CargoAdmin, Bureaucrats, Moderators (CommentStreams), fileuploaders, Interface administrators, newuser, Push subscription managers, Suppressors, Administrators
5,223
edits
United Nations: Difference between revisions
m
Text replacement - "Soviet Union" to "Soviet Union"
m (Text replacement - "The New York Times" to "The New York Times") |
m (Text replacement - "Soviet Union" to "Soviet Union") |
||
| (9 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
|2023 May = [[Switzerland]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | |2023 May = [[Switzerland]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | ||
|2023 June = [[United Arab Emirates]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | |2023 June = [[United Arab Emirates]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | ||
|2023 July = | |2023 July = United Kingdom ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | ||
|2023 August = [[United States]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | |2023 August = [[United States]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | ||
|2023 September= [[Albania]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | |2023 September= [[Albania]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | ||
|2023 October = [[Brazil]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | |2023 October = [[Brazil]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | ||
|2023 November = | |2023 November = China ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | ||
|2023 December = [[Ecuador]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | |2023 December = [[Ecuador]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | ||
|2024 January = [[France]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | |2024 January = [[France]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) | ||
| Line 63: | Line 63: | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''United Nations''' ('''UN''') is a diplomatic and political<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2018 |title=United Nations |url=https://www.history.com/topics/stories/united-nations |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=HISTORY |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323052229/https://www.history.com/topics/stories/united-nations |url-status=live}}</ref> [[international organization]] with the intended purpose of maintaining [[international peace]] and [[international security|security]], developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and serving as a center for coordinating the actions of member nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1 |work=United Nations Charter |title=Chapter I: Purposes and Principles |publisher=United Nations |language=en |access-date=20 March 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318200917/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1}}</ref> It is widely recognised as the world's largest international organization.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 December 2012 |title=International Organization |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165808/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/ |archive-date=16 November 2020|access-date=24 October 2020 |website=[[National Geographic Society]] |language=en}}</ref> The UN is [[headquarters of the United Nations|headquartered in]] | The '''United Nations''' ('''UN''') is a diplomatic and political<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2018 |title=United Nations |url=https://www.history.com/topics/stories/united-nations |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=HISTORY |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323052229/https://www.history.com/topics/stories/united-nations |url-status=live}}</ref> [[international organization]] with the intended purpose of maintaining [[international peace]] and [[international security|security]], developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and serving as a center for coordinating the actions of member nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1 |work=United Nations Charter |title=Chapter I: Purposes and Principles |publisher=United Nations |language=en |access-date=20 March 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318200917/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1}}</ref> It is widely recognised as the world's largest international organization.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 December 2012 |title=International Organization |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165808/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/ |archive-date=16 November 2020|access-date=24 October 2020 |website=[[National Geographic Society]] |language=en}}</ref> The UN is [[headquarters of the United Nations|headquartered in]] New York City, in international territory with certain privileges [[extraterritorial]] to the United States, and the UN has other offices in [[United Nations Office at Geneva|Geneva]], [[United Nations Office at Nairobi|Nairobi]], [[United Nations Office at Vienna|Vienna]], and [[The Hague]], where the [[International Court of Justice]] is headquartered at the [[Peace Palace]]. | ||
