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=== Early developments ===
=== Early developments ===
[[File:МИТ кампус 1905.jpg|thumb|left|A 1905 map of MIT's [[Boston]] campus]]
[[File:МИТ кампус 1905.jpg|thumb|left|A 1905 map of MIT's Boston campus]]
[[File:Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass (NYPL b12647398-74365) (cropped).tiff|thumb|left|The then-new [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] campus, completed in 1916. The [[Harvard Bridge]], named before MIT's move to Cambridge, is in the foreground.]]
[[File:Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass (NYPL b12647398-74365) (cropped).tiff|thumb|left|The then-new [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] campus, completed in 1916. The [[Harvard Bridge]], named before MIT's move to Cambridge, is in the foreground.]]
Two days after MIT was chartered, the [[Battle of Fort Sumter|first battle]] of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MIT's first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andrews |first1=Elizabeth |first2=Nora |last2=Murphy |first3=Tom |last3=Rosko |year=2000 |url=http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/wbr-visionary/ |publisher=MIT |title=William Barton Rogers: MIT's Visionary Founder |access-date=March 8, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512091317/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/wbr-visionary/ |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The new institute was founded as part of the [[Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act]] to fund institutions "to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes" and was a land-grant school.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stratton |first1=Julius Adams |last2=Mannix |first2=Loretta H. |title=Mind and Hand: The Birth of MIT |url=https://archive.org/details/mindhandbirthmit00stra |url-access=limited |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mindhandbirthmit00stra/page/n271 251]–276 |chapter=The Land-Grant Act of 1862 |isbn=0-262-19524-0 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2005}}</ref><ref name="LoC">{{cite news |title=Morrill Act:Primary Documents of American History |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Morrill.html |access-date=February 10, 2016 |work=[[Library of Congress]] |date=2016}}</ref> In 1863 under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst#History|Massachusetts Agricultural College]], which developed as the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]. In 1866, the proceeds from land sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay.<ref name="BostonTech1">{{cite book |title=When MIT Was "Boston Tech", 1861–1916 |last=Prescott |first=Samuel C |year=1954 |publisher=[[MIT Press]]}}</ref>
Two days after MIT was chartered, the [[Battle of Fort Sumter|first battle]] of the Civil War broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MIT's first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andrews |first1=Elizabeth |first2=Nora |last2=Murphy |first3=Tom |last3=Rosko |year=2000 |url=http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/wbr-visionary/ |publisher=MIT |title=William Barton Rogers: MIT's Visionary Founder |access-date=March 8, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512091317/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/wbr-visionary/ |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The new institute was founded as part of the [[Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act]] to fund institutions "to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes" and was a land-grant school.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stratton |first1=Julius Adams |last2=Mannix |first2=Loretta H. |title=Mind and Hand: The Birth of MIT |url=https://archive.org/details/mindhandbirthmit00stra |url-access=limited |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mindhandbirthmit00stra/page/n271 251]–276 |chapter=The Land-Grant Act of 1862 |isbn=0-262-19524-0 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2005}}</ref><ref name="LoC">{{cite news |title=Morrill Act:Primary Documents of American History |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Morrill.html |access-date=February 10, 2016 |work=[[Library of Congress]] |date=2016}}</ref> In 1863 under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst#History|Massachusetts Agricultural College]], which developed as the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]. In 1866, the proceeds from land sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay.<ref name="BostonTech1">{{cite book |title=When MIT Was "Boston Tech", 1861–1916 |last=Prescott |first=Samuel C |year=1954 |publisher=[[MIT Press]]}}</ref>


MIT was informally called "Boston Tech".<ref name="BostonTech1" /> The institute adopted the [[History of European research universities|European polytechnic university model]] and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date.<ref name="Angulo https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155 155–156"/> Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President [[Francis Amasa Walker]].<ref name="Dunbar1">{{cite journal |last=Dunbar |first=Charles F. |title=The Career of Francis Amasa Walker |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |date=July 1897 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=446–447 |jstor=1880719 |doi=10.2307/1880719 |issn=0033-5533}}</ref> Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/spotlight/tea-party/ |title=Explore campus, visit Boston, and find out if MIT fits you to a tea |date=December 16, 2006 |access-date=December 16, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Munroe1923a">{{cite book |first=James P. |last=Munroe |publisher=Henry Holt & Company |year=1923 |title=A Life of Francis Amasa Walker |location=New York |pages=233, 382}}</ref> new buildings were built, and the size of the student body increased to more than one thousand.<ref name="Dunbar1" />
MIT was informally called "Boston Tech".<ref name="BostonTech1" /> The institute adopted the [[History of European research universities|European polytechnic university model]] and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date.<ref name="Angulo https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155 155–156"/> Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President [[Francis Amasa Walker]].<ref name="Dunbar1">{{cite journal |last=Dunbar |first=Charles F. |title=The Career of Francis Amasa Walker |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |date=July 1897 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=446–447 |jstor=1880719 |doi=10.2307/1880719 |issn=0033-5533}}</ref> Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/spotlight/tea-party/ |title=Explore campus, visit Boston, and find out if MIT fits you to a tea |date=December 16, 2006 |access-date=December 16, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Munroe1923a">{{cite book |first=James P. |last=Munroe |publisher=Henry Holt & Company |year=1923 |title=A Life of Francis Amasa Walker |location=New York |pages=233, 382}}</ref> new buildings were built, and the size of the student body increased to more than one thousand.<ref name="Dunbar1" />
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Alumni in sports have included Olympic fencing champion [[Johan Harmenberg]].
Alumni in sports have included Olympic fencing champion [[Johan Harmenberg]].


