043728/https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2020/updating-our-approach-to-misleading-information.html |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2020 |via=Twitter}}</ref> | ||
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===Demographics=== | ===Demographics=== | ||
{{see also|Black Twitter}} | {{see also|Black Twitter}} | ||
In 2009, Twitter was mainly used by older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter.<ref name="teensdonttweet">{{cite news |first=Claire Cain |last=Miller |title=Who's Driving Twitter's Popularity? Not Teens |date=August 25, 2009 |work= | In 2009, Twitter was mainly used by older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter.<ref name="teensdonttweet">{{cite news |first=Claire Cain |last=Miller |title=Who's Driving Twitter's Popularity? Not Teens |date=August 25, 2009 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/26/technology/internet/26twitter.html |access-date=September 18, 2009 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427151114/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/26/technology/internet/26twitter.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[comScore]] only 11% of Twitter's users were aged 12 to 17.<ref name="teensdonttweet" /> According to a study by [[Sysomos]] in June 2009, women made up a slightly larger Twitter demographic than men—53% over 47%. It also stated that 5% of users accounted for 75% of all activity.<ref>{{cite web| author=Cheng, Alex| author2=Evans, Mark| title=Inside Twitter – An In-Depth Look Inside the Twitter World| date=June 2009| url=http://www.sysomos.com/insidetwitter/| publisher=[[Sysomos]]| access-date=February 23, 2011| archive-date=April 3, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403225641/https://www.sysomos.com/insidetwitter/| url-status=live}}</ref> According to Quancast, 27 million people in the US used Twitter in September 2009; 63% of Twitter users were under 35 years old; 60% of Twitter users were Caucasian, but a higher than average (compared to other Internet properties) were African American/black (16%) and Hispanic (11%); 58% of Twitter users have a total household income of at least US$60,000.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bluff, Brian |title=Who Uses Twitter? |date=May 2010 |url=http://www.site-seeker.com/_blogs/who-uses-twitter-demographic/ |publisher=site-seeker.com |access-date=September 22, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531203517/http://www.site-seeker.com/_blogs/who-uses-twitter-demographic/ |archive-date=May 31, 2010}}</ref> The prevalence of African American Twitter usage and in many popular hashtags has been the subject of research studies.<ref>{{cite web |first=Adrian |last=Chen |title=Why So Many Black People Are On Twitter |url=http://gawker.com/5802772/why-so-many-black-people-are-on-twitter |website=[[Gawker]] |publisher=[[Univision Communications]] |date=May 17, 2011 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511014501/https://gawker.com/5802772/why-so-many-black-people-are-on-twitter |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Nick |last=Saint |title=Why Is Twitter More Popular With Black People Than White People? |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-study-results-2010-4 |website=[[Business Insider]] |publisher=[[Axel Springer SE]] |date=April 30, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410171509/https://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-study-results-2010-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
Twitter grew from 100 million monthly active users (MAUs) in September 2011,<ref>{{cite web |date=September 8, 2011 |last=Taylor |first=Chris |url=http://mashable.com/2011/09/08/twitter-has-100-million-active-users/ |title=Twitter has 100 million active users |website=[[Mashable]] |access-date=September 16, 2011 |archive-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420161305/http://mashable.com/2011/09/08/twitter-has-100-million-active-users/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to 255 million in March 2014,<ref name="investor.twitterinc.com">{{cite web |title=Twitter Reports First Quarter 2014 Results |url=https://investor.twitterinc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=843245 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609003245/https://investor.twitterinc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=843245 |archive-date=June 9, 2014 |access-date=June 9, 2014}}</ref> and more than 330 million in early 2019.<ref>Evette Alexander, [https://knightfoundation.org/articles/polarization-in-the-twittersphere-what-86-million-tweets-reveal-about-the-political-makeup-of-american-twitter-users-and-how-they-engage-with-news Polarization in the Twittersphere: What 86 million tweets reveal about the political makeup of American Twitter users and how they engage with news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607204955/https://knightfoundation.org/articles/polarization-in-the-twittersphere-what-86-million-tweets-reveal-about-the-political-makeup-of-american-twitter-users-and-how-they-engage-with-news/ |date=June 7, 2021 }} Knight Foundation/</ref><ref>Deen Freelon Associate Professor in the Hussman School of Journalism and Media, [https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/KF-Twitter-Report-Part1-v6.pdf Tweeting Left, Right & Center: How users and attention are distributed across Twitter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801171351/https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/KF-Twitter-Report-Part1-v6.pdf |date=August 1, 2021 }}, Knight Foundation.</ref><ref name="Twitter" /> In 2013, there were over 100 million users actively using Twitter daily and about 500 million tweets every day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter, Inc Common Stock |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000119312513390321/d564001ds1.htm#toc564001_1 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |archive-date=November 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107163510/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000119312513390321/d564001ds1.htm#toc564001_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2016 [[Pew Research Center|Pew research poll]] found that Twitter is used by 24% of all online US adults. It was equally popular with men and women (24% and 25% of online Americans respectively), but more popular with younger generations (36% of 18–29-year olds).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update-2016/|title=Social Media Update 2016|date=November 11, 2016|work=Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech|access-date=March 23, 2018|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029034937/https://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2019 survey conducted by the [[The Pew Charitable Trusts|Pew Foundation]] found that Twitter users are three times as likely to be younger than 50 years old, with the median age of adult U.S. users being 40. The survey found that 10% of users who are most active on Twitter are responsible for 80% of all tweets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sizing Up Twitter Users|date=April 24, 2019|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|publisher=Pew Research Center|first1=Stefan|last1=Wojcik|first2=Adam|last2=Hughes|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029223842/https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> | Twitter grew from 100 million monthly active users (MAUs) in September 2011,<ref>{{cite web |date=September 8, 2011 |last=Taylor |first=Chris |url=http://mashable.com/2011/09/08/twitter-has-100-million-active-users/ |title=Twitter has 100 million active users |website=[[Mashable]] |access-date=September 16, 2011 |archive-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420161305/http://mashable.com/2011/09/08/twitter-has-100-million-active-users/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to 255 million in March 2014,<ref name="investor.twitterinc.com">{{cite web |title=Twitter Reports First Quarter 2014 Results |url=https://investor.twitterinc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=843245 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609003245/https://investor.twitterinc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=843245 |archive-date=June 9, 2014 |access-date=June 9, 2014}}</ref> and more than 330 million in early 2019.<ref>Evette Alexander, [https://knightfoundation.org/articles/polarization-in-the-twittersphere-what-86-million-tweets-reveal-about-the-political-makeup-of-american-twitter-users-and-how-they-engage-with-news Polarization in the Twittersphere: What 86 million tweets reveal about the political makeup of American Twitter users and how they engage with news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607204955/https://knightfoundation.org/articles/polarization-in-the-twittersphere-what-86-million-tweets-reveal-about-the-political-makeup-of-american-twitter-users-and-how-they-engage-with-news/ |date=June 7, 2021 }} Knight Foundation/</ref><ref>Deen Freelon Associate Professor in the Hussman School of Journalism and Media, [https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/KF-Twitter-Report-Part1-v6.pdf Tweeting Left, Right & Center: How users and attention are distributed across Twitter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801171351/https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/KF-Twitter-Report-Part1-v6.pdf |date=August 1, 2021 }}, Knight Foundation.</ref><ref name="Twitter" /> In 2013, there were over 100 million users actively using Twitter daily and about 500 million tweets every day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter, Inc Common Stock |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000119312513390321/d564001ds1.htm#toc564001_1 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |archive-date=November 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107163510/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000119312513390321/d564001ds1.htm#toc564001_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2016 [[Pew Research Center|Pew research poll]] found that Twitter is used by 24% of all online US adults. It was equally popular with men and women (24% and 25% of online Americans respectively), but more popular with younger generations (36% of 18–29-year olds).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update-2016/|title=Social Media Update 2016|date=November 11, 2016|work=Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech|access-date=March 23, 2018|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029034937/https://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2019 survey conducted by the [[The Pew Charitable Trusts|Pew Foundation]] found that Twitter users are three times as likely to be younger than 50 years old, with the median age of adult U.S. users being 40. The survey found that 10% of users who are most active on Twitter are responsible for 80% of all tweets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sizing Up Twitter Users|date=April 24, 2019|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|publisher=Pew Research Center|first1=Stefan|last1=Wojcik|first2=Adam|last2=Hughes|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029223842/https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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=== Levels of use === | === Levels of use === | ||
According to research published in April 2014, around 44% of user accounts have never tweeted.<ref>{{cite news |author=Murphy, David |date=April 13, 2014 |title=44 Percent of Twitter Accounts Have Never Tweeted |work=PC Magazine |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2456489,00.asp |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-date=September 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921034925/https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2456489,00.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> About 22% of Americans say they have used Twitter, according to a 2019 [[Pew Research Center]] survey.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Share of U.S. adults using social media, including Facebook, is mostly unchanged since 2018|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/10/share-of-u-s-adults-using-social-media-including-facebook-is-mostly-unchanged-since-2018/|access-date=July 11, 2020|website=Pew Research Center|date=April 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331075112/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/10/share-of-u-s-adults-using-social-media-including-facebook-is-mostly-unchanged-since-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, [[Nielsen Online]] reported that Twitter had a user-retention rate of 40%. Many people stop using the service after a month; therefore the site may potentially reach only about 10% of all [[Global internet usage|Internet users]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldsmith |first=Belinda |date=April 29, 2009 |title=Many Twitters Are Quick Quitters: Study |work= | According to research published in April 2014, around 44% of user accounts have never tweeted.<ref>{{cite news |author=Murphy, David |date=April 13, 2014 |title=44 Percent of Twitter Accounts Have Never Tweeted |work=PC Magazine |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2456489,00.asp |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-date=September 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921034925/https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2456489,00.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> About 22% of Americans say they have used Twitter, according to a 2019 [[Pew Research Center]] survey.