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John F. Kennedy: Difference between revisions
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| term_start = January 20, 1961 | | term_start = January 20, 1961 | ||
| term_end = November 22, 1963 | | term_end = November 22, 1963 | ||
| predecessor = | | predecessor = Dwight D. Eisenhower | ||
| successor = | | successor = Lyndon B. Johnson | ||
| vicepresident = Lyndon B. Johnson | | vicepresident = Lyndon B. Johnson | ||
| jr/sr1 = United States Senator | | jr/sr1 = United States Senator | ||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
| death_place = [[Dallas]], Texas, U.S. | | death_place = [[Dallas]], Texas, U.S. | ||
| resting_place = [[Arlington National Cemetery]] | | resting_place = [[Arlington National Cemetery]] | ||
| party = | | party = Democratic | ||
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier]]|September 12, 1953|<!-- Omission per Template:Marriage instructions -->}} | | spouse = {{marriage|[[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier]]|September 12, 1953|<!-- Omission per Template:Marriage instructions -->}} | ||
| children = 4, including [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]], [[John F. Kennedy Jr.|John Jr.]], and [[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy|Patrick]] | | children = 4, including [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]], [[John F. Kennedy Jr.|John Jr.]], and [[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy|Patrick]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''John Fitzgerald Kennedy''' (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), also known as '''JFK''', was the 35th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1961 until [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|his assassination]] in 1963. He was the [[List of presidents of the United States by age|youngest]] person [[United States presidential election|elected]] president.{{efn| | '''John Fitzgerald Kennedy''' (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), also known as '''JFK''', was the 35th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1961 until [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|his assassination]] in 1963. He was the [[List of presidents of the United States by age|youngest]] person [[United States presidential election|elected]] president.{{efn|Theodore Roosevelt was nine months younger when he first rose to the office from the vice presidency on September 14, 1901, in the wake of his predecessor's [[Assassination of William McKinley|assassination]], but he was not elected to the office until 1904, when he was 46.<ref name=companionJFK>{{cite book| title=The Cambridge Companion to John F. Kennedy| series=Cambridge Companions to American Studies| editor-last=Hoberek| editor-first=Andrew| date=2015| publisher=Cambridge University Press| location=New York| isbn=978-1-107-66316-9| page=1}}</ref>}} Kennedy served at the height of the [[Cold War]], and the majority of his foreign policy concerned relations with the Soviet Union and [[Cuba]]. A [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], Kennedy represented [[Massachusetts]] in both houses of the [[United States Congress]] prior to his presidency. | ||
Born into the prominent [[Kennedy family]] in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], Kennedy graduated from [[Harvard University]] in 1940, joining the [[U.S. Naval Reserve]] the following year. During [[World War II]], he commanded [[PT boat]]s in the [[Pacific War|Pacific theater]]. Kennedy's survival following the sinking of [[PT-109]] and his rescue of his fellow sailors made him a war hero and earned the [[Navy and Marine Corps Medal]], but left him with serious injuries. After a brief stint in journalism, Kennedy represented [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|a working-class Boston district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1947 to 1953. He was subsequently elected to the [[U.S. Senate]], serving as the junior [[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|senator for Massachusetts]] from 1953 to 1960. While in the Senate, Kennedy published his book, ''[[Profiles in Courage]]'', which won a [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography|Pulitzer Prize]]. Kennedy ran in the [[John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign|1960 presidential election]]. His campaign gained momentum after [[1960 United States presidential debates|the first televised presidential debates]] in American history, and he was elected president, narrowly defeating [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] opponent [[Richard Nixon]], the incumbent vice president. | Born into the prominent [[Kennedy family]] in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], Kennedy graduated from [[Harvard University]] in 1940, joining the [[U.S. Naval Reserve]] the following year. During [[World War II]], he commanded [[PT boat]]s in the [[Pacific War|Pacific theater]]. Kennedy's survival following the sinking of [[PT-109]] and his rescue of his fellow sailors made him a war hero and earned the [[Navy and Marine Corps Medal]], but left him with serious injuries. After a brief stint in journalism, Kennedy represented [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|a working-class Boston district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1947 to 1953. He was subsequently elected to the [[U.S. Senate]], serving as the junior [[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|senator for Massachusetts]] from 1953 to 1960. While in the Senate, Kennedy published his book, ''[[Profiles in Courage]]'', which won a [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography|Pulitzer Prize]]. Kennedy ran in the [[John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign|1960 presidential election]]. His campaign gained momentum after [[1960 United States presidential debates|the first televised presidential debates]] in American history, and he was elected president, narrowly defeating [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] opponent [[Richard Nixon]], the incumbent vice president. | ||
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Kennedy's presidency saw high tensions with communist states in the Cold War. He increased the number of [[Military advisor#US advisors in Vietnam|American military advisers]] in [[South Vietnam]], and the [[Strategic Hamlet Program]] began during his presidency. In 1961, he authorized attempts to overthrow the Cuban government of [[Fidel Castro]] in the failed [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] and [[Operation Mongoose]]. In October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba. The resulting period of tensions, termed the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], nearly resulted in [[nuclear war]]. In August 1961, after [[East Germany|East German]] troops erected the [[Berlin Wall]], Kennedy sent an army convoy to reassure West Berliners of U.S. support, and delivered [[Ich bin ein Berliner|one of his most famous speeches]] in West Berlin in June 1963. In 1963, Kennedy signed the first [[Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty|nuclear weapons treaty]]. He presided over the establishment of the [[Peace Corps]], [[Alliance for Progress]] with Latin America, and the continuation of the [[Apollo program]] with the goal of [[We choose to go to the Moon|landing a man on the Moon]] before 1970. He supported the [[civil rights movement]] but was only somewhat successful in passing his [[New Frontier]] domestic policies. | Kennedy's presidency saw high tensions with communist states in the Cold War. He increased the number of [[Military advisor#US advisors in Vietnam|American military advisers]] in [[South Vietnam]], and the [[Strategic Hamlet Program]] began during his presidency. In 1961, he authorized attempts to overthrow the Cuban government of [[Fidel Castro]] in the failed [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] and [[Operation Mongoose]]. In October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba. The resulting period of tensions, termed the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], nearly resulted in [[nuclear war]]. In August 1961, after [[East Germany|East German]] troops erected the [[Berlin Wall]], Kennedy sent an army convoy to reassure West Berliners of U.S. support, and delivered [[Ich bin ein Berliner|one of his most famous speeches]] in West Berlin in June 1963. In 1963, Kennedy signed the first [[Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty|nuclear weapons treaty]]. He presided over the establishment of the [[Peace Corps]], [[Alliance for Progress]] with Latin America, and the continuation of the [[Apollo program]] with the goal of [[We choose to go to the Moon|landing a man on the Moon]] before 1970. He supported the [[civil rights movement]] but was only somewhat successful in passing his [[New Frontier]] domestic policies. | ||