MIT alumni founded or co-founded many notable companies, such as [[Robert Noyce|Intel]], [[James Smith McDonnell|McDonnell]] [[Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.|Douglas]], [[Cecil Howard Green|Texas Instruments]], [[Robert Metcalfe|3Com]], [[Andrew Viterbi|Qualcomm]], [[Amar Bose|Bose]], [[Vannevar Bush|Raytheon]], [[Apotex]], [[Fred C. Koch|Koch Industries]], [[Willard Rockwell|Rockwell International]], [[Robert A. Swanson|Genentech]], [[Drew Houston|Dropbox]], and [[John Thompson Dorrance|Campbell Soup]]. According to the British newspaper ''[[The Guardian]]'', "a survey of living MIT alumni found that they have formed 25,800 companies, employing more than three million people including about a quarter of the workforce of Silicon Valley. Those firms collectively generate global revenues of about $1.9&nbsp;trillion (£1.2&nbsp;trillion) a year". If the companies founded by MIT alumni were a country, they would have the 11th-highest [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of any country in the world.<ref name="Entrepreneur">{{cite journal |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/217327 |title=Gurus and Grads |journal=Entrepreneur |date=September 20, 2010 |author1=Ericka Chickowski}}</ref><ref name="Kauffman">{{cite news |title=Kauffman Foundation study finds MIT alumni companies generate billions for regional economies |publisher=MIT News Office |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/kauffman-study-0217.html |date=February 17, 2009 |access-date= February 25, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pilkington |first=Ed |title=The MIT factor: celebrating 150 years of maverick genius |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/may/18/mit-massachusetts-150-years-genius |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=May 18, 2011 |access-date= May 25, 2011}}</ref>
MIT alumni founded or co-founded many notable companies, such as [[Robert Noyce|Intel]], [[James Smith McDonnell|McDonnell]] [[Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.|Douglas]], [[Cecil Howard Green|Texas Instruments]], [[Robert Metcalfe|3Com]], [[Andrew Viterbi|Qualcomm]], [[Amar Bose|Bose]], [[Vannevar Bush|Raytheon]], [[Apotex]], [[Fred C. Koch|Koch Industries]], [[Willard Rockwell|Rockwell International]], [[Robert A. Swanson|Genentech]], [[Drew Houston|Dropbox]], and [[John Thompson Dorrance|Campbell Soup]]. According to the British newspaper ''The Guardian'', "a survey of living MIT alumni found that they have formed 25,800 companies, employing more than three million people including about a quarter of the workforce of Silicon Valley. Those firms collectively generate global revenues of about $1.9&nbsp;trillion (£1.2&nbsp;trillion) a year". If the companies founded by MIT alumni were a country, they would have the 11th-highest [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of any country in the world.<ref name="Entrepreneur">{{cite journal |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/217327 |title=Gurus and Grads |journal=Entrepreneur |date=September 20, 2010 |author1=Ericka Chickowski}}</ref><ref name="Kauffman">{{cite news |title=Kauffman Foundation study finds MIT alumni companies generate billions for regional economies |publisher=MIT News Office |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/kauffman-study-0217.html |date=February 17, 2009 |access-date= February 25, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pilkington |first=Ed |title=The MIT factor: celebrating 150 years of maverick genius |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/may/18/mit-massachusetts-150-years-genius |newspaper=The Guardian |date=May 18, 2011 |access-date= May 25, 2011}}</ref>


MIT alumni have led prominent institutions of higher education, including the [[David S. Saxon|University of California]] system, [[Lawrence H. Summers|Harvard University]], the [[Rahmat Shoureshi|New York Institute of Technology]], [[William R. Brody|Johns Hopkins University]], [[Subra Suresh|Carnegie Mellon University]], [[Larry Bacow|Tufts University]], [[Albert J. Simone|Rochester Institute of Technology]], [[John Maeda|Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)]], [[Vishaan Chakrabarti|UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design]], the [[Allan Cullimore|New Jersey Institute of Technology]], [[Joseph E. Aoun|Northeastern University]], [[Joseph Klafter|Tel Aviv University]], [[Adil Najam|Lahore University of Management Sciences]], [[Shirley Jackson (physicist)|Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]], [[Eugenio Garza Sada|Tecnológico de Monterrey]], [[Martin C. Jischke|Purdue University]], [[T. Marshall Hahn|Virginia Polytechnic Institute]], [[Suh Nam-pyo|Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology]], and [[Pervez Hoodbhoy|Quaid-e-Azam University]]. [[Berklee College of Music]], the largest independent college of contemporary music in the world, was founded and led by MIT alumnus [[Lawrence Berk]] for more than three decades.
MIT alumni have led prominent institutions of higher education, including the [[David S. Saxon|University of California]] system, [[Lawrence H. Summers|Harvard University]], the [[Rahmat Shoureshi|New York Institute of Technology]], [[William R. Brody|Johns Hopkins University]], [[Subra Suresh|Carnegie Mellon University]], [[Larry Bacow|Tufts University]], [[Albert J. Simone|Rochester Institute of Technology]], [[John Maeda|Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)]], [[Vishaan Chakrabarti|UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design]], the [[Allan Cullimore|New Jersey Institute of Technology]], [[Joseph E. Aoun|Northeastern University]], [[Joseph Klafter|Tel Aviv University]], [[Adil Najam|Lahore University of Management Sciences]], [[Shirley Jackson (physicist)|Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]], [[Eugenio Garza Sada|Tecnológico de Monterrey]], [[Martin C. Jischke|Purdue University]], [[T. Marshall Hahn|Virginia Polytechnic Institute]], [[Suh Nam-pyo|Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology]], and [[Pervez Hoodbhoy|Quaid-e-Azam University]]. [[Berklee College of Music]], the largest independent college of contemporary music in the world, was founded and led by MIT alumnus [[Lawrence Berk]] for more than three decades.
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