The UN was established after [[World War II]] with the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference|aim of preventing future world wars]], and succeeded the [[League of Nations]], which was characterized as being ineffective.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2021 |title='The League is Dead. Long Live the United Nations.' |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/league-of-nations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224050205/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/league-of-nations |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=National WW2 Museum New Orleans}}</ref> On 25 April 1945, 50 nations assembled in | The UN was established after [[World War II]] with the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference|aim of preventing future world wars]], and succeeded the [[League of Nations]], which was characterized as being ineffective.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2021 |title='The League is Dead. Long Live the United Nations.' |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/league-of-nations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224050205/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/league-of-nations |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=National WW2 Museum New Orleans}}</ref> On 25 April 1945, 50 nations assembled in San Francisco, California, for [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|a conference]] and initialised the drafting of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]], which was adopted on 25 June 1945. The charter took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. The UN's objectives, as outlined by its charter, include maintaining international peace and security, protecting [[human rights]], delivering [[humanitarian aid]], promoting [[sustainable development]], and upholding [[international law]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/index.html |title=What We Do |website=United Nations |language=en |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092127/http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At its founding, the UN had 51 [[Member states of the United Nations|member states]]; {{As of|lc=yes|2024}}, it has 193 [[sovereign states]], nearly all of the world's recognized sovereign states.<ref name="UN_SouthSudan_193rd_state" /> | ||
The UN's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its initial decades due in part to [[Cold War]] tensions that existed between the [[United States]] and | The UN's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its initial decades due in part to [[Cold War]] tensions that existed between the [[United States]] and Soviet Union and their respective allies. Its mission has included the provision of primarily unarmed [[United Nations Military Observer|military observers]] and lightly armed troops charged with primarily monitoring, reporting and confidence-building roles.<ref name="our-history">{{cite web |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/our-history |title=Our history |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |access-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122132154/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/our-history |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> UN membership grew significantly following the widespread [[decolonization]] in the 1960s. Since then, 80 former colonies have gained independence, including 11 [[trust territories]] that had been monitored by the [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|Trusteeship Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/decolonization/index.html |title=Decolonization |website=United Nations |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122132046/http://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/decolonization/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> By the 1970s, the UN's budget for economic and social development programmes vastly exceeded its spending on [[peacekeeping]]. After the end of the Cold War in 1991, the UN shifted and expanded its field operations, undertaking a wide variety of complex tasks.<ref name="our-history"/> | ||
The UN comprises six principal operational organizations: the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]], the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]], the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]], the [[International Court of Justice]], the [[UN Secretariat]], and the [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|Trusteeship Council]], although the Trusteeship Council has been suspended since 1994. The [[UN System]] includes a multitude of [[specialized agencies]], funds, and programmes, including the [[World Bank Group]], the [[World Health Organization]], the [[World Food Programme]], [[UNESCO]], and [[UNICEF]]. Additionally, [[non-governmental organization]]s may be granted consultative status with the Economic and Social Council and other agencies. | The UN comprises six principal operational organizations: the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]], the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]], the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]], the [[International Court of Justice]], the [[UN Secretariat]], and the [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|Trusteeship Council]], although the Trusteeship Council has been suspended since 1994. The [[UN System]] includes a multitude of [[specialized agencies]], funds, and programmes, including the [[World Bank Group]], the [[World Health Organization]], the [[World Food Programme]], [[UNESCO]], and [[UNICEF]]. Additionally, [[non-governmental organization]]s may be granted consultative status with the Economic and Social Council and other agencies. | ||
| Line 82: | Line 82: | ||
In the century prior to the UN's creation, several [[international organization]]s such as the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] were formed to ensure protection and assistance for victims of armed conflict and strife.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/history-icrc|title=Red Cross-History-Objective |journal=International Committee of the Red Cross |access-date=28 November 2018 |date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005302/https://www.icrc.org/en/document/history-icrc |archive-date=23 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | In the century prior to the UN's creation, several [[international organization]]s such as the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] were formed to ensure protection and assistance for victims of armed conflict and strife.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/history-icrc|title=Red Cross-History-Objective |journal=International Committee of the Red Cross |access-date=28 November 2018 |date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005302/https://www.icrc.org/en/document/history-icrc |archive-date=23 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