On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated<!-- Please do not link; see [[WP:OVERLINK]] --> in [[Dallas]]. His vice president, | On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated<!-- Please do not link; see [[WP:OVERLINK]] --> in [[Dallas]]. His vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson, [[First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|assumed the presidency]]. [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] was arrested for the assassination, but he was shot and killed by [[Jack Ruby]] two days later. The [[FBI]] and the [[Warren Commission]] both concluded Oswald had acted alone, but [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories|conspiracy theories about the assassination]] persist. After Kennedy's death, Congress enacted many of his proposals, including the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the [[Revenue Act of 1964]]. Kennedy ranks highly in [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States|polls of U.S. presidents]] with historians and the general public. His personal life has been the focus of considerable sustained interest following public revelations in the 1970s of his chronic health ailments and [[extramarital affair]]s. Kennedy is the most recent [[List of presidents of the United States who died in office|U.S. president to have died in office]]. | ||
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[[File:John F. Kennedy home, Brookline, Massachusetts LCCN2011630152.tif|thumb|upright=1.1|Kennedy's birthplace in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]]] | [[File:John F. Kennedy home, Brookline, Massachusetts LCCN2011630152.tif|thumb|upright=1.1|Kennedy's birthplace in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]]] | ||
John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born outside | John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born outside Boston in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], on May 29, 1917,<ref>{{cite web |title=A History of 83 Beals Street, Brookline, Massachusetts: Birthplace of John Fitzgerald Kennedy |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/a-history-of-83-beals-street-birthplace-of-john-fitzgerald-kennedy.htm |website=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129231206/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/a-history-of-83-beals-street-birthplace-of-john-fitzgerald-kennedy.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> to [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]], a businessman and politician, and [[Rose Kennedy]] ([[née]] Fitzgerald), a philanthropist and socialite.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=20}} His paternal grandfather, [[P. J. Kennedy]], was an East Boston [[political boss|ward boss]] and [[Massachusetts Senate|Massachusetts state legislator]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Patrick Joseph Kennedy Personal Papers |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/pjkpp |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129231207/https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/pjkpp |url-status=live }}</ref> Kennedy's maternal grandfather and namesake, [[John F. Fitzgerald]], was a U.S. congressman and two-term [[mayor of Boston]].{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=8−13}} All four of his grandparents were children of Irish immigrants.<ref name="JFKlibrary.org misc"/> Kennedy had an older brother, [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.|Joseph Jr.]], and seven younger siblings: [[Rosemary Kennedy|Rosemary]], [[Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish|Kathleen]], [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice]], [[Patricia Kennedy Lawford|Patricia]], [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert]], [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean]], and [[Ted Kennedy|Ted]].<ref>{{cite book|title=John F. Kennedy: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedybiog00phdm|url-access=limited|first=Michael|last=Meagher|page=[https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedybiog00phdm/page/n51 8]|year=2011|publisher=Greenwood}}</ref> | ||
Kennedy's father amassed a private fortune and established [[trust funds]] for his nine children that guaranteed lifelong financial independence.<ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=November 22, 2023 |access-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118183301/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy |url-status=live }}</ref> His business kept him away from home for long stretches, but Joe Sr. was a formidable presence in his children's lives. He encouraged them to be ambitious, emphasized political discussions at the dinner table, and demanded a high level of academic achievement. John's first exposure to politics was touring the [[Neighborhoods in Boston|Boston wards]] with his grandfather Fitzgerald during his [[1922 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|1922]] failed gubernatorial campaign.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacGregor Burns |first1=James |title=John Kennedy: A Political Profile |date=1960 |pages=22–23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Logevall |first1=Fredrik |title=JFK Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956 |date=2020 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-8129-9713-2 |pages=50–51}}</ref> With Joe Sr.'s business ventures concentrated on [[Wall Street]] and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] and an outbreak of [[polio]] in [[Massachusetts]], the family decided to move from Boston to the [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]] neighborhood of New York City in September 1927.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Logevall |first1=Fredrik |title=JFK Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917–1956 |date=2020 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-8129-9713-2 |page=57}}</ref><ref name="John F. Kennedy: Early Years">{{cite web | title = John F. Kennedy: Early Years | access-date = April 17, 2017 | url = http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/jfk/section1.rhtml | archive-date = April 29, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170429161744/http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/jfk/section1.rhtml | url-status = live }}</ref> Several years later, his brother Robert told [[Look (American magazine)|''Look'']] magazine that his father left Boston because of job signs that read: "[[No Irish Need Apply]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Evan |title=Robert Kennedy: His Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=33}}</ref> The Kennedys spent summers and early autumns at [[Kennedy Compound|their home]] in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], a village on [[Cape Cod]],<ref name=Kennedy37>{{cite book|title=True Compass: A Memoir|first=Edward M.|last=Kennedy|page=[https://archive.org/details/truecompassmemoi00kenn/page/37 37]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-446-53925-8|publisher=Twelve|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/details/truecompassmemoi00kenn/page/37}}</ref> where they swam, sailed, and played touch football.<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy|title=Life of John F. Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=February 7, 2019|archive-date=February 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206235232/http://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy|url-status=live}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Christmas and Easter holidays were spent at their [[La Querida (mansion)|winter retreat]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=31}} In September 1930, Kennedy, 13 years old, was sent to the [[Canterbury School (Connecticut)|Canterbury School]] in [[New Milford, Connecticut]], for 8th grade. In April 1931, he had an [[appendectomy]], after which he withdrew from Canterbury and recuperated at home.