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Share of U.S. adults using social media, including Facebook, is mostly unchanged since 2018|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/10/share-of-u-s-adults-using-social-media-including-facebook-is-mostly-unchanged-since-2018/|access-date=July 11, 2020|website=Pew Research Center|date=April 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331075112/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/10/share-of-u-s-adults-using-social-media-including-facebook-is-mostly-unchanged-since-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, [[Nielsen Online]] reported that Twitter had a user-retention rate of 40%. Many people stop using the service after a month; therefore the site may potentially reach only about 10% of all [[Global internet usage|Internet users]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldsmith |first=Belinda |date=April 29, 2009 |title=Many Twitters Are Quick Quitters: Study |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/deborahCohen/idUSTRE53S1A720090429 |access-date=February 22, 2011 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308142741/https://www.reuters.com/article/deborahCohen/idUSTRE53S1A720090429 |url-status=live }}</ref> Noting how demographics of Twitter users differ from the average Americans, commentators have cautioned against media narratives that treat Twitter as representative of the population,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Madrigal|first=Alexis C.|date=April 24, 2019|title=Twitter Is Not America|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2019/04/twitter-is-not-america/587770/|access-date=July 11, 2020|website=The Atlantic|archive-date=March 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320005431/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2019/04/twitter-is-not-america/587770/|url-status=live}}</ref> adding that only 10% of users Tweet actively, and that 90% of Twitter users have Tweeted no more than twice. In 2016, shareholders sued Twitter, alleging it "artificially inflated its stock price by misleading them about user engagement". The company announced on September 20, 2021, that it would pay $809.5 million to settle this class-action lawsuit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Twitter seeks to settle 2016 class action lawsuit for $800 million|date=September 20, 2021 |url=https://denvergazette.com/news/twitter-seeks-to-settle-2016-class-action-lawsuit-for-800-million/article_1d801387-0c7b-5e43-9170-3b8820a322df.html |work=Denver Gazette|first1=Tom|last1=Hals|first2=Nivedita|last2=Balu|access-date=September 20, 2021|archive-date=September 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921032702/https://denvergazette.com/news/twitter-seeks-to-settle-2016-class-action-lawsuit-for-800-million/article_1d801387-0c7b-5e43-9170-3b8820a322df.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
===User engagement === | ===User engagement === | ||
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On July 22, 2023, Elon Musk announced that the service would be rebranded to "X",<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Twitter logo change: Five facts about the now-dead Twitter blue bird |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/twitter-logo-change-five-facts-about-the-now-dead-twitter-blue-bird-10777.htm |access-date=July 24, 2023 |website=Storyboard18 |language=en |archive-date=July 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723204022/https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/twitter-logo-change-five-facts-about-the-now-dead-twitter-blue-bird-10777.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> in his pursuit of creating an "[[Super-app|everything app]]".<ref name="independent2" /> Musk's Twitter profile picture, along with the platform's official accounts, and the icons when browsing/signing up for the platform, were updated to reflect the new logo.<ref>{{cite news |last=Savov |first=Vlad |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Musk Declares Fan-Submitted 'X' New Twitter Logo in Abrupt Shift |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-24/musk-declares-fan-submitted-x-new-twitter-logo-in-abrupt-shift |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724075425/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-24/musk-declares-fan-submitted-x-new-twitter-logo-in-abrupt-shift |url-status=live }}</ref> The logo ({{proper name|𝕏}}) is a Unicode [[Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols|mathematical alphanumeric symbol]] for the letter "X" styled in [[Blackboard bold|double-strike bold]]. | On July 22, 2023, Elon Musk announced that the service would be rebranded to "X",<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Twitter logo change: Five facts about the now-dead Twitter blue bird |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/twitter-logo-change-five-facts-about-the-now-dead-twitter-blue-bird-10777.htm |access-date=July 24, 2023 |website=Storyboard18 |language=en |archive-date=July 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723204022/https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/twitter-logo-change-five-facts-about-the-now-dead-twitter-blue-bird-10777.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> in his pursuit of creating an "[[Super-app|everything app]]".<ref name="independent2" /> Musk's Twitter profile picture, along with the platform's official accounts, and the icons when browsing/signing up for the platform, were updated to reflect the new logo.<ref>{{cite news |last=Savov |first=Vlad |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Musk Declares Fan-Submitted 'X' New Twitter Logo in Abrupt Shift |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-24/musk-declares-fan-submitted-x-new-twitter-logo-in-abrupt-shift |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724075425/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-24/musk-declares-fan-submitted-x-new-twitter-logo-in-abrupt-shift |url-status=live }}</ref> The logo ({{proper name|𝕏}}) is a Unicode [[Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols|mathematical alphanumeric symbol]] for the letter "X" styled in [[Blackboard bold|double-strike bold]]. | ||
Mike Proulx of '' | Mike Proulx of ''The New York Times'' was critical of this change, saying the brand value has been "wiped out". Mike Carr says the new logo gives a {{" '}}[[Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Big Brother]]' tech overlord vibe" in contrast to the "cuddly" nature of the previous bird logo.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mac |first1=Ryan |last2=Hsu |first2=Tiffany |date=July 24, 2023 |title=From Twitter to X: Elon Musk Begins Erasing an Iconic Internet Brand |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/24/technology/twitter-x-elon-musk.html |access-date=August 1, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731232510/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/24/technology/twitter-x-elon-musk.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Users [[review bomb]]ed the newly rebranded "X" app on the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|iOS App Store]] on the day it was revealed, and ''Rolling Stone''<nowiki/>'s Miles Klee said that the rebrand "reeks of desperation".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=August 2, 2023 |title=App Store users are downrating Twitter's rebranding to X with 1-star reviews |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/08/02/app-store-users-are-downrating-twitters-rebranding-to-x-with-1-star-reviews/ |access-date=September 18, 2023 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003140925/https://techcrunch.com/2023/08/02/app-store-users-are-downrating-twitters-rebranding-to-x-with-1-star-reviews/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Klee |first=Miles |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Twitter's 'X' Rebrand Is Elon Musk's Most Desperate Gimmick Yet |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/elon-musk-twitter-rebrand-x-doomed-1234794193/ |access-date=September 18, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003092421/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/elon-musk-twitter-rebrand-x-doomed-1234794193/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
==Logo evolution== | ==Logo evolution== | ||
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==Finances == | ==Finances == | ||
===Revenue sources=== | ===Revenue sources=== | ||
On April 13, 2010, Twitter announced plans to offer paid advertising for companies that would be able to purchase "promoted tweets" to appear in selective search results on the Twitter website, similar to [[Adwords|Google Adwords']] advertising model.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/apr/13/twitter-advertising-google |work= | On April 13, 2010, Twitter announced plans to offer paid advertising for companies that would be able to purchase "promoted tweets" to appear in selective search results on the Twitter website, similar to [[Adwords|Google Adwords']] advertising model.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/apr/13/twitter-advertising-google |work=The Guardian |title=Twitter Unveils 'Promoted Tweets' Ad Plan – Twitter To Let Advertisers Pay for Tweets To Appear in Search Results |first=Charles |last=Arthur |date=April 13, 2010 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |location=London |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427151121/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/apr/13/twitter-advertising-google |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Sara |last=Kimberley |url=http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/996226/Twitter-debuts-Promoted-Tweets-ad-platform/ |title=Twitter Debuts 'Promoted Tweets' Ad Platform |publisher=[[MediaWeek]] (U.K. edition) |date=April 13, 2010 |access-date=February 5, 2011 |archive-date=January 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120114952/http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/996226/Twitter-debuts-Promoted-Tweets-ad-platform/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Users' photos can generate royalty-free revenue for Twitter, and an agreement with [[World Entertainment News Network]] (WENN) was announced in May 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bjp-online.com/british-journal-of-photography/news/2070167/twitpic-signs-controversial-deal-celebrity-photo-agency#update |title=Photo agency's CEO addresses TwitPic controversy |work=[[British Journal of Photography]] |date=May 11, 2011 |access-date=August 17, 2011 |author=Laurent, Olivier |location=London |quote=The deal will give WENN exclusive rights to sell images posted on the TwitPic service. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803071054/http://www.bjp-online.com/british-journal-of-photography/news/2070167/twitpic-signs-controversial-deal-celebrity-photo-agency |archive-date=August 3, 2011}}</ref> Twitter generated an estimated US$139.5 million in advertising sales during 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter Ad Revenues to Grow 210% to $139.5 Million in 2011 |url=https://www.emarketer.com/newsroom/index.php/twitter-ad-revenues-grow-210-1395-million-2011/ |access-date=May 9, 2022 |archive-date=May 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509195041/https://www.emarketer.com/newsroom/index.php/twitter-ad-revenues-grow-210-1395-million-2011/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
In June 2011, Twitter announced that it would offer small businesses a self-service advertising system.<ref>{{cite web |first=Todd |last=Wasserman |url=http://mashable.com/2011/06/09/twitter-ad-buying/ |title=Twitter Will Automate Ad-Buying by the End of the Year |publisher=Mashable.com |date=June 9, 2011 |access-date=November 14, 2011 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503051942/https://mashable.com/2011/06/09/twitter-ad-buying/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The self-service advertising platform was launched in March 2012 to [[American Express]] card members and merchants in the U.S. on an invite-only basis.<ref name="Zach">{{cite web|first1=Zach|last1=Miners|title=Twitter opens self-service ads to everyone|url=http://www.cmo.com.au/article/460553/twitter_opens_self-service_ads_everyone/|website=CMO|publisher=IDG Communications|access-date=August 18, 2014|date=April 30, 2013|archive-date=August 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125821/http://www.cmo.com.au/article/460553/twitter_opens_self-service_ads_everyone/|url-status=live}}</ref> To continue their advertising campaign, Twitter announced on March 20, 2012, that promoted tweets would be introduced to mobile devices.<ref>[http://mashable.com/2012/03/20/twitter-promoted-tweets-mobile/ "Twitter Rolls Out Promoted Tweets for Mobile"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223231801/http://mashable.com/2012/03/20/twitter-promoted-tweets-mobile/ |date=December 23, 2017 }}; Wasserman, Todd. March 20, 2012. mashable.com.</ref> In April 2013, Twitter announced that its Twitter Ads self-service platform, consisting of promoted tweets and promoted accounts, was available to all U.S. users without an invite.<ref name="Zach" /> | In June 2011, Twitter announced that it would offer small businesses a self-service advertising system.<ref>{{cite web |first=Todd |last=Wasserman |url=http://mashable.com/2011/06/09/twitter-ad-buying/ |title=Twitter Will Automate Ad-Buying by the End of the Year |publisher=Mashable.com |date=June 9, 2011 |access-date=November 14, 2011 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503051942/https://mashable.com/2011/06/09/twitter-ad-buying/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The self-service advertising platform was launched in March 2012 to [[American Express]] card members and merchants in the U.S. on an invite-only basis.<ref name="Zach">{{cite web|first1=Zach|last1=Miners|title=Twitter opens self-service ads to everyone|url=http://www.cmo.com.au/article/460553/twitter_opens_self-service_ads_everyone/|website=CMO|publisher=IDG Communications|access-date=August 18, 2014|date=April 30, 2013|archive-date=August 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125821/http://www.cmo.com.au/article/460553/twitter_opens_self-service_ads_everyone/|url-status=live}}</ref> To continue their advertising campaign, Twitter announced on March 20, 2012, that promoted tweets would be introduced to mobile devices.<ref>[http://mashable.com/2012/03/20/twitter-promoted-tweets-mobile/ "Twitter Rolls Out Promoted Tweets for Mobile"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223231801/http://mashable.com/2012/03/20/twitter-promoted-tweets-mobile/ |date=December 23, 2017 }}; Wasserman, Todd. March 20, 2012. mashable.com.</ref> In April 2013, Twitter announced that its Twitter Ads self-service platform, consisting of promoted tweets and promoted accounts, was available to all U.S. users without an invite.<ref name="Zach" /> | ||