During | During World War I, several major leaders, especially U.S. President [[Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration|Woodrow Wilson]], advocated for a world body to guarantee peace. The winners of the war, the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], met to decide on formal peace terms at the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]]. The [[League of Nations]] was approved and started operations, but the [[United States]] never joined. On 10 January 1920, the League of Nations formally came into being when the [[Covenant of the League of Nations]], ratified by 42 nations in 1919, took effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/league-of-nations-instituted|title=League of Nations instituted|website=[[history.com]]|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005625/https://www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/league-of-nations-instituted|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The League Council acted as an executive body directing the Assembly's business. It began with four permanent members—the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Italy]], and [[Japan]]. | ||
After some limited successes and failures during the 1920s, the League proved ineffective in the 1930s, as it failed to act against the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]] in 1933. Forty nations voted for Japan to withdraw from [[Manchuria]] but Japan voted against it and walked out of the League instead of withdrawing from Manchuria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.johndclare.net/EL5.htm|title=League of Nations and Manchuria invasion|website=www.johndclare.net|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127143657/http://www.johndclare.net/EL5.htm|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It also failed to act against the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]], after the appeal for international intervention by Ethiopian Emperor [[Haile Selassie|Haile Selassie I]] at Geneva in 1936 went with no avail, including when calls for economic sanctions against Italy failed. Italy and other nations left the League.<ref>Nault, Derrick M., 'Haile Selassie, the League of Nations, and Human Rights Diplomacy', Africa and the Shaping of International Human Rights (Oxford, 2020; online edn, Oxford Academic, 21 Jan. 2021), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859628.003.0004,</ref> | After some limited successes and failures during the 1920s, the League proved ineffective in the 1930s, as it failed to act against the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]] in 1933. Forty nations voted for Japan to withdraw from [[Manchuria]] but Japan voted against it and walked out of the League instead of withdrawing from Manchuria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.johndclare.net/EL5.htm|title=League of Nations and Manchuria invasion|website=www.johndclare.net|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127143657/http://www.johndclare.net/EL5.htm|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It also failed to act against the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]], after the appeal for international intervention by Ethiopian Emperor [[Haile Selassie|Haile Selassie I]] at Geneva in 1936 went with no avail, including when calls for economic sanctions against Italy failed. Italy and other nations left the League.<ref>Nault, Derrick M., 'Haile Selassie, the League of Nations, and Human Rights Diplomacy', Africa and the Shaping of International Human Rights (Oxford, 2020; online edn, Oxford Academic, 21 Jan. 2021), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859628.003.0004,</ref> | ||
| Line 91: | Line 91: | ||
[[File:United Nations organization sketch by Franklin Roosevelt with the Four Policemen in 1943.jpg|thumb|1943 sketch by Franklin Roosevelt of the UN original three branches: The [[Four Policemen]], an executive branch, and an international assembly of forty UN member states]] | [[File:United Nations organization sketch by Franklin Roosevelt with the Four Policemen in 1943.jpg|thumb|1943 sketch by Franklin Roosevelt of the UN original three branches: The [[Four Policemen]], an executive branch, and an international assembly of forty UN member states]] | ||
The first step towards the establishment of the United Nations was the Inter-Allied Conference in London that led to the [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] on 12 June 1941.<ref>{{Cite book|last=United Nations|first=Dept of Public Information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22 |title=Everyone's United Nations|date=1986|publisher=UN|isbn=978-92-1-100273-7|page=5|language=en|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165825/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&dq=The+first+step+towards+the+formation+of+the+UN+was+the+Declaration+of+St+James%27s+12+June+1941&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tandon|first1=Mahesh Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5g6AQAAIAAJ&q=%22The+following+may+be+summed+up+as+the+steps+that+led+to+the+formation+of+the+United+Nations.+(1)+London+Declaration%22|title=Public International Law|last2=Tandon|first2=Rajesh|date=1989|publisher=Allahabad Law Agency|page=421|language=en |access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165837/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P5g6AQAAIAAJ&dq=The+first+step+towards+the+formation+of+the+UN+was+the+Declaration+of+St+James%27s+12+June+1941&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22The+following+may+be+summed+up+as+the+steps+that+led+to+the+formation+of+the+United+Nations.