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=34}} | Kennedy's father amassed a private fortune and established [[trust funds]] for his nine children that guaranteed lifelong financial independence.<ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=November 22, 2023 |access-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118183301/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy |url-status=live }}</ref> His business kept him away from home for long stretches, but Joe Sr. was a formidable presence in his children's lives. He encouraged them to be ambitious, emphasized political discussions at the dinner table, and demanded a high level of academic achievement. John's first exposure to politics was touring the [[Neighborhoods in Boston|Boston wards]] with his grandfather Fitzgerald during his [[1922 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|1922]] failed gubernatorial campaign.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacGregor Burns |first1=James |title=John Kennedy: A Political Profile |date=1960 |pages=22–23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Logevall |first1=Fredrik |title=JFK Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956 |date=2020 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-8129-9713-2 |pages=50–51}}</ref> With Joe Sr.'s business ventures concentrated on [[Wall Street]] and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] and an outbreak of [[polio]] in [[Massachusetts]], the family decided to move from Boston to the [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]] neighborhood of New York City in September 1927.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Logevall |first1=Fredrik |title=JFK Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917–1956 |date=2020 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-8129-9713-2 |page=57}}</ref><ref name="John F. Kennedy: Early Years">{{cite web | title = John F. Kennedy: Early Years | access-date = April 17, 2017 | url = http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/jfk/section1.rhtml | archive-date = April 29, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170429161744/http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/jfk/section1.rhtml | url-status = live }}</ref> Several years later, his brother Robert told [[Look (American magazine)|''Look'']] magazine that his father left Boston because of job signs that read: "[[No Irish Need Apply]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Evan |title=Robert Kennedy: His Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=33}}</ref> The Kennedys spent summers and early autumns at [[Kennedy Compound|their home]] in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], a village on [[Cape Cod]],<ref name=Kennedy37>{{cite book|title=True Compass: A Memoir|first=Edward M.|last=Kennedy|page=[https://archive.org/details/truecompassmemoi00kenn/page/37 37]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-446-53925-8|publisher=Twelve|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/details/truecompassmemoi00kenn/page/37}}</ref> where they swam, sailed, and played touch football.<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy|title=Life of John F. Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=February 7, 2019|archive-date=February 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206235232/http://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy|url-status=live}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Christmas and Easter holidays were spent at their [[La Querida (mansion)|winter retreat]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=31}} In September 1930, Kennedy, 13 years old, was sent to the [[Canterbury School (Connecticut)|Canterbury School]] in [[New Milford, Connecticut]], for 8th grade. In April 1931, he had an [[appendectomy]], after which he withdrew from Canterbury and recuperated at home.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=34}} | ||
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In September 1936, Kennedy enrolled at [[Harvard College]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |page=131 |language=en}}</ref> He wrote occasionally for ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'', the campus newspaper, but had little involvement with campus politics, preferring to concentrate on athletics and his social life. Kennedy played football and was on the JV squad during his sophomore year, but an injury forced him off the team, and left him with back problems that plagued him for the rest of his life. He won membership in the [[Hasty Pudding Club]] and the [[Spee Club (Harvard)|Spee Club]], one of Harvard's elite "[[Harvard College social clubs#Origins|final clubs]]".{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=14}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wills |first1=Chuck |title=Jack Kennedy: The Illustrated Life of a President |date=2009 |publisher=Chronicle Books LLC |page=25}}</ref> | In September 1936, Kennedy enrolled at [[Harvard College]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |page=131 |language=en}}</ref> He wrote occasionally for ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'', the campus newspaper, but had little involvement with campus politics, preferring to concentrate on athletics and his social life. Kennedy played football and was on the JV squad during his sophomore year, but an injury forced him off the team, and left him with back problems that plagued him for the rest of his life. He won membership in the [[Hasty Pudding Club]] and the [[Spee Club (Harvard)|Spee Club]], one of Harvard's elite "[[Harvard College social clubs#Origins|final clubs]]".{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=14}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wills |first1=Chuck |title=Jack Kennedy: The Illustrated Life of a President |date=2009 |publisher=Chronicle Books LLC |page=25}}</ref> | ||
In July 1938, Kennedy sailed overseas with his older brother to work at the [[U.S. Embassy, London|American embassy in London]], where his father was serving as President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s ambassador to the [[Court of St. James's]].{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=54}} The following year, Kennedy traveled throughout Europe, the | In July 1938, Kennedy sailed overseas with his older brother to work at the [[U.S. Embassy, London|American embassy in London]], where his father was serving as President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s ambassador to the [[Court of St. James's]].{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=54}} The following year, Kennedy traveled throughout Europe, the Soviet Union, the [[Balkans]], and the Middle East in preparation for his Harvard senior honors thesis.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=93}} He then went to Berlin, where a U.S. diplomatic representative gave him a secret message about war breaking out soon to pass on to his father, and to [[Czechoslovakia]] before returning to London on September 1, 1939, the day that [[Invasion of Poland|Germany invaded Poland]]; the start of [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |page=220 |language=en}}</ref> Two days later, the family was in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] for speeches endorsing the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Germany. Kennedy was sent as his father's representative to help with arrangements for American survivors of the torpedoing of {{SS|Athenia|1922|6}} before flying back to the U.S. on his first transatlantic flight.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK - Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |pages=225–226 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=58}} | ||