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=== Fines === | === Fines === | ||
Twitter had been fined several times for non-compliance with laws and regulations. On May 25, 2022, Twitter was fined $150 million by the [[Federal Trade Commission]] and the United States Department of Justice for collecting users' contact details and using them for targeted advertising.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=May 26, 2022 |title=Twitter fined $150m for handing users' contact details to advertisers |work= | Twitter had been fined several times for non-compliance with laws and regulations. On May 25, 2022, Twitter was fined $150 million by the [[Federal Trade Commission]] and the United States Department of Justice for collecting users' contact details and using them for targeted advertising.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=May 26, 2022 |title=Twitter fined $150m for handing users' contact details to advertisers |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/may/25/twitter-user-data-advertising-settlement |access-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711235648/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/may/25/twitter-user-data-advertising-settlement |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Zakrzewski | first=Cat | title=Twitter to pay $150 million fine over deceptively collected data | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=May 25, 2022 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/05/25/twitter-fine-ftc/ | access-date=November 17, 2023 | archive-date=November 21, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121041256/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/05/25/twitter-fine-ftc/ | url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
==Technology== | ==Technology== | ||
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In response to early Twitter security breaches, the United States [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) brought charges against the service; the charges were settled on June 24, 2010. This was the first time the FTC had taken action against a social network for security lapses. The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure users' private information, including maintenance of a "comprehensive information security program" to be independently audited biannually.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gonsalves |first=Antone |date=June 25, 2010 |title=Twitter, Feds Settle Security Charges – Twitter Must Establish and Maintain a 'Comprehensive Information Security Program' and Allow Third-Party Review of the Program Biannually for the 10 Years |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=225701450&subSection=Privacy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023083911/http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=225701450&subSection=Privacy |archive-date=October 23, 2010 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |work=[[InformationWeek]]}}</ref> | In response to early Twitter security breaches, the United States [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) brought charges against the service; the charges were settled on June 24, 2010. This was the first time the FTC had taken action against a social network for security lapses. The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure users' private information, including maintenance of a "comprehensive information security program" to be independently audited biannually.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gonsalves |first=Antone |date=June 25, 2010 |title=Twitter, Feds Settle Security Charges – Twitter Must Establish and Maintain a 'Comprehensive Information Security Program' and Allow Third-Party Review of the Program Biannually for the 10 Years |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=225701450&subSection=Privacy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023083911/http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=225701450&subSection=Privacy |archive-date=October 23, 2010 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |work=[[InformationWeek]]}}</ref> | ||
After a number of high-profile hacks of official accounts, including those of the | After a number of high-profile hacks of official accounts, including those of the Associated Press and ''The Guardian'',<ref>{{cite web |date=April 30, 2013 |title=Twitter Warns news Organisations Amid Syrian Hacking Attacks |url=http://descrier.co.uk/technology/2013/04/twitter-warns-news-organisations-amid-syrian-hacking-attacks/ |access-date=April 30, 2013 |publisher=Descrier}}</ref> in April 2013, Twitter announced a two-factor login verification as an added measure against hacking.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Salvador |date=May 23, 2013 |title=Twitter adds two-step verification option to help fend off hackers |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-twitter-two-step-verification-hackers-20130523,0,5416038.story |access-date=June 10, 2013}}</ref> | ||
On July 15, 2020, a [[2020 Twitter bitcoin scam|major hack of Twitter]] affected 130 high-profile accounts, both verified and unverified ones such as [[Barack Obama]], [[Bill Gates]], and [[Elon Musk]]; the hack allowed [[bitcoin]] scammers to send tweets via the compromised accounts that asked the followers to send bitcoin to a given public address, with the promise to double their money.<ref name="Statt">{{Cite web |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=July 15, 2020 |title=Barack Obama, Joe Biden, Elon Musk, Apple, and others hacked in unprecedented Twitter attack |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/15/21326200/elon-musk-bill-gates-twitter-hack-bitcoin-scam-compromised |access-date=July 15, 2020 |website=The Verge}}</ref> Within a few hours, Twitter disabled tweeting and reset passwords from all verified accounts.<ref name="Statt" /> Analysis of the event revealed that the scammers had used [[social engineering (security)|social engineering]] to obtain credentials from Twitter employees to access an administration tool used by Twitter to view and change these accounts' personal details as to gain access as part of a "[[smash and grab]]" attempt to make money quickly, with an estimated {{USD|120,000}} in bitcoin deposited in various accounts before Twitter intervened.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |last2=Popper |first2=Nathaniel |date=July 17, 2020 |title=Hackers Tell the Story of the Twitter Attack From the Inside |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/technology/twitter-hackers-interview.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717210005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/technology/twitter-hackers-interview.html |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2020 |work= | On July 15, 2020, a [[2020 Twitter bitcoin scam|major hack of Twitter]] affected 130 high-profile accounts, both verified and unverified ones such as [[Barack Obama]], [[Bill Gates]], and [[Elon Musk]]; the hack allowed [[bitcoin]] scammers to send tweets via the compromised accounts that asked the followers to send bitcoin to a given public address, with the promise to double their money.<ref name="Statt">{{Cite web |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=July 15, 2020 |title=Barack Obama, Joe Biden, Elon Musk, Apple, and others hacked in unprecedented Twitter attack |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/15/21326200/elon-musk-bill-gates-twitter-hack-bitcoin-scam-compromised |access-date=July 15, 2020 |website=The Verge}}</ref> Within a few hours, Twitter disabled tweeting and reset passwords from all verified accounts.<ref name="Statt" /> Analysis of the event revealed that the scammers had used [[social engineering (security)|social engineering]] to obtain credentials from Twitter employees to access an administration tool used by Twitter to view and change these accounts' personal details as to gain access as part of a "[[smash and grab]]" attempt to make money quickly, with an estimated {{USD|120,000}} in bitcoin deposited in various accounts before Twitter intervened.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |last2=Popper |first2=Nathaniel |date=July 17, 2020 |title=Hackers Tell the Story of the Twitter Attack From the Inside |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/technology/twitter-hackers-interview.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717210005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/technology/twitter-hackers-interview.html |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2020 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Several law enforcement entities including the FBI launched investigations into the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McMillan |first1=Robert |last2=Volz |first2=Dustin |date=July 19, 2020 |title=FBI Investigates Twitter Hack Amid Broader Concerns About Platform's Security |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/fbi-investigates-twitter-hack-amid-broader-concerns-about-platforms-security-11594922537 |access-date=July 7, 2020 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> | ||
On August 5, 2022, Twitter disclosed that a bug introduced in a June 2021 update to the service allowed threat actors to link email addresses and phone numbers to twitter user's accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter confirms zero-day used to expose data of 5.4 million accounts |url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/twitter-confirms-zero-day-used-to-expose-data-of-54-million-accounts/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=BleepingComputer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2022 |title=Twitter Confirms Data Breach That Exposed Data Of 5.4 Million Users; Attackers May Still Have Data |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/twitter-confirms-data-breach-that-exposed-data-of-5-4-million-users-attackers-may-still-have-data-5709259.html |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=News18}}</ref> The bug was reported through Twitter's [[bug bounty program]] in January 2022 and subsequently fixed. While Twitter originally believed no one had taken advantage of the vulnerability, it was later revealed that a user on the online hacking forum [[BreachForums|Breach Forums]] had used the vulnerability to compile a list of over 5.4 million user profiles, which they offered to sell for $30,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paganini |first=Pierluigi |date=August 5, 2022 |title=Twitter confirms zero-day used to access data of 5.4 million accounts |url=https://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/134087/data-breach/twitter-zero-day-data-leak.html |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=Security Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Dylan |work=[[The Brussels Times]]|title=Twitter admits to data breach exposing contact info for 5.4 million accounts |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/business/269326/twitter-admits-to-data-breach-exposing-contact-info-for-5-4-million-accounts |access-date=August 11, 2022 }}</ref> The information compiled by the hacker includes user's screen names, location and email addresses which could be used in [[phishing]] attacks or used to deanonymize accounts running under pseudonyms. | On August 5, 2022, Twitter disclosed that a bug introduced in a June 2021 update to the service allowed threat actors to link email addresses and phone numbers to twitter user's accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter confirms zero-day used to expose data of 5.4 million accounts |url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/twitter-confirms-zero-day-used-to-expose-data-of-54-million-accounts/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=BleepingComputer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2022 |title=Twitter Confirms Data Breach That Exposed Data Of 5.4 Million Users; Attackers May Still Have Data |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/twitter-confirms-data-breach-that-exposed-data-of-5-4-million-users-attackers-may-still-have-data-5709259.html |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=News18}}</ref> The bug was reported through Twitter's [[bug bounty program]] in January 2022 and subsequently fixed. While Twitter originally believed no one had taken advantage of the vulnerability, it was later revealed that a user on the online hacking forum [[BreachForums|Breach Forums]] had used the vulnerability to compile a list of over 5.4 million user profiles, which they offered to sell for $30,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paganini |first=Pierluigi |date=August 5, 2022 |title=Twitter confirms zero-day used to access data of 5.4 million accounts |url=https://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/134087/data-breach/twitter-zero-day-data-leak.html |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=Security Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Dylan |work=[[The Brussels Times]]|title=Twitter admits to data breach exposing contact info for 5.4 million accounts |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/business/269326/twitter-admits-to-data-breach-exposing-contact-info-for-5-4-million-accounts |access-date=August 11, 2022 }}</ref> The information compiled by the hacker includes user's screen names, location and email addresses which could be used in [[phishing]] attacks or used to deanonymize accounts running under pseudonyms. | ||