While Kennedy was an upperclassman at Harvard, he began to take his studies more seriously and developed an interest in [[political philosophy]]. He made the [[dean's list]] in his junior year.<ref name="Harvard Presidents">{{cite web | url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/ | title = Obama joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees | work = Harvard Gazette | publisher = [[Harvard University]] | date = November 6, 2008 | access-date =February 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801190338/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/|archive-date=August 1, 2016 }}</ref> In 1940, Kennedy completed his thesis, "Appeasement in Munich", about British negotiations during the [[Munich Agreement]]. The thesis was released on July 24, under the title ''[[Why England Slept]]''.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=61–66}} The book was one of the first to offer information about the war and its origins, and quickly became a bestseller.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |pages=269–270 |language=en}}</ref> In addition to addressing Britain's unwillingness to strengthen its military in the lead-up to the war, the book called for an [[Anglo-American alliance]] against the rising totalitarian powers. Kennedy became increasingly supportive of U.S. intervention in World War II, and his father's isolationist beliefs resulted in the latter's dismissal as ambassador.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=15–17}} | While Kennedy was an upperclassman at Harvard, he began to take his studies more seriously and developed an interest in [[political philosophy]]. He made the [[dean's list]] in his junior year.<ref name="Harvard Presidents">{{cite web | url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/ | title = Obama joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees | work = Harvard Gazette | publisher = [[Harvard University]] | date = November 6, 2008 | access-date =February 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801190338/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/|archive-date=August 1, 2016 }}</ref> In 1940, Kennedy completed his thesis, "Appeasement in Munich", about British negotiations during the [[Munich Agreement]]. The thesis was released on July 24, under the title ''[[Why England Slept]]''.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=61–66}} The book was one of the first to offer information about the war and its origins, and quickly became a bestseller.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |pages=269–270 |language=en}}</ref> In addition to addressing Britain's unwillingness to strengthen its military in the lead-up to the war, the book called for an [[Anglo-American alliance]] against the rising totalitarian powers. Kennedy became increasingly supportive of U.S. intervention in World War II, and his father's isolationist beliefs resulted in the latter's dismissal as ambassador.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=15–17}} | ||
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[[File:JFK 52MA Senate.png|thumb|400px|Campaign slogan for Kennedy's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1952]] U.S. Senate campaign in Massachusetts]] | [[File:JFK 52MA Senate.png|thumb|400px|Campaign slogan for Kennedy's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1952]] U.S. Senate campaign in Massachusetts]] | ||
As early as 1949, Kennedy began preparing to run for the Senate in [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1952]] against Republican three-term incumbent [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] with the campaign slogan "KENNEDY WILL DO ''MORE'' FOR MASSACHUSETTS".{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=254}} Joe Sr. again financed his son's candidacy (persuading the ''[[The Boston Post|Boston Post]]'' to switch its support to Kennedy by promising the publisher a $500,000 loan),{{sfn|Giglio|2006|p=9}} while John's younger brother [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert]] emerged as campaign manager.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=29–31}} Kennedy's mother and sisters contributed as highly effective canvassers by hosting a series of "[[tea parties|teas]]" at hotels and parlors across Massachusetts to reach out to women voters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=John T. |url=https://archive.org/details/jfkinsenatepathw0000shaw_y7x0/page/41/mode/2up |title=JFK in the Senate |date=October 15, 2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-230-34183-8 |page=41 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Robert F. Jr.|title=American Values: Lessons I Learned from My Family |date= 2018 |publisher=Harper |isbn=978-0-06-084834-7 |page=142}}</ref> In the presidential election, Republican | As early as 1949, Kennedy began preparing to run for the Senate in [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1952]] against Republican three-term incumbent [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] with the campaign slogan "KENNEDY WILL DO ''MORE'' FOR MASSACHUSETTS".{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=254}} Joe Sr. again financed his son's candidacy (persuading the ''[[The Boston Post|Boston Post]]'' to switch its support to Kennedy by promising the publisher a $500,000 loan),{{sfn|Giglio|2006|p=9}} while John's younger brother [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert]] emerged as campaign manager.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=29–31}} Kennedy's mother and sisters contributed as highly effective canvassers by hosting a series of "[[tea parties|teas]]" at hotels and parlors across Massachusetts to reach out to women voters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=John T. |url=https://archive.org/details/jfkinsenatepathw0000shaw_y7x0/page/41/mode/2up |title=JFK in the Senate |date=October 15, 2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-230-34183-8 |page=41 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Robert F. Jr.|title=American Values: Lessons I Learned from My Family |date= 2018 |publisher=Harper |isbn=978-0-06-084834-7 |page=142}}</ref> In the presidential election, Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower carried Massachusetts by 208,000 votes, but Kennedy narrowly defeated Lodge by 70,000 votes for the Senate seat.<ref name="John F. Kennedy">{{cite encyclopedia |title=John F. Kennedy |access-date=January 16, 2017 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118183301/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, he married [[Jacqueline Bouvier]].{{sfn|Kenney|2000|p=29}} | ||
Kennedy underwent several spinal operations over the next two years. Often absent from the Senate, he was at times critically ill and received Catholic [[last rites]]. During his convalescence in 1956, he published ''[[Profiles in Courage]]'', a book about U.S. senators who risked their careers for their personal beliefs, for which he won the [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography]] in 1957.<ref name="Jean3" /> Rumors that this work was [[Ghostwriter|ghostwritten]] by his close adviser and [[speechwriter]], [[Ted Sorensen]], were confirmed in Sorensen's 2008 autobiography.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tofel |first=Richard J. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121029817046479539 |title=In His Own Words |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=March 28, 2010 |archive-date=February 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223071017/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121029817046479539 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Kennedy underwent several spinal operations over the next two years. Often absent from the Senate, he was at times critically ill and received Catholic [[last rites]]. During his convalescence in 1956, he published ''[[Profiles in Courage]]'', a book about U.S. senators who risked their careers for their personal beliefs, for which he won the [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography]] in 1957.<ref name="Jean3" /> Rumors that this work was [[Ghostwriter|ghostwritten]] by his close adviser and [[speechwriter]], [[Ted Sorensen]], were confirmed in Sorensen's 2008 autobiography.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tofel |first=Richard J. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121029817046479539 |title=In His Own Words |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=March 28, 2010 |archive-date=February 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223071017/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121029817046479539 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