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===Privacy=== | ===Privacy=== | ||
Tweets are public, but users can also send private "direct messages".<ref name=Rushe /> Information about who has chosen to follow an account and who a user has chosen to follow is also public, though accounts can be changed to "protected" which limits this information (and all tweets) to approved followers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classroom.synonym.com/hide-followers-following-twitter-13288.html |title=How to Hide Your Followers & Who You Are Following on Twitter {{pipe}} The Classroom {{pipe}} Synonym |publisher=Classroom.synonym.com |date=November 9, 2015 |access-date=December 7, 2015}}</ref> Twitter collects [[personally identifiable information]] about its users and shares it with third parties as specified in its [[privacy policy]]. The service also reserves the right to sell this information as an asset if the company changes hands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter Privacy Policy |url=https://www.twitter.com/privacy/ |date=May 14, 2007 |via=Twitter |access-date=March 11, 2009 |archive-date=June 25, 2009 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090625120644/https%3A//twitter.com/privacy |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Welsh |first1=Caitlin |last2=Schroeder |first2=Stan |date=August 31, 2023 |title=We read X's new privacy policy so you don't have to |url=https://mashable.com/article/x-twitter-privacy-policy-update |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref> Advertisers can [[behavioral targeting|target users]] based on their history of tweets and may quote tweets in ads<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hansell |first=Saul |title=Advertisers Are Watching Your Every Tweet |url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/advertisers-are-watching-your-every-tweet/ |date=July 16, 2009 |work= | Tweets are public, but users can also send private "direct messages".<ref name=Rushe /> Information about who has chosen to follow an account and who a user has chosen to follow is also public, though accounts can be changed to "protected" which limits this information (and all tweets) to approved followers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classroom.synonym.com/hide-followers-following-twitter-13288.html |title=How to Hide Your Followers & Who You Are Following on Twitter {{pipe}} The Classroom {{pipe}} Synonym |publisher=Classroom.synonym.com |date=November 9, 2015 |access-date=December 7, 2015}}</ref> Twitter collects [[personally identifiable information]] about its users and shares it with third parties as specified in its [[privacy policy]]. The service also reserves the right to sell this information as an asset if the company changes hands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter Privacy Policy |url=https://www.twitter.com/privacy/ |date=May 14, 2007 |via=Twitter |access-date=March 11, 2009 |archive-date=June 25, 2009 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090625120644/https%3A//twitter.com/privacy |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Welsh |first1=Caitlin |last2=Schroeder |first2=Stan |date=August 31, 2023 |title=We read X's new privacy policy so you don't have to |url=https://mashable.com/article/x-twitter-privacy-policy-update |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref> Advertisers can [[behavioral targeting|target users]] based on their history of tweets and may quote tweets in ads<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hansell |first=Saul |title=Advertisers Are Watching Your Every Tweet |url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/advertisers-are-watching-your-every-tweet/ |date=July 16, 2009 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 17, 2009}}</ref> directed specifically to the user. | ||
Twitter launched the [[Beta version#Beta|beta version]] of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, allowing people with public profiles to announce their account name. The profile pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html |title=Twitter Power Players Get Shiny 'Verified' Badges |first=Caroline |last=McCarthy |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=June 12, 2009 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |archive-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503090313/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Twitter launched the [[Beta version#Beta|beta version]] of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, allowing people with public profiles to announce their account name. The profile pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html |title=Twitter Power Players Get Shiny 'Verified' Badges |first=Caroline |last=McCarthy |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=June 12, 2009 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |archive-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503090313/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
On December 14, 2010, the [[United States Department of Justice]] issued a [[Twitter subpoena|subpoena directing Twitter]] to provide information for accounts registered to or associated with [[WikiLeaks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/01/07/twitter/subpoena.pdf |title=Twitter Subpoena |work=[[Salon.com]]|date=January 17, 2009 |access-date=January 10, 2011}}</ref> Twitter decided to notify its users and said, "... it's our policy to notify users about law enforcement and governmental requests for their information, unless we are prevented by law from doing so."<ref name="Rushe">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jan/08/us-twitter-hand-icelandic-wikileaks-messages |title=Icelandic MP Fights US Demand for Her Twitter Account Details |work= | On December 14, 2010, the [[United States Department of Justice]] issued a [[Twitter subpoena|subpoena directing Twitter]] to provide information for accounts registered to or associated with [[WikiLeaks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/01/07/twitter/subpoena.pdf |title=Twitter Subpoena |work=[[Salon.com]]|date=January 17, 2009 |access-date=January 10, 2011}}</ref> Twitter decided to notify its users and said, "... it's our policy to notify users about law enforcement and governmental requests for their information, unless we are prevented by law from doing so."<ref name="Rushe">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jan/08/us-twitter-hand-icelandic-wikileaks-messages |title=Icelandic MP Fights US Demand for Her Twitter Account Details |work=The Guardian |author=Rushe, Dominic |date=January 8, 2011 |access-date=January 10, 2011 |location=London}}</ref> | ||
In May 2011, a [[claimant]] known as "CTB" in the case of ''[[CTB v News Group Newspapers|CTB v Twitter Inc.]]'' took action against Twitter at the [[High Court of Justice|High Court of Justice of England and Wales]],<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-20/twitter-inc-unknown-posters-sued-by-athlete-known-as-ctb-at-u-k-court.html "Twitter Inc., Unknown Posters Sued by Athlete Known as 'CTB' at U.K. Court"] Bloomberg L.P..com May 20, 2011</ref> requesting that the company release details of account holders. This followed gossip posted on Twitter about professional footballer [[Ryan Giggs]]'s private life. This led to the [[2011 British privacy injunctions controversy]] and the "super-injunction".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/news/culture-media-and-sport/twitter-users-served-with-privacy-injunction-$21388933.htm |title=Twitter users served with privacy injunction |publisher=Politics.co.uk |access-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523133024/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/culture-media-and-sport/twitter-users-served-with-privacy-injunction-$21388933.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tony Wang, the head of Twitter in Europe, said that people who do "bad things" on the site would need to defend themselves under the laws of their own jurisdiction in the event of controversy and that the site would hand over information about users to the authorities when it was legally required to do so.<ref name="wang">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13546847|work=[[BBC News]] |location=UK |title=Twitter's European boss Tony Wang gives legal warning|date=May 25, 2011 |access-date=May 25, 2011}}</ref> He also suggested that Twitter would accede to a UK court order to divulge names of users responsible for "illegal activity" on the site.<ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/twitter-chief-hints-he-may-have-to-divulge-users-names-2289187.html|work=[[The Independent]] |location=UK |title=Twitter chief hints he may have to divulge users' names|date=May 26, 2011 |access-date=December 13, 2011 |first=Lewis |last=Smith}}</ref> | In May 2011, a [[claimant]] known as "CTB" in the case of ''[[CTB v News Group Newspapers|CTB v Twitter Inc.]]'' took action against Twitter at the [[High Court of Justice|High Court of Justice of England and Wales]],<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-20/twitter-inc-unknown-posters-sued-by-athlete-known-as-ctb-at-u-k-court.html "Twitter Inc., Unknown Posters Sued by Athlete Known as 'CTB' at U.K. Court"] Bloomberg L.P..com May 20, 2011</ref> requesting that the company release details of account holders. This followed gossip posted on Twitter about professional footballer [[Ryan Giggs]]'s private life. This led to the [[2011 British privacy injunctions controversy]] and the "super-injunction".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/news/culture-media-and-sport/twitter-users-served-with-privacy-injunction-$21388933.htm |title=Twitter users served with privacy injunction |publisher=Politics.co.uk |access-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523133024/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/culture-media-and-sport/twitter-users-served-with-privacy-injunction-$21388933.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tony Wang, the head of Twitter in Europe, said that people who do "bad things" on the site would need to defend themselves under the laws of their own jurisdiction in the event of controversy and that the site would hand over information about users to the authorities when it was legally required to do so.<ref name="wang">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13546847|work=[[BBC News]] |location=UK |title=Twitter's European boss Tony Wang gives legal warning|date=May 25, 2011 |access-date=May 25, 2011}}</ref> He also suggested that Twitter would accede to a UK court order to divulge names of users responsible for "illegal activity" on the site.<ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/twitter-chief-hints-he-may-have-to-divulge-users-names-2289187.html|work=[[The Independent]] |location=UK |title=Twitter chief hints he may have to divulge users' names|date=May 26, 2011 |access-date=December 13, 2011 |first=Lewis |last=Smith}}</ref> | ||
Twitter acquired [[Dasient]], a startup that offers malware protection for businesses, in January 2012. Twitter announced plans to use Dasient to help remove hateful advertisers on the website.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/24/twitter-dasient-security-startup_n_1227842.html|title=Twitter Buys Dasient Security Startup To Combat Spam|work=HuffPost | date=January 24, 2012}}</ref> Twitter also offered a feature which would allow tweets to be removed selectively by country, before deleted tweets used to be removed in all countries.<ref name="BBC_censor">{{cite news |date=January 27, 2012|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16753729|title=Twitter to selectively 'censor' tweets by country|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2012/01/tweets-still-must-flow.html "Twitter Blog – Tweets still must flow"] January 26, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.</ref> The first use of the policy was to block the account of German [[neo-Nazi]] group [[Besseres Hannover]] on October 18, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nicholas |last=Kulish |title=Twitter Blocks Germans' Access to Neo-Nazi Group |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/world/europe/twitter-blocks-access-to-neo-nazi-group-in-germany.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018151821/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/world/europe/twitter-blocks-access-to-neo-nazi-group-in-germany.html |archive-date=October 18, 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website= | Twitter acquired [[Dasient]], a startup that offers malware protection for businesses, in January 2012. Twitter announced plans to use Dasient to help remove hateful advertisers on the website.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/24/twitter-dasient-security-startup_n_1227842.html|title=Twitter Buys Dasient Security Startup To Combat Spam|work=HuffPost | date=January 24, 2012}}</ref> Twitter also offered a feature which would allow tweets to be removed selectively by country, before deleted tweets used to be removed in all countries.<ref name="BBC_censor">{{cite news |date=January 27, 2012|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16753729|title=Twitter to selectively 'censor' tweets by country|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2012/01/tweets-still-must-flow.html "Twitter Blog – Tweets still must flow"] January 26, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.</ref> The first use of the policy was to block the account of German [[neo-Nazi]] group [[Besseres Hannover]] on October 18, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nicholas |last=Kulish |title=Twitter Blocks Germans' Access to Neo-Nazi Group |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/world/europe/twitter-blocks-access-to-neo-nazi-group-in-germany.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018151821/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/world/europe/twitter-blocks-access-to-neo-nazi-group-in-germany.html |archive-date=October 18, 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The New York Times |date=October 18, 2012 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> The policy was used again the following day to remove [[anti-Semitic]] French tweets with the hashtag #unbonjuif ("a good Jew").<ref>{{cite news |title=Twitter removes French anti-Semitic tweets |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-20004671 |website=[[BBC News]] |publisher=BBC |date=October 19, 2012 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> | ||