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That same year, Kennedy joined the Senate's [[Foreign Relations Committee]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=John T. |url=https://archive.org/details/jfkinsenatepathw0000shaw_y7x0/page/183/mode/2up |title=JFK in the Senate |date= 2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-230-34183-8 |page=183 |url-access=registration}}</ref> There he supported [[Algerian War|Algeria's effort to gain independence]] from France and sponsored an amendment to the [[Mutual Defense Assistance Act]] that would provide aid to Soviet satellite nations. Kennedy also introduced an amendment to the [[National Defense Education Act]] in 1959 to eliminate the requirement that aid recipients sign a loyalty oath and provide supporting affidavits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/voting-record-and-stands-on-issues|title=John F. Kennedy's Pre-Presidential Voting Record & Stands on Issues (p. 1 of 9)|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=March 31, 2024|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205181944/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/voting-record-and-stands-on-issues|url-status=live}}</ref> | That same year, Kennedy joined the Senate's [[Foreign Relations Committee]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=John T. |url=https://archive.org/details/jfkinsenatepathw0000shaw_y7x0/page/183/mode/2up |title=JFK in the Senate |date= 2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-230-34183-8 |page=183 |url-access=registration}}</ref> There he supported [[Algerian War|Algeria's effort to gain independence]] from France and sponsored an amendment to the [[Mutual Defense Assistance Act]] that would provide aid to Soviet satellite nations. Kennedy also introduced an amendment to the [[National Defense Education Act]] in 1959 to eliminate the requirement that aid recipients sign a loyalty oath and provide supporting affidavits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/voting-record-and-stands-on-issues|title=John F. Kennedy's Pre-Presidential Voting Record & Stands on Issues (p. 1 of 9)|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=March 31, 2024|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205181944/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/voting-record-and-stands-on-issues|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Kennedy cast a procedural vote against President Eisenhower's bill for the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]] and this was considered by some to be an appeasement of Southern Democratic opponents of the bill.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=370}} Kennedy did vote for Title III of the act, which would have given the Attorney General powers to enjoin, but Majority Leader | Kennedy cast a procedural vote against President Eisenhower's bill for the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]] and this was considered by some to be an appeasement of Southern Democratic opponents of the bill.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=370}} Kennedy did vote for Title III of the act, which would have given the Attorney General powers to enjoin, but Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson agreed to let the provision die as a compromise measure.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|pp=370, 371}} Kennedy also voted for the "Jury Trial Amendment." Many civil rights advocates criticized that vote as one which would weaken the act.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=372}} A final compromise bill, which Kennedy supported, was passed in September 1957.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=374}} As a senator from Massachusetts, which lacked a sizable Black population, Kennedy was not particularly sensitive to the problems of African Americans. Robert Kennedy later reflected, "We weren't thinking of the Negroes of Mississippi or Alabama—what should be done for them. We were thinking of what needed to be done in Massachusetts."{{sfn|Bryant|2006b|pp=23–24}} | ||
[[File:1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts results map by municipality.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Results of the [[1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1958]] U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts by [[List of municipalities in Massachusetts|municipality]]. Kennedy's margin of victory of 874,608 votes was the largest in Massachusetts political history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy|title=John F. Kennedy – Presidential candidate and president|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=July 4, 2023|access-date=January 16, 2017|archive-date=January 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118183301/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=37}}]] | [[File:1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts results map by municipality.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Results of the [[1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1958]] U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts by [[List of municipalities in Massachusetts|municipality]]. Kennedy's margin of victory of 874,608 votes was the largest in Massachusetts political history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy|title=John F. Kennedy – Presidential candidate and president|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=July 4, 2023|access-date=January 16, 2017|archive-date=January 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118183301/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=37}}]] | ||
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Kennedy traveled extensively to build his support. His campaign strategy was to win several primaries to demonstrate his electability to the [[party boss]]es, who controlled most of the delegates, and to prove to his detractors that a Catholic could win popular support.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilty |first1=James |title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector |date=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press |pages=135–136}}</ref> Victories over Senator Humphrey in the Wisconsin and West Virginia primaries gave Kennedy momentum as he moved on to the [[1960 Democratic National Convention]] in Los Angeles.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=38–45}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1960 Democratic Presidential Race |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/1960-democratic-presidential-race/ |website=PBS American Experience}}</ref> | Kennedy traveled extensively to build his support. His campaign strategy was to win several primaries to demonstrate his electability to the [[party boss]]es, who controlled most of the delegates, and to prove to his detractors that a Catholic could win popular support.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilty |first1=James |title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector |date=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press |pages=135–136}}</ref> Victories over Senator Humphrey in the Wisconsin and West Virginia primaries gave Kennedy momentum as he moved on to the [[1960 Democratic National Convention]] in Los Angeles.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=38–45}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1960 Democratic Presidential Race |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/1960-democratic-presidential-race/ |website=PBS American Experience}}</ref> | ||
When Kennedy entered the convention, he had the most delegates, but not enough to ensure that he would win the nomination.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1960 Democratic Presidential Race |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/1960-democratic-presidential-race/ |website=PBS American Experience |access-date=November 21, 2023 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017204758/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/1960-democratic-presidential-race/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson—the 1952 and 1956 presidential nominee—remained very popular, while Johnson also hoped to win the nomination with support from party leaders. Kennedy's candidacy also faced opposition from former President | When Kennedy entered the convention, he had the most delegates, but not enough to ensure that he would win the nomination.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1960 Democratic Presidential Race |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/1960-democratic-presidential-race/ |website=PBS American Experience |access-date=November 21, 2023 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017204758/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/1960-democratic-presidential-race/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson—the 1952 and 1956 presidential nominee—remained very popular, while Johnson also hoped to win the nomination with support from party leaders. Kennedy's candidacy also faced opposition from former President Harry S. Truman, who was concerned about Kennedy's lack of experience. Kennedy knew that a second ballot could give the nomination to Johnson or someone else, and his well-organized campaign was able to earn the support of just enough delegates to win the presidential nomination on the first ballot.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=45–47}} | ||
Kennedy ignored the opposition of his brother Robert, who wanted him to choose labor leader [[Walter Reuther]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/3491219/behind-the-picture-jfk-and-rfk-los-angeles-july-1960/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114201919/http://time.com/3491219/behind-the-picture-jfk-and-rfk-los-angeles-july-1960/|url-status=live|archive-date=November 14, 2014|title=Head to Head: JFK and RFK, Los Angeles, July 1960|last=Cosgrave|first=Ben|date=May 24, 2014|website=Time Magazine|access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> and other liberal supporters when he [[Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1960|chose Johnson]] as his vice-presidential nominee. He believed that the Texas senator could help him win support from the [[Southern United States|South]].{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=47}}<ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy: Campaigns and Elections |url=https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/campaigns-and-elections |website=Miller Center |date=October 4, 2016 |access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref> In accepting the presidential nomination, Kennedy gave his well-known "[[New Frontier]]" speech: <blockquote>For the problems are not all solved and the battles are not all won—and we stand today on the edge of a New Frontier. ... But the New Frontier of which I speak is not a set of promises—it is a set of challenges. It sums up not what I intend to offer the American people, but what I intend to ask of them.<ref name="JFKlibrary.org Accepting Dem Nom Pres">{{cite web | title = Address of Senator John F. Kennedy Accepting the Democratic Party Nomination for the Presidency of the United States | url = http://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/50-Years-Ago--Senator-John-F-Kennedy-of-Massachusetts-Wins-Presidential-Nomination-at-Democratic-Nat.aspx | date = July 15, 1960 | first = John F. | last = Kennedy | publisher = [[John F. Kennedy Library|John F. Kennedy Presidential Library]] | access-date = August 2, 2016 | archive-date = September 19, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919103436/https://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/50-Years-Ago--Senator-John-F-Kennedy-of-Massachusetts-Wins-Presidential-Nomination-at-Democratic-Nat.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref></blockquote> | Kennedy ignored the opposition of his brother Robert, who wanted him to choose labor leader [[Walter Reuther]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/3491219/behind-the-picture-jfk-and-rfk-los-angeles-july-1960/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114201919/http://time.com/3491219/behind-the-picture-jfk-and-rfk-los-angeles-july-1960/|url-status=live|archive-date=November 14, 2014|title=Head to Head: JFK and RFK, Los Angeles, July 1960|last=Cosgrave|first=Ben|date=May 24, 2014|website=Time Magazine|access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> and other liberal supporters when he [[Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1960|chose Johnson]] as his vice-presidential nominee. He believed that the Texas senator could help him win support from the [[Southern United States|South]].{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=47}}<ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy: Campaigns and Elections |url=https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/campaigns-and-elections |website=Miller Center |date=October 4, 2016 |access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref> In accepting the presidential nomination, Kennedy gave his well-known "[[New Frontier]]" speech: <blockquote>For the problems are not all solved and the battles are not all won—and we stand today on the edge of a New Frontier. ... But the New Frontier of which I speak is not a set of promises—it is a set of challenges. It sums up not what I intend to offer the American people, but what I intend to ask of them.<ref name="JFKlibrary.org Accepting Dem Nom Pres">{{cite web | title = Address of Senator John F. Kennedy Accepting the Democratic Party Nomination for the Presidency of the United States | url = http://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/50-Years-Ago--Senator-John-F-Kennedy-of-Massachusetts-Wins-Presidential-Nomination-at-Democratic-Nat.aspx | date = July 15, 1960 | first = John F. | last = Kennedy | publisher = [[John F. Kennedy Library|John F. Kennedy Presidential Library]] | access-date = August 2, 2016 | archive-date = September 19, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919103436/https://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/50-Years-Ago--Senator-John-F-Kennedy-of-Massachusetts-Wins-Presidential-Nomination-at-Democratic-Nat.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref></blockquote> | ||
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[[File:ElectoralCollege1960.svg|thumb|1960 presidential election results]] | [[File:ElectoralCollege1960.svg|thumb|1960 presidential election results]] | ||
Kennedy's campaign gained momentum after the first debate, and he pulled slightly ahead of Nixon in most polls. On Election Day, Kennedy defeated Nixon in one of the closest presidential elections of the 20th century. In the national popular vote, [[United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote#1960 Alabama results ambiguity|by most accounts]], Kennedy led Nixon by just two-tenths of one percent (49.7% to 49.5%), while in the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]], he won 303 votes to Nixon's 219 (269 were needed to win).{{sfn|Dudley|Shiraev|2008|p=83}} Fourteen electors from Mississippi and Alabama refused to support Kennedy because of his support for the [[civil rights movement]]; they voted for Senator [[Harry F. Byrd]] of Virginia, as did an elector from Oklahoma.{{sfn|Dudley|Shiraev|2008|p=83}} Forty-three years old, Kennedy was the [[List of presidents of the United States by age|youngest person]] ever elected to the presidency (though | Kennedy's campaign gained momentum after the first debate, and he pulled slightly ahead of Nixon in most polls. On Election Day, Kennedy defeated Nixon in one of the closest presidential elections of the 20th century. In the national popular vote, [[United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote#1960 Alabama results ambiguity|by most accounts]], Kennedy led Nixon by just two-tenths of one percent (49.7% to 49.5%), while in the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]], he won 303 votes to Nixon's 219 (269 were needed to win).{{sfn|Dudley|Shiraev|2008|p=83}} Fourteen electors from Mississippi and Alabama refused to support Kennedy because of his support for the [[civil rights movement]]; they voted for Senator [[Harry F. Byrd]] of Virginia, as did an elector from Oklahoma.{{sfn|Dudley|Shiraev|2008|p=83}} Forty-three years old, Kennedy was the [[List of presidents of the United States by age|youngest person]] ever elected to the presidency (though Theodore Roosevelt was a year younger when he succeeded to the presidency after the [[assassination of William McKinley]] in 1901).{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=21}} | ||