Followed the sharing of images showing the killing of American journalist [[James Foley (journalist)|James Foley]] in 2014, Twitter said that in certain cases it would delete pictures of people who had died after requests from family members and "authorized individuals".<ref>{{cite web |date=August 20, 2014 |title=Twitter Is Trying to Block Images of James Foley's Death |url=https://www.yahoo.com/tech/twitter-trying-to-block-images-of-james-foleys-death-95278352899.html |access-date=September 6, 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! Tech}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=501860042338213889|user=wexler|first=Nu|last=Wexler|title=Twitter policy on media concerning a deceased user|date=August 19, 2014}}</ref> | Followed the sharing of images showing the killing of American journalist [[James Foley (journalist)|James Foley]] in 2014, Twitter said that in certain cases it would delete pictures of people who had died after requests from family members and "authorized individuals".<ref>{{cite web |date=August 20, 2014 |title=Twitter Is Trying to Block Images of James Foley's Death |url=https://www.yahoo.com/tech/twitter-trying-to-block-images-of-james-foleys-death-95278352899.html |access-date=September 6, 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! Tech}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=501860042338213889|user=wexler|first=Nu|last=Wexler|title=Twitter policy on media concerning a deceased user|date=August 19, 2014}}</ref> | ||
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On October 9, 2020, Twitter took additional steps to counter misleading campaigns ahead of the 2020 US Election. Twitter's new temporary update encouraged users to "add their own commentary" before retweeting a tweet, by making 'quoting tweet' a mandatory feature instead of optional. The social network giant aimed at generating context and encouraging the circulation of more thoughtful content.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 9, 2020 |title=Twitter is fighting election chaos by urging users to quote tweet instead of retweet |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/9/21509439/twitter-election-trump-quote-tweet-labels-rules-election |access-date=October 9, 2020 |website=The Verge}}</ref> After limited results, the company ended this experiment in December 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bell |first1=K. |date=December 17, 2020 |title=Retweets are back to normal as Twitter ends its quote tweet experiment |work=Engadget |url=https://www.engadget.com/twitter-ends-quote-tweet-experiment-retweets-003202686.html |access-date=March 20, 2022}}</ref> | On October 9, 2020, Twitter took additional steps to counter misleading campaigns ahead of the 2020 US Election. Twitter's new temporary update encouraged users to "add their own commentary" before retweeting a tweet, by making 'quoting tweet' a mandatory feature instead of optional. The social network giant aimed at generating context and encouraging the circulation of more thoughtful content.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 9, 2020 |title=Twitter is fighting election chaos by urging users to quote tweet instead of retweet |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/9/21509439/twitter-election-trump-quote-tweet-labels-rules-election |access-date=October 9, 2020 |website=The Verge}}</ref> After limited results, the company ended this experiment in December 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bell |first1=K. |date=December 17, 2020 |title=Retweets are back to normal as Twitter ends its quote tweet experiment |work=Engadget |url=https://www.engadget.com/twitter-ends-quote-tweet-experiment-retweets-003202686.html |access-date=March 20, 2022}}</ref> | ||
On May 25, 2022, Twitter was fined $150 million for collecting users' phone numbers and email addresses used for [[two-factor authentication|security]] and using them for [[targeted advertising]], required to notify its users, and banned from profiting from "deceptively collected data".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=May 26, 2022 |title=Twitter fined $150m for handing users' contact details to advertisers |work= | On May 25, 2022, Twitter was fined $150 million for collecting users' phone numbers and email addresses used for [[two-factor authentication|security]] and using them for [[targeted advertising]], required to notify its users, and banned from profiting from "deceptively collected data".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=May 26, 2022 |title=Twitter fined $150m for handing users' contact details to advertisers |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/may/25/twitter-user-data-advertising-settlement |access-date=May 27, 2022}}</ref> The [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) and the [[Ministry of justice|Department of Justice]] stated that Twitter violated a 2011 agreement not to use personal security data for targeted advertising. | ||
In September 2024, the FTC released a report summarizing 9 company responses (including from Twitter) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the [[Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914]] to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to [[identity theft]], [[stalking]], unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and [[Digital media use and mental health|mental health issues]], social stigma, and reputational harm.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tolentino|first=Daysia|date=September 19, 2024|title=Social media companies engaged in 'vast surveillance,' FTC finds, calling status quo 'unacceptable'|publisher=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/social-media-companies-engaged-vast-surveillance-ftc-finds-calling-sta-rcna171814|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Del Valle|first=Gaby|date=September 19, 2024|title=The FTC says social media companies can't be trusted to regulate themselves|website=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/9/19/24249073/ftc-data-retention-privacy-report-facebook-meta-youtube-reddit|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=A Look Behind the Screens: Examining the Data Practices of Social Media and Video Streaming Services|year=2024|publisher=Federal Trade Commission|url=https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/Social-Media-6b-Report-9-11-2024.pdf|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref> | In September 2024, the FTC released a report summarizing 9 company responses (including from Twitter) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the [[Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914]] to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to [[identity theft]], [[stalking]], unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and [[Digital media use and mental health|mental health issues]], social stigma, and reputational harm.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tolentino|first=Daysia|date=September 19, 2024|title=Social media companies engaged in 'vast surveillance,' FTC finds, calling status quo 'unacceptable'|publisher=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/social-media-companies-engaged-vast-surveillance-ftc-finds-calling-sta-rcna171814|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Del Valle|first=Gaby|date=September 19, 2024|title=The FTC says social media companies can't be trusted to regulate themselves|website=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/9/19/24249073/ftc-data-retention-privacy-report-facebook-meta-youtube-reddit|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=A Look Behind the Screens: Examining the Data Practices of Social Media and Video Streaming Services|year=2024|publisher=Federal Trade Commission|url=https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/Social-Media-6b-Report-9-11-2024.pdf|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref> | ||
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In January 2016, Twitter was sued by the widow of a U.S. man killed in the [[2015 Amman shooting attack]], claiming that allowing the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) to continually use the platform, including direct messages in particular,<ref name="verge-revisedisillawsuit">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/30/12717178/twitter-isis-lawsuit-direct-message-revised-complaint|title=Revived lawsuit says Twitter DMs are like handing ISIS a satellite phone|website=The Verge|access-date=August 31, 2016|date=August 30, 2016}}</ref> constituted the [[Providing material support for terrorism|provision of material support to a terrorist organization]], which is illegal under U.S. federal law. Twitter disputed the claim, stating that "violent threats and the promotion of terrorism deserve no place on Twitter and, like other social networks, our rules make that clear".<ref name="wsj-isistwitter">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2016/01/14/lawsuit-blames-twitter-for-isis-terrorist-attack/|title=Lawsuit Blames Twitter for ISIS Terrorist Attack|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=January 16, 2016}}</ref><ref name="wsj-twitterliable">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2016/01/15/can-twitter-be-liable-for-isis-tweets/|title=Can Twitter Be Liable for ISIS Tweets?|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=January 20, 2016}}</ref> The lawsuit was dismissed by the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]], upholding the [[Section 230]] safe harbor, which dictates that the operators of an interactive computer service are not liable for the content published by its users.<ref name="wsj-twitterliable" /><ref name="verge-section230isis">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/10/11950098/twitter-isis-lawsuit-safe-harbor-terrorism|title=Twitter is not legally responsible for the rise of ISIS, rules California district court|website=The Verge|access-date=August 11, 2016|date=August 10, 2016}}</ref> The lawsuit was revised in August 2016, providing comparisons to other telecommunications devices.<ref name="verge-revisedisillawsuit" /> The second amended complaint was dismissed by the district court, a decision affirmed on appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on January 31, 2018.<ref name="fields-v-twitter-appeal">{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Milan D. Jr. |title=Fields v. Twitter, Inc. |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/16-17165/16-17165-2018-01-31.html |publisher=United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |access-date=May 24, 2024 |date=January 31, 2018}}</ref> | In January 2016, Twitter was sued by the widow of a U.S. man killed in the [[2015 Amman shooting attack]], claiming that allowing the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) to continually use the platform, including direct messages in particular,<ref name="verge-revisedisillawsuit">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/30/12717178/twitter-isis-lawsuit-direct-message-revised-complaint|title=Revived lawsuit says Twitter DMs are like handing ISIS a satellite phone|website=The Verge|access-date=August 31, 2016|date=August 30, 2016}}</ref> constituted the [[Providing material support for terrorism|provision of material support to a terrorist organization]], which is illegal under U.S. federal law. Twitter disputed the claim, stating that "violent threats and the promotion of terrorism deserve no place on Twitter and, like other social networks, our rules make that clear".<ref name="wsj-isistwitter">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2016/01/14/lawsuit-blames-twitter-for-isis-terrorist-attack/|title=Lawsuit Blames Twitter for ISIS Terrorist Attack|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=January 16, 2016}}</ref><ref name="wsj-twitterliable">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2016/01/15/can-twitter-be-liable-for-isis-tweets/|title=Can Twitter Be Liable for ISIS Tweets?|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=January 20, 2016}}</ref> The lawsuit was dismissed by the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]], upholding the [[Section 230]] safe harbor, which dictates that the operators of an interactive computer service are not liable for the content published by its users.<ref name="wsj-twitterliable" /><ref name="verge-section230isis">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/10/11950098/twitter-isis-lawsuit-safe-harbor-terrorism|title=Twitter is not legally responsible for the rise of ISIS, rules California district court|website=The Verge|access-date=August 11, 2016|date=August 10, 2016}}</ref> The lawsuit was revised in August 2016, providing comparisons to other telecommunications devices.<ref name="verge-revisedisillawsuit" /> The second amended complaint was dismissed by the district court, a decision affirmed on appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on January 31, 2018.<ref name="fields-v-twitter-appeal">{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Milan D. Jr. |title=Fields v. Twitter, Inc. |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/16-17165/16-17165-2018-01-31.html |publisher=United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |access-date=May 24, 2024 |date=January 31, 2018}}</ref> | ||