==Presidency (1961–1963)== | ==Presidency (1961–1963)== | ||
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Kennedy's body was brought back to Washington. On November 23, six military pallbearers carried the flag-draped coffin into the [[East Room|East Room of the White House]], where he lay in repose for 24 hours.<ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press|1963|pp=36–37, 56–57, 68}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|The New York Times|2003|pp=197–201}}</ref> Then, the coffin was carried on a horse-drawn [[Limbers and caissons|caisson]] to the Capitol to lie in state. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket,<ref name="WhitePage16">{{harvnb|White|1965|p=16}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|pp=106–107, 110, 114–115, 119–123, 133–134}}</ref> with a quarter million passing through the rotunda during the 18 hours of lying in state.<ref name="WhitePage16"/> | Kennedy's body was brought back to Washington. On November 23, six military pallbearers carried the flag-draped coffin into the [[East Room|East Room of the White House]], where he lay in repose for 24 hours.<ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press|1963|pp=36–37, 56–57, 68}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|The New York Times|2003|pp=197–201}}</ref> Then, the coffin was carried on a horse-drawn [[Limbers and caissons|caisson]] to the Capitol to lie in state. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket,<ref name="WhitePage16">{{harvnb|White|1965|p=16}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|pp=106–107, 110, 114–115, 119–123, 133–134}}</ref> with a quarter million passing through the rotunda during the 18 hours of lying in state.<ref name="WhitePage16"/> | ||
Kennedy's funeral service was held on November 25, at [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle (Washington, D.C.)|St. Matthew's Cathedral]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="WhitePage17">{{harvnb|White|1965|p=17}}</ref> The [[Requiem|Requiem Mass]] was led by [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Richard Cushing]], then the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston|Archbishop of Boston]].<ref name="WhitePage17"/> It was attended by approximately 1,200 guests, including representatives from over 90 countries.<ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press|1963|p=93}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|p=126}}</ref> After the service, Kennedy was buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] in | Kennedy's funeral service was held on November 25, at [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle (Washington, D.C.)|St. Matthew's Cathedral]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="WhitePage17">{{harvnb|White|1965|p=17}}</ref> The [[Requiem|Requiem Mass]] was led by [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Richard Cushing]], then the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston|Archbishop of Boston]].<ref name="WhitePage17"/> It was attended by approximately 1,200 guests, including representatives from over 90 countries.<ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press|1963|p=93}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|p=126}}</ref> After the service, Kennedy was buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] in Arlington County, Virginia.<ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|p=18}}</ref> | ||
==Personal life, family, and reputation== | ==Personal life, family, and reputation== | ||
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===Wife and children=== | ===Wife and children=== | ||
Kennedy met his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Lee "Jackie" Bouvier]], when he was a congressman. [[Charles L. Bartlett (journalist)|Charles L. Bartlett]], a journalist, introduced the pair at a dinner party.<ref>Cover story, ''Time magazine'', January 20, 1961</ref> They were married on September 12, 1953, at [[St. Mary's Church Complex (Newport, Rhode Island)|St. Mary's Church]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JKO-Fast-Facts/Wedding-Details.aspx |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=February 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Specious allegations in 1997 by UK journalist Terry O'Hanlon {{cite web |title=JFK The Bigamist. ... . The Truth At Last; Kennedy was already married when he got wed to Jackie. ... . |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/JFK+THE+BIGAMIST...+THE+TRUTH+AT+LAST%3b+Kennedy+was+already+married...-a061139564 |work=Sunday Mirror |access-date=October 31, 2010 |author=Golden, Andrew |date=July 27, 1997 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906210243/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/JFK+THE+BIGAMIST...+THE+TRUTH+AT+LAST%3b+Kennedy+was+already+married...-a061139564 |url-status=live }} and by author Seymour Hersh {{cite news |last=Reingold |first=Joyce |title=JFK 'Secret Marriage' A Story With Legs |url=http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/blogs/content/shared-blogs/palmbeach/pbupd8/entries/2008/03/26/durie_appleton_spent_a_lifetim.html |newspaper=Palm Beach Daily News |access-date=October 31, 2010 |date=March 26, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510034800/http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/blogs/content/shared-blogs/palmbeach/pbupd8/entries/2008/03/26/durie_appleton_spent_a_lifetim.html |archive-date=May 10, 2011 }} that Kennedy had married previously have been soundly disproven. Reeves states that [[Ben Bradlee]], then at ''[[Newsweek]]'', inspected FBI files on it, and confirmed the falsehood. {{harvnb|Reeves|1993|p=348}}; for further refutation, see {{harvnb|O'Brien|2005|p=706}}.</ref> The newlyweds honeymooned in Mexico, before settling in their new home, [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] in [[McLean, Virginia]].<ref>{{cite book| author = Smith, Sally Bedell |title=Grace and Power: The Private World of the Kennedy White House| url = https://archive.org/details/gracepowerprivat00smit | url-access = registration |year=2004 |publisher=Random House | isbn = 978-0-375-50449-5 |author-link= Sally Bedell Smith}}</ref> In 1956, they sold their Hickory Hill estate to Kennedy's brother Robert, and bought a townhouse in [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]].<ref>O'Brien, p. 291.</ref>{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=36}} The Kennedys also resided at an apartment in | Kennedy met his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Lee "Jackie" Bouvier]], when he was a congressman. [[Charles L. Bartlett (journalist)|Charles L. Bartlett]], a journalist, introduced the pair at a dinner party.<ref>Cover story, ''Time magazine'', January 20, 1961</ref> They were married on September 12, 1953, at [[St. Mary's Church Complex (Newport, Rhode Island)|St. Mary's Church]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JKO-Fast-Facts/Wedding-Details.aspx |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=February 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Specious allegations in 1997 by UK journalist Terry O'Hanlon {{cite web |title=JFK The Bigamist. ... . The Truth At Last; Kennedy was already married when he got wed to Jackie. ... . |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/JFK+THE+BIGAMIST...+THE+TRUTH+AT+LAST%3b+Kennedy+was+already+married...-a061139564 |work=Sunday Mirror |access-date=October 31, 2010 |author=Golden, Andrew |date=July 27, 1997 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906210243/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/JFK+THE+BIGAMIST...+THE+TRUTH+AT+LAST%3b+Kennedy+was+already+married...-a061139564 |url-status=live }} and by author Seymour Hersh {{cite news |last=Reingold |first=Joyce |title=JFK 'Secret Marriage' A Story With Legs |url=http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/blogs/content/shared-blogs/palmbeach/pbupd8/entries/2008/03/26/durie_appleton_spent_a_lifetim.html |newspaper=Palm Beach Daily News |access-date=October 31, 2010 |date=March 26, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510034800/http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/blogs/content/shared-blogs/palmbeach/pbupd8/entries/2008/03/26/durie_appleton_spent_a_lifetim.html |archive-date=May 10, 2011 }} that Kennedy had married previously have been soundly disproven. Reeves states that [[Ben Bradlee]], then at ''[[Newsweek]]'', inspected FBI files on it, and confirmed the falsehood. {{harvnb|Reeves|1993|p=348}}; for further refutation, see {{harvnb|O'Brien|2005|p=706}}.