Twitter suspended multiple parody accounts that satirized Russian politics in May 2016, sparking protests and raising questions about where the company stands on [[freedom of speech]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/twitter-suspends-russian-satirical-accounts-raising-free-speech-questions/571146.html|title=Twitter Suspends Russian Satirical Accounts, Raising Free Speech Questions {{!}} News|website=The Moscow Times|date=June 2016 |access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref> Following public outcry, Twitter restored the accounts the next day without explaining why the accounts had been suspended.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/02/twitter-unblocks-darthputinkgba-spoof-russia|title=Twitter unblocks spoof Putin account after widespread criticism|last1=Times|first1=The Moscow|last2=network|first2=part of the New East|date=June 2, 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref> The same day, Twitter, along with Facebook, Google, and [[Microsoft]], jointly agreed to a [[European Union]] code of conduct obligating them to review "[the] majority of valid notifications for removal of illegal [[hate speech]]" posted on their services within 24 hours.<ref name="guardian-euhatespeech">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/31/facebook-youtube-twitter-microsoft-eu-hate-speech-code|title=Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and Microsoft sign EU hate speech code|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=June 7, 2016|date=May 31, 2016|last1=Hern|first1=Alex}}</ref> In August 2016, Twitter stated that it had banned 235,000 accounts over the past six months, bringing the overall number of suspended accounts to 360,000 accounts in the past year, for violating policies banning use of the platform to promote extremism.<ref>{{cite news|first=Elizabeth|last=Weise|title=Twitter suspends 235,000 accounts for extremism|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/08/18/twitter-suspends-235000-terrorism-extremism/88955432|newspaper= | Twitter suspended multiple parody accounts that satirized Russian politics in May 2016, sparking protests and raising questions about where the company stands on [[freedom of speech]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/twitter-suspends-russian-satirical-accounts-raising-free-speech-questions/571146.html|title=Twitter Suspends Russian Satirical Accounts, Raising Free Speech Questions {{!}} News|website=The Moscow Times|date=June 2016 |access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref> Following public outcry, Twitter restored the accounts the next day without explaining why the accounts had been suspended.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/02/twitter-unblocks-darthputinkgba-spoof-russia|title=Twitter unblocks spoof Putin account after widespread criticism|last1=Times|first1=The Moscow|last2=network|first2=part of the New East|date=June 2, 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref> The same day, Twitter, along with Facebook, Google, and [[Microsoft]], jointly agreed to a [[European Union]] code of conduct obligating them to review "[the] majority of valid notifications for removal of illegal [[hate speech]]" posted on their services within 24 hours.<ref name="guardian-euhatespeech">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/31/facebook-youtube-twitter-microsoft-eu-hate-speech-code|title=Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and Microsoft sign EU hate speech code|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=June 7, 2016|date=May 31, 2016|last1=Hern|first1=Alex}}</ref> In August 2016, Twitter stated that it had banned 235,000 accounts over the past six months, bringing the overall number of suspended accounts to 360,000 accounts in the past year, for violating policies banning use of the platform to promote extremism.<ref>{{cite news|first=Elizabeth|last=Weise|title=Twitter suspends 235,000 accounts for extremism|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/08/18/twitter-suspends-235000-terrorism-extremism/88955432|newspaper=USA Today|date=August 18, 2016 |access-date=November 20, 2016}}</ref> | ||
On May 10, 2019, Twitter announced that they suspended 166,513 accounts for promoting terrorism in the July–December 2018 period, stating there was a steady decrease in terrorist groups trying to use the platform owing to its "zero-tolerance policy enforcement". According to [[Vijaya Gadde]], Legal, Policy and Trust and Safety Lead at Twitter, there was a reduction of 19% terror related tweets from the previous reporting period (January–June 2018).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.com/magazines/panache/twitter-suspended-over-1-6-lakh-accounts-for-promoting-terrorism/articleshow/69268206.cms|title=Twitter suspended over 1.6 lakh terror-promoting accounts in six months|date=May 10, 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=February 22, 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531194121/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/twitter-suspended-over-1-6-lakh-accounts-for-promoting-terrorism/articleshow/69268206.cms|archive-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/05/09/twitter-transparency-report-terrorism-child-exploitation/|title=Twitter suspensions for promoting terrorism drop yet again|last=Holt|first=Kris|date=May 10, 2019|work=Engadget|access-date=May 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2019/05/10/twitter-transparency-report-abuse/|title=Twitter's User-Reported Violations Jumped 19%—but the Number of Accounts Punished Dropped|last=Abril|first=Danielle|date=May 10, 2019|work=Fortune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/twitter-reports-fall-in-extreme-content|title=Twitter reports fall in extreme content|date=May 10, 2019|work=SBS News|access-date=May 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/twitter-has-suspended-more-than-166000-accounts-related-to-promotion-of-terrorism-6611591.html|title=Twitter has suspended more than 166,000 accounts related to promotion of terrorism|date=May 10, 2019|work=Tech2|access-date=May 10, 2019|publisher=Firstpost}}</ref> | On May 10, 2019, Twitter announced that they suspended 166,513 accounts for promoting terrorism in the July–December 2018 period, stating there was a steady decrease in terrorist groups trying to use the platform owing to its "zero-tolerance policy enforcement". According to [[Vijaya Gadde]], Legal, Policy and Trust and Safety Lead at Twitter, there was a reduction of 19% terror related tweets from the previous reporting period (January–June 2018).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.com/magazines/panache/twitter-suspended-over-1-6-lakh-accounts-for-promoting-terrorism/articleshow/69268206.cms|title=Twitter suspended over 1.6 lakh terror-promoting accounts in six months|date=May 10, 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=February 22, 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531194121/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/twitter-suspended-over-1-6-lakh-accounts-for-promoting-terrorism/articleshow/69268206.cms|archive-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/05/09/twitter-transparency-report-terrorism-child-exploitation/|title=Twitter suspensions for promoting terrorism drop yet again|last=Holt|first=Kris|date=May 10, 2019|work=Engadget|access-date=May 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2019/05/10/twitter-transparency-report-abuse/|title=Twitter's User-Reported Violations Jumped 19%—but the Number of Accounts Punished Dropped|last=Abril|first=Danielle|date=May 10, 2019|work=Fortune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/twitter-reports-fall-in-extreme-content|title=Twitter reports fall in extreme content|date=May 10, 2019|work=SBS News|access-date=May 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/twitter-has-suspended-more-than-166000-accounts-related-to-promotion-of-terrorism-6611591.html|title=Twitter has suspended more than 166,000 accounts related to promotion of terrorism|date=May 10, 2019|work=Tech2|access-date=May 10, 2019|publisher=Firstpost}}</ref> | ||
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Twitter had been used for a variety of purposes in many industries and scenarios. For example, it has been used to organize protests, including the [[April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests|protests over the 2009 Moldovan election]], the [[2009 student protests in Austria]], the 2009 [[Gaza–Israel conflict]], the 2009 [[Iranian Green Movement|Iranian green revolution]], the 2010 [[2010 G20 Toronto summit protests|Toronto G20 protests]], the 2010 [[Bolivarian Revolution]], the 2010 [[Stuttgart 21|Stuttgart 21 protests in Germany]], the 2011 [[Egyptian revolution of 2011|Egyptian Revolution]], [[2011 England riots]], the 2011 United States [[Occupy movement]], the 2011 [[anti-austerity movement in Spain]], the 2011 [[Anti-austerity movement in Greece|Aganaktismenoi movements in Greece]], the 2011 [[2011 Rome demonstration|demonstration in Rome]], the 2011 [[2011 Wisconsin protests|Wisconsin labor protests]], the 2012 [[Gaza–Israel conflict]], the [[2013 protests in Brazil]], and the 2013 [[Gezi Park protests|Gezi Park protests in Turkey]].<ref name="Buettner2016a">{{cite conference |title=A Systematic Literature Review of Twitter Research from a Socio-Political Revolution Perspective |author1=Buettner, Ricardo |author2=Buettner, Katharina |name-list-style=amp |year=2016 |conference=49th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences |conference-url=http://www.hicss.org |publisher=IEEE |location=Kauai, Hawaii |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.4239.9442}}</ref> | Twitter had been used for a variety of purposes in many industries and scenarios. For example, it has been used to organize protests, including the [[April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests|protests over the 2009 Moldovan election]], the [[2009 student protests in Austria]], the 2009 [[Gaza–Israel conflict]], the 2009 [[Iranian Green Movement|Iranian green revolution]], the 2010 [[2010 G20 Toronto summit protests|Toronto G20 protests]], the 2010 [[Bolivarian Revolution]], the 2010 [[Stuttgart 21|Stuttgart 21 protests in Germany]], the 2011 [[Egyptian revolution of 2011|Egyptian Revolution]], [[2011 England riots]], the 2011 United States [[Occupy movement]], the 2011 [[anti-austerity movement in Spain]], the 2011 [[Anti-austerity movement in Greece|Aganaktismenoi movements in Greece]], the 2011 [[2011 Rome demonstration|demonstration in Rome]], the 2011 [[2011 Wisconsin protests|Wisconsin labor protests]], the 2012 [[Gaza–Israel conflict]], the [[2013 protests in Brazil]], and the 2013 [[Gezi Park protests|Gezi Park protests in Turkey]].<ref name="Buettner2016a">{{cite conference |title=A Systematic Literature Review of Twitter Research from a Socio-Political Revolution Perspective |author1=Buettner, Ricardo |author2=Buettner, Katharina |name-list-style=amp |year=2016 |conference=49th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences |conference-url=http://www.hicss.org |publisher=IEEE |location=Kauai, Hawaii |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.4239.9442}}</ref> | ||
The service was also used as a form of [[civil disobedience]]: In 2010, users expressed outrage over the [[Twitter joke trial]] by copying a controversial joke about bombing an airport and attaching the hashtag #IAmSpartacus, a reference to the film ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]'' (1960) and a sign of solidarity and support to a man controversially prosecuted after posting a tweet joking about bombing [[Doncaster Sheffield Airport|an airport]] if they canceled his flight. #IAmSpartacus became the number one trending topic on Twitter worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/nov/12/iamspartacus-campaign-twitter-airport|title=#IAmSpartacus campaign explodes on Twitter in support of airport joker|last=Siddique|first=Haroon|date=November 12, 2010|newspaper= | The service was also used as a form of [[civil disobedience]]: In 2010, users expressed outrage over the [[Twitter joke trial]] by copying a controversial joke about bombing an airport and attaching the hashtag #IAmSpartacus, a reference to the film ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]'' (1960) and a sign of solidarity and support to a man controversially prosecuted after posting a tweet joking about bombing [[Doncaster Sheffield Airport|an airport]] if they canceled his flight. #IAmSpartacus became the number one trending topic on Twitter worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/nov/12/iamspartacus-campaign-twitter-airport|title=#IAmSpartacus campaign explodes on Twitter in support of airport joker|last=Siddique|first=Haroon|date=November 12, 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=November 20, 2016}}</ref> Another case of civil disobedience happened in the [[2011 British privacy injunctions controversy|2011 British privacy injunction debate]], where several celebrities who had taken out anonymized injunctions were identified by thousands of users in protest to traditional journalism being censored.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/may/22/scottish-newspaper-identifies-injuction-footballer|title=Scottish newspaper identifies injunction footballer|last1=Gabbatt|first1=Adam|last2=Taylor|first2=Matthew|date=May 22, 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=May 22, 2011}}</ref> | ||
==== Governments ==== | ==== Governments ==== | ||
According to documents leaked by [[Edward Snowden]] and published in July 2014, the United Kingdom's [[GCHQ]] has a tool named BIRDSONG for "automated posting of Twitter updates" and a tool named BIRDSTRIKE for "Twitter monitoring and profile collection".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-28306819|title=GCHQ leak lists UK cyber-spies' hacking tools|work=BBC News|date=July 15, 2014|access-date= July 16, 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1217406-jtrigall.html#document/p4 "JTRIG Tools and Techniques"]. Retrieved July 16, 2014.</ref> | According to documents leaked by [[Edward Snowden]] and published in July 2014, the United Kingdom's [[GCHQ]] has a tool named BIRDSONG for "automated posting of Twitter updates" and a tool named BIRDSTRIKE for "Twitter monitoring and profile collection".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-28306819|title=GCHQ leak lists UK cyber-spies' hacking tools|work=BBC News|date=July 15, 2014|access-date= July 16, 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1217406-jtrigall.html#document/p4 "JTRIG Tools and Techniques"]. Retrieved July 16, 2014.</ref> | ||
During the [[2019–20 Hong Kong protests]], [[Reactions to the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests#Other reactions|Twitter suspended a core group]] of 1,000 "fake" accounts and an associated network of 200,000 accounts for operating a [[disinformation]] campaign that was linked to the [[Chinese government]].<ref>{{cite web|first1=Makena|last1=Kelly|access-date=August 28, 2019|title=Facebook and Twitter uncover Chinese trolls spreading doubts about Hong Kong protests|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/19/20812621/twitter-facebook-china-hong-kong-protests-information-operation-disinfo|date=August 19, 2019|website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=August 28, 2019|title=Hong Kong protests: Twitter and Facebook crack down on "deceptive" accounts linked to China|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hong-kong-protests-twitter-facebook-crack-down-on-deceptive-accounts-linked-to-china/|publisher=[[CBS News]]|first=Ramy|last=Inocencio|date=August 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Information operations directed at Hong Kong|url=https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2019/information_operations_directed_at_Hong_Kong|website=Twitter Blog|date=August 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=August 28, 2019|title=China cries foul over Facebook, Twitter block of fake accounts|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-twitter-idUSKCN1VA0RQ|work= | During the [[2019–20 Hong Kong protests]], [[Reactions to the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests#Other reactions|Twitter suspended a core group]] of 1,000 "fake" accounts and an associated network of 200,000 accounts for operating a [[disinformation]] campaign that was linked to the [[Chinese government]].<ref>{{cite web|first1=Makena|last1=Kelly|access-date=August 28, 2019|title=Facebook and Twitter uncover Chinese trolls spreading doubts about Hong Kong protests|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/19/20812621/twitter-facebook-china-hong-kong-protests-information-operation-disinfo|date=August 19, 2019|website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=August 28, 2019|title=Hong Kong protests: Twitter and Facebook crack down on "deceptive" accounts linked to China|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hong-kong-protests-twitter-facebook-crack-down-on-deceptive-accounts-linked-to-china/|publisher=[[CBS News]]|first=Ramy|last=Inocencio|date=August 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Information operations directed at Hong Kong|url=https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2019/information_operations_directed_at_Hong_Kong|website=Twitter Blog|date=August 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=August 28, 2019|title=China cries foul over Facebook, Twitter block of fake accounts|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-twitter-idUSKCN1VA0RQ|work=Reuters|date=August 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=August 28, 2019|title=China Resists Charge by Twitter, Facebook of Disinformation Effort|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-resists-charge-by-twitter-facebook-of-disinformation-effort-11566339132|website=The Wall Street Journal|date=August 20, 2019}}</ref> | ||
On June 12, 2020, Twitter suspended over 7,000 accounts from Turkey because those accounts were fake profiles, designed to support the Turkish president, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], and were managed by a central authority. Turkey's communication director said that the decision was illogical, biased, and politically motivated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ankara reacts to Twitter's move to suspend accounts|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ankara-reacts-to-twitters-move-to-suspend-accounts-155608|website=Hürriyet Daily News|date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> Turkey blocked access to Twitter twice, once after voice recordings appeared on Twitter in which Erdoğan ordered his son to stash away millions of dollars and another time for 12 hours in the aftermath of the [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake|earthquake of February 2023]], when Erdoğan blamed the people for a disinformation campaign as they criticized the Government for their lack of help.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Burga |first=Solcyre |date=February 15, 2023 |title=How Turkey's Earthquake Response Failed Its People |url=https://time.com/6255634/earthquake-turkey-syria-erdogan-rescue/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> | On June 12, 2020, Twitter suspended over 7,000 accounts from Turkey because those accounts were fake profiles, designed to support the Turkish president, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], and were managed by a central authority. Turkey's communication director said that the decision was illogical, biased, and politically motivated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ankara reacts to Twitter's move to suspend accounts|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ankara-reacts-to-twitters-move-to-suspend-accounts-155608|website=Hürriyet Daily News|date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> Turkey blocked access to Twitter twice, once after voice recordings appeared on Twitter in which Erdoğan ordered his son to stash away millions of dollars and another time for 12 hours in the aftermath of the [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake|earthquake of February 2023]], when Erdoğan blamed the people for a disinformation campaign as they criticized the Government for their lack of help.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Burga |first=Solcyre |date=February 15, 2023 |title=How Turkey's Earthquake Response Failed Its People |url=https://time.com/6255634/earthquake-turkey-syria-erdogan-rescue/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> | ||
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In May 2021, Twitter labeled one of the tweets by [[Sambit Patra]], a spokesman of the local ruling party [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in India, as "manipulated media", leading to Twitter's offices in Delhi and [[Gurgaon]] being raided by the local police.<ref name=DelhiRaid>{{cite news |title=Police in India visited Twitter offices over 'manipulated media' label |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/05/24/delhi-police-run-by-indias-central-government-raids-twitter-offices-over-manipulated-label/ |last=Singh |first=Manish |work=TechCrunch |date=May 24, 2021 |access-date=May 27, 2021}}</ref> Later, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] released a statement in July 2021 claiming Twitter has lost its liability protection concerning user-generated content. This was brought on by Twitter's failure to comply with the [[Information Technology Rules, 2021|new IT rules]] introduced in 2021, with a filing stating that the company failed to appoint executives to govern user content on the platform.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 6, 2021 |title=Twitter loses immunity over user-generated content in India |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/twitter-loses-immunity-over-user-generated-content-india-2021-07-06/ |access-date=July 6, 2021}}</ref> | In May 2021, Twitter labeled one of the tweets by [[Sambit Patra]], a spokesman of the local ruling party [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in India, as "manipulated media", leading to Twitter's offices in Delhi and [[Gurgaon]] being raided by the local police.<ref name=DelhiRaid>{{cite news |title=Police in India visited Twitter offices over 'manipulated media' label |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/05/24/delhi-police-run-by-indias-central-government-raids-twitter-offices-over-manipulated-label/ |last=Singh |first=Manish |work=TechCrunch |date=May 24, 2021 |access-date=May 27, 2021}}</ref> Later, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] released a statement in July 2021 claiming Twitter has lost its liability protection concerning user-generated content. This was brought on by Twitter's failure to comply with the [[Information Technology Rules, 2021|new IT rules]] introduced in 2021, with a filing stating that the company failed to appoint executives to govern user content on the platform.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 6, 2021 |title=Twitter loses immunity over user-generated content in India |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/twitter-loses-immunity-over-user-generated-content-india-2021-07-06/ |access-date=July 6, 2021}}</ref> | ||
According to a report by | According to a report by Reuters, the United States ran a [[Propaganda in the United States|propaganda]] campaign to spread disinformation about the [[Sinovac Biotech|Sinovac]] Chinese COVID-19 vaccine, including using fake social media accounts on Twitter to spread the disinformation that the Sinovac vaccine contained pork-derived ingredients and was therefore ''[[haram]]'' under [[Sharia|Islamic law]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last1=Bing |first1=Chris |last2=Schechtman |first2=Joel |date=June 14, 2024 |title=Pentagon Ran Secret Anti-Vax Campaign to Undermine China during Pandemic |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-covid-propaganda/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> The campaign primarily targeted people in the Philippines and used a social media hashtag for "China is the virus" in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]].<ref name=":6" /> | ||
==== Pornographic content ==== | ==== Pornographic content ==== | ||
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====Public figures==== | ====Public figures==== | ||
[[Jonathan Zittrain]], professor of Internet law at [[Harvard Law School]], said that "the qualities that make Twitter seem inane and half-baked are what makes it so powerful."<ref>{{registration required|date=February 2011}} {{Cite news| first=Noam | last=Cohen | title=Twitter on the Barricades: Six Lessons Learned | date=June 20, 2009 | work= | [[Jonathan Zittrain]], professor of Internet law at [[Harvard Law School]], said that "the qualities that make Twitter seem inane and half-baked are what makes it so powerful."<ref>{{registration required|date=February 2011}} {{Cite news| first=Noam | last=Cohen | title=Twitter on the Barricades: Six Lessons Learned | date=June 20, 2009 | work=The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/weekinreview/21cohenweb.html?_r=1&hp | access-date = June 21, 2009 }}</ref> In that same vein, and with Sigmund Freud in mind, political communications expert Matthew Auer observed that well-crafted tweets by public figures often deliberately mix trivial and serious information so as to appeal to all three parts of the reader's personality: the id, ego, and superego.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Matthew |last1=Auer |title=The Policy Sciences of Social Media |journal=Policy Studies Journal |year=2011 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=709–736 |doi=10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00428.x |s2cid=153590593 }}</ref> The poets [[Mira Gonzalez]] and [[Tao Lin]] published a book titled ''Selected Tweets'' featuring selections of their tweets over some eight years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/06/08/mira-gonzalez-tao-lin-twitter-interview-with-juliet-escoria|title=Mira Gonzalez And Tao Lin's Selected Tweets Is Deeper Than It Seems|publisher=The Fader|date=June 8, 2015|last=Escoria|first=Julia|access-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> The novelist [[Rick Moody]] wrote a short story for Electric Literature called "Some Contemporary Characters", composed entirely of tweets.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rick Moody's Twitter Short Story Draws Long List of Complaints|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2009/12/01/rick-moodys-twitter-short-story-draws-long-list-of-complaints/|date=December 1, 2009|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=May 19, 2012|first=Steven|last=Kurutz}}</ref> | ||