</ref> The newlyweds honeymooned in Mexico, before settling in their new home, [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] in [[McLean, Virginia]].<ref>{{cite book| author = Smith, Sally Bedell |title=Grace and Power: The Private World of the Kennedy White House| url = https://archive.org/details/gracepowerprivat00smit | url-access = registration |year=2004 |publisher=Random House | isbn = 978-0-375-50449-5 |author-link= Sally Bedell Smith}}</ref> In 1956, they sold their Hickory Hill estate to Kennedy's brother Robert, and bought a townhouse in [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]].<ref>O'Brien, p. 291.</ref>{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=36}} The Kennedys also resided at an apartment in Boston, their legal residence during John's congressional career,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Logevall |first1=Fredrik |title=JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956 |date=2020 |publisher=Random House |pages=443–444}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=John T. |title=JFK in the Senate |date=2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-230-34183-8 |page=15}}</ref> and a summer home in [[Cape Cod, Massachusetts]].<ref>O'Brien, p. 292.</ref> | ||
After a miscarriage in 1955 and a stillbirth in 1956 (their daughter Arabella), their daughter [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] was born in 1957. [[John F. Kennedy Jr.|John Jr.]], nicknamed "John-John" by the press as a child, was born in late November 1960, 17 days after his father was elected. John Jr. died in 1999 when the [[John F. Kennedy, Jr. plane crash|small plane he was piloting crashed]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/jfkjr/stories/kennedy073199.htm | title = Kennedy Plane Found to Be Fully Functional | newspaper = The Washington Post | date = July 31, 1999 | access-date = January 2, 2010 | archive-date = May 25, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100525100145/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/jfkjr/stories/kennedy073199.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> In August 1963, Jackie gave birth to a son, [[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy|Patrick]]. However, he died after two days due to complications from birth.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Blair|first1=William M.|title=Kennedys Mourn Death of Infant – Kennedys Mourning Baby Son; Funeral Today Will Be Private|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/08/10/81822324.html?pageNumber=1|work=The New York Times|date=August 10, 1963|page=1|access-date=December 13, 2023|archive-date=October 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020170113/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/08/10/81822324.html?pageNumber=1|url-status=live}}</ref> | After a miscarriage in 1955 and a stillbirth in 1956 (their daughter Arabella), their daughter [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] was born in 1957. [[John F. Kennedy Jr.|John Jr.]], nicknamed "John-John" by the press as a child, was born in late November 1960, 17 days after his father was elected. John Jr. died in 1999 when the [[John F. Kennedy, Jr. plane crash|small plane he was piloting crashed]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/jfkjr/stories/kennedy073199.htm | title = Kennedy Plane Found to Be Fully Functional | newspaper = The Washington Post | date = July 31, 1999 | access-date = January 2, 2010 | archive-date = May 25, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100525100145/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/jfkjr/stories/kennedy073199.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> In August 1963, Jackie gave birth to a son, [[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy|Patrick]]. However, he died after two days due to complications from birth.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Blair|first1=William M.|title=Kennedys Mourn Death of Infant – Kennedys Mourning Baby Son; Funeral Today Will Be Private|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/08/10/81822324.html?pageNumber=1|work=The New York Times|date=August 10, 1963|page=1|access-date=December 13, 2023|archive-date=October 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020170113/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/08/10/81822324.html?pageNumber=1|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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==Historical evaluations and legacy== | ==Historical evaluations and legacy== | ||
[[File:JFK library Stitch Crop.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]], in | [[File:JFK library Stitch Crop.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]], in Boston ]] | ||
===Presidency=== | ===Presidency=== | ||
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* [[Kennedy half dollar]], first minted in 1964 | * [[Kennedy half dollar]], first minted in 1964 | ||
* [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]], part of [[Harvard University]], renamed in 1966 | * [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]], part of [[Harvard University]], renamed in 1966 | ||
* [[John F. Kennedy Federal Building]] in the [[Government Center, Boston|Government Center]] section of | * [[John F. Kennedy Federal Building]] in the [[Government Center, Boston|Government Center]] section of Boston, opened in 1966 | ||
* [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial]], opened in 1970 in [[Dallas]] | * [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial]], opened in 1970 in [[Dallas]] | ||
* National cultural center was named [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] in 1964, opened in 1971 in [[Washington, D.C.]] | * National cultural center was named [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] in 1964, opened in 1971 in [[Washington, D.C.]] | ||
* [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] on [[Columbia Point, Boston|Columbia Point]] in | * [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] on [[Columbia Point, Boston|Columbia Point]] in Boston; opened in 1979 | ||
* [[Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)|Statue of John F. Kennedy]] by Isabel McIlvain on the grounds of the [[Massachusetts State House]] in Boston; dedicated on May 29, 1990. | * [[Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)|Statue of John F. Kennedy]] by Isabel McIlvain on the grounds of the [[Massachusetts State House]] in Boston; dedicated on May 29, 1990. | ||
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{{CongBio|K000107}} | {{CongBio|K000107}} | ||
{{Navboxes | {{Navboxes | ||
|title=Offices and distinctions | |title=Offices and distinctions | ||
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{{s-ppo}} | {{s-ppo}} | ||
{{s-bef|before=[[David I. Walsh]]}} | {{s-bef|before=[[David I. Walsh]]}} | ||
{{s-ttl|title= | {{s-ttl|title=Democratic nominee for [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] from [[Massachusetts]]<br />([[Classes of United States senators|Class 1]])|years=[[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1952|1952]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1958|1958]]}} | ||
{{s-aft|after=[[Ted Kennedy]]}} | {{s-aft|after=[[Ted Kennedy]]}} | ||
{{s-bef|before=[[Adlai Stevenson II]]}} | {{s-bef|before=[[Adlai Stevenson II]]}} | ||
{{s-ttl|title= | {{s-ttl|title=Democratic [[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets|nominee]] for President of the United States|years=[[1960 United States presidential election|1960]]}} | ||
{{s-aft|after= | {{s-aft|after=Lyndon B. Johnson}} | ||
{{s-par|us-sen}} | {{s-par|us-sen}} | ||
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{{s-off}} | {{s-off}} | ||
{{s-bef|before= | {{s-bef|before=Dwight D. Eisenhower}} | ||
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=1961–1963}} | {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=1961–1963}} | ||
{{s-aft|after= | {{s-aft|after=Lyndon B. Johnson}} | ||
{{s-hon}} | {{s-hon}} | ||