Many commentators have suggested that Twitter radically changed the format of reporting due to instant, short, and frequent communication.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Impact of Twitter on Journalism {{!}} Off Book|url=https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/2c19b182-83df-4168-b61b-158d993e8de2/the-impact-of-twitter-on-journalism/|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=PBS LearningMedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chamberlain|first=Craig|title=How has Twitter changed news coverage?|url=https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/267046|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=news.illinois.edu}}</ref> According to ''[[The Atlantic]]'' writers Benjamin M. Reilly and Robinson Meyer, Twitter has an outsized impact on the public discourse and media. "Something happens on Twitter; celebrities, politicians and journalists talk about it, and it's circulated to a wider audience by Twitter's algorithms; journalists write about the dustup." This can lead to an argument on a Twitter feed looking like a "debate roiling the country... regular people are left with a confused, agitated view of our current political discourse".<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 12, 2020|title=Twitter Is Not as Important as Journalists Make It Seem|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/letters/archive/2020/02/twitter-is-bad-for-the-news/605782/|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=The Atlantic}}</ref> In a 2018 article in the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'', Matthew Ingram argued much the same about Twitter's "oversized role" and that it promotes immediacy over newsworthiness.<ref name="Ingram-2021">{{Cite web|title=Do journalists pay too much attention to Twitter?|url=https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/journalists-on-twitter-study.php|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=Columbia Journalism Review}}</ref> In some cases, inauthentic and provocative tweets were taken up as common opinion in mainstream articles. Writers in several outlets unintentionally cited the opinions of Russian [[Internet Research Agency]]-affiliated accounts.<ref name="Ingram-2021" /><ref name="Luk">{{Cite web|title=Most major outlets have used Russian tweets as sources for partisan opinion: study|url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/tweets-russia-news.php|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=Columbia Journalism Review}}</ref> | Many commentators have suggested that Twitter radically changed the format of reporting due to instant, short, and frequent communication.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Impact of Twitter on Journalism {{!}} Off Book|url=https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/2c19b182-83df-4168-b61b-158d993e8de2/the-impact-of-twitter-on-journalism/|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=PBS LearningMedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chamberlain|first=Craig|title=How has Twitter changed news coverage?|url=https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/267046|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=news.illinois.edu}}</ref> According to ''[[The Atlantic]]'' writers Benjamin M. Reilly and Robinson Meyer, Twitter has an outsized impact on the public discourse and media. "Something happens on Twitter; celebrities, politicians and journalists talk about it, and it's circulated to a wider audience by Twitter's algorithms; journalists write about the dustup." This can lead to an argument on a Twitter feed looking like a "debate roiling the country... regular people are left with a confused, agitated view of our current political discourse".<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 12, 2020|title=Twitter Is Not as Important as Journalists Make It Seem|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/letters/archive/2020/02/twitter-is-bad-for-the-news/605782/|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=The Atlantic}}</ref> In a 2018 article in the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'', Matthew Ingram argued much the same about Twitter's "oversized role" and that it promotes immediacy over newsworthiness.<ref name="Ingram-2021">{{Cite web|title=Do journalists pay too much attention to Twitter?|url=https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/journalists-on-twitter-study.php|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=Columbia Journalism Review}}</ref> In some cases, inauthentic and provocative tweets were taken up as common opinion in mainstream articles. Writers in several outlets unintentionally cited the opinions of Russian [[Internet Research Agency]]-affiliated accounts.<ref name="Ingram-2021" /><ref name="Luk">{{Cite web|title=Most major outlets have used Russian tweets as sources for partisan opinion: study|url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/tweets-russia-news.php|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=Columbia Journalism Review}}</ref> | ||
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{{Main|Censorship of Twitter|Deplatforming|Twitter suspensions|December 2022 Twitter suspensions}} | {{Main|Censorship of Twitter|Deplatforming|Twitter suspensions|December 2022 Twitter suspensions}} | ||
[[File:Twitter_censorship_new.svg|thumb|290x290px|Countries and territories which have blocked Twitter:{{ubl|{{legend|#377eb8|Currently blocked}}|{{legend|#41b6c4|Formerly blocked}}|{{legend|#986ba1|Partially blocked}}|{{legend|#c0c0c0|Not blocked}}}}]] | [[File:Twitter_censorship_new.svg|thumb|290x290px|Countries and territories which have blocked Twitter:{{ubl|{{legend|#377eb8|Currently blocked}}|{{legend|#41b6c4|Formerly blocked}}|{{legend|#986ba1|Partially blocked}}|{{legend|#c0c0c0|Not blocked}}}}]] | ||
Twitter is banned completely in Russia,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-blocks-facebook-twitter/ |title=Russia blocks Facebook and Twitter access |publisher=CBS News |last=Sganga |first=Nicole |date=March 4, 2022 |access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref> Iran, China and North Korea<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2015/05/religion-twitter-and-freedom |title=Religion, Twitter and freedom: A peaceful explosion |newspaper=The Economist |date=May 27, 2015 |access-date=June 2, 2015}}</ref> and has been intermittently blocked in numerous countries, including Egypt, Iraq, Nigeria, Turkey, Venezuela and Turkmenistan on different basis.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/30/brazil-suspends-x-musk-moraes/ |title=Brazilian judge orders suspension of X in dispute with Elon Musk |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |last1=McCoy|first1=Therrence | last2=Thadani|first2=Trisha| last3=Dias|first3=Marina| date=August 30, 2024 |access-date=August 31, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jun/02/twitter-china|title=China blocks Twitter, Flickr, YouTube and Hotmail ahead of Tiananmen anniversary|last=Branigan |first=Tania|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iraq-crisis-twitter-google-youtube-facebook-blocked-by-government-stop-isis-plotting-1452567|title=Iraq Crisis: Twitter, Google, YouTube and Facebook Blocked by Government to Stop Isis Plotting|work=International Business Times UK|date=June 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name="guardian-4jun2021">{{cite news |title=Nigeria suspends Twitter after president's tweet was deleted |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/04/nigeria-suspends-twitter-after-presidents-tweet-was-deleted |access-date=June 4, 2021 |work= | Twitter is banned completely in Russia,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-blocks-facebook-twitter/ |title=Russia blocks Facebook and Twitter access |publisher=CBS News |last=Sganga |first=Nicole |date=March 4, 2022 |access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref> Iran, China and North Korea<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2015/05/religion-twitter-and-freedom |title=Religion, Twitter and freedom: A peaceful explosion |newspaper=The Economist |date=May 27, 2015 |access-date=June 2, 2015}}</ref> and has been intermittently blocked in numerous countries, including Egypt, Iraq, Nigeria, Turkey, Venezuela and Turkmenistan on different basis.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/30/brazil-suspends-x-musk-moraes/ |title=Brazilian judge orders suspension of X in dispute with Elon Musk |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |last1=McCoy|first1=Therrence | last2=Thadani|first2=Trisha| last3=Dias|first3=Marina| date=August 30, 2024 |access-date=August 31, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jun/02/twitter-china|title=China blocks Twitter, Flickr, YouTube and Hotmail ahead of Tiananmen anniversary|last=Branigan |first=Tania|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iraq-crisis-twitter-google-youtube-facebook-blocked-by-government-stop-isis-plotting-1452567|title=Iraq Crisis: Twitter, Google, YouTube and Facebook Blocked by Government to Stop Isis Plotting|work=International Business Times UK|date=June 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name="guardian-4jun2021">{{cite news |title=Nigeria suspends Twitter after president's tweet was deleted |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/04/nigeria-suspends-twitter-after-presidents-tweet-was-deleted |access-date=June 4, 2021 |work=The Guardian |agency=Reuters |date=June 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.twitter.com/2014/challenging-the-access-ban-in-turkey|title=Challenging the access ban in Turkey|via=Twitter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-14/twitter-says-venezuela-blocks-its-images-amid-protest-crackdown|title=Venezuelans Blocked on Twitter as Opposition Protests Mount|first=Patricia|last=Laya|work=Bloomberg.com|date=February 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16094646|title=Turkmenistan country profile|work=BBC Monitoring|date=February 26, 2018}}</ref> In 2016, Twitter cooperated with the Israeli government to remove certain content originating outside Israel from tweets seen in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://972mag.com/how-israel-is-trying-to-enforce-gag-orders-beyond-its-borders/121266/|title=How Israel is trying to enforce gag orders beyond its borders|author= Michael Schaeffer Omer-Man|publisher=972 Mag|date=August 9, 2016|access-date=September 23, 2016}}</ref> In the 11th biannual transparency report published on September 19, 2017, Twitter said that Turkey was the first among countries where about 90% of removal requests came from, followed by Russia, France and Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-top-country-seeking-removal-of-content-on-twitter-report.aspx?pageID=238&nID=118172&NewsCatID=339|title=Turkey top country seeking removal of content on Twitter: Report|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=September 20, 2017|access-date=September 20, 2017}}</ref> Twitter stated that between July 1 and December 31, 2018, "We received legal demands relating to 27,283 accounts from 47 different countries, including Bulgaria, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, and Slovenia for the first time."<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey had highest request for content removal on Twitter |url=https://ipa.news/2019/05/11/turkey-had-highest-request-for-content-removal-on-twitter/ |work=IPA News |date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=September 14, 2019 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308190729/https://ipa.news/2019/05/11/turkey-had-highest-request-for-content-removal-on-twitter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> As part of evidence to a U.S. Senate Enquiry, the company admitted that their systems "detected and hid" several hundred thousand tweets relating to the [[2016 Democratic National Committee email leak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4164788/Twitter-testimony-to-Senate-Judiciary-Committee.pdf|title=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism: Testimony of Sean J. Edgett, Acting General Counsel, Twitter Inc.|date=October 31, 2017|access-date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> During the curfew in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] after [[Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status|revocation of its autonomous status]] on August 5, 2019, the Indian government approached Twitter to block accounts accused of spreading anti-India content;<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-tells-twitter-to-block-accounts-inciting-anti-india-content-using-kashmir/story-V10neIY9VmgfI8rLB67Y4N.html |title= Govt tells Twitter to block accounts inciting anti-India content using Kashmir |work= Hindustan Times |date= August 12, 2019}}</ref> by October 25, nearly one million tweets had been removed as a result.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 25, 2019|title=Twitter removes almost 1 million tweets in Kashmir, accused of bowing to Indian censorship|url=https://www.newsweek.com/twitter-removes-almost-1m-tweets-kashmir-accused-bowing-indian-censorship-1467721|access-date=November 5, 2020|website=Newsweek}}</ref> | ||
In March 2022, shortly after [[Censorship of Twitter#Russia 2|Russia's censorship of Twitter]], a Tor [[.onion|onion]] service link was created by the platform to allow people to access the website, even in countries with heavy Internet censorship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter Launches Tor Onion Service Making Site Easier to Access in Russia |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7dqxd/twitter-tor-onion-service-dark-web-version |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=Vice (magazine)|date=March 8, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Adi |date=March 8, 2022 |title=Twitter is launching a Tor service for more secure and private tweeting |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/8/22967843/twitter-tor-onion-service-version-launch |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=The Verge}}</ref> | In March 2022, shortly after [[Censorship of Twitter#Russia 2|Russia's censorship of Twitter]], a Tor [[.onion|onion]] service link was created by the platform to allow people to access the website, even in countries with heavy Internet censorship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter Launches Tor Onion Service Making Site Easier to Access in Russia |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7dqxd/twitter-tor-onion-service-dark-web-version |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=Vice (magazine)|date=March 8, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Adi |date=March 8, 2022 |title=Twitter is launching a Tor service for more secure and private tweeting |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/8/22967843/twitter-tor-onion-service-version-launch |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=The Verge}}</ref> | ||