+%281%29+London+Declaration%22|url-status=live}}</ref> By August 1941, American President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] had drafted the [[Atlantic Charter]]; which defined goals for the post-war world. At the subsequent meeting of the Inter-Allied Council in London on 24 September 1941, the eight [[List of governments in exile during World War II|governments in exile of countries under Axis occupation]], together with the | The first step towards the establishment of the United Nations was the Inter-Allied Conference in London that led to the [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] on 12 June 1941.<ref>{{Cite book|last=United Nations|first=Dept of Public Information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22 |title=Everyone's United Nations|date=1986|publisher=UN|isbn=978-92-1-100273-7|page=5|language=en|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165825/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&dq=The+first+step+towards+the+formation+of+the+UN+was+the+Declaration+of+St+James%27s+12+June+1941&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tandon|first1=Mahesh Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5g6AQAAIAAJ&q=%22The+following+may+be+summed+up+as+the+steps+that+led+to+the+formation+of+the+United+Nations.+(1)+London+Declaration%22|title=Public International Law|last2=Tandon|first2=Rajesh|date=1989|publisher=Allahabad Law Agency|page=421|language=en |access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165837/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P5g6AQAAIAAJ&dq=The+first+step+towards+the+formation+of+the+UN+was+the+Declaration+of+St+James%27s+12+June+1941&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22The+following+may+be+summed+up+as+the+steps+that+led+to+the+formation+of+the+United+Nations.+%281%29+London+Declaration%22|url-status=live}}</ref> By August 1941, American President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] had drafted the [[Atlantic Charter]]; which defined goals for the post-war world. At the subsequent meeting of the Inter-Allied Council in London on 24 September 1941, the eight [[List of governments in exile during World War II|governments in exile of countries under Axis occupation]], together with the Soviet Union and representatives of the [[Free French Forces]], unanimously adopted adherence to the common principles of policy set forth by Britain and the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauren|first=Paul Gordon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efV5wvpUjDgC&pg=PA140|title=The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen|year=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-2138-1|pages=140–141|language=en|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215201515/https://books.google.com/books?id=efV5wvpUjDgC&pg=PA140|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 September 1941|title=Inter-Allied Council Statement on the Principles of the Atlantic Charter|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/interall.asp|access-date=14 August 2013|work=The Avalon Project|publisher=Lillian Goldman Law Library|archive-date=3 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803012648/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/interall.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Roosevelt and Churchill met at the [[White House]] in December 1941 for the [[Arcadia Conference]]. Roosevelt is considered a founder of the UN,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990504.award.brf.html |title=Press Conference On Franklin Delano Roosevelt Disability Award |publisher=UN Press |date= |accessdate=2022-07-17 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170557/https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990504.award.brf.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://press.un.org/en/1998/19981117.sgsm6799.html |title=Without Global Cooperation Between Great And Small Alike, No Progress And No Peace Can Last Forever, Secretary-General States |publisher=UN Press |date= |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717024142/https://press.un.org/en/1998/19981117.sgsm6799.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and coined the term ''United Nations'' to describe the [[Allies of World War II|Allied countries]]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Geoffrey C. |title=The Roosevelts: An Intimate History|last2=Burns|first2=Ken |date=2014 |publisher=[(Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-385-35306-9 |page=397 |chapter=Nothing to Conceal |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA60 |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308161849/https://books.google.com/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA60 |url-status=live}}</ref> Churchill accepted it, noting its use by [[Lord Byron]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2007 |title=United Nations |url=http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331193323/http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/ |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=Wordorigins.org}}</ref> The text of the [[Declaration by United Nations]] was drafted on 29 December 1941, by Roosevelt, Churchill, and [[Harry Hopkins]]. It incorporated Soviet suggestions but included no role for France. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for [[religious freedom]], which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roll |first=David |title=The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-989195-5 |pages=172–175 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] USA}}</ref>{{sfn|Sherwood|1948|pp=447–453}} | Roosevelt and Churchill met at the [[White House]] in December 1941 for the [[Arcadia Conference]]. Roosevelt is considered a founder of the UN,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990504.award.brf.html |title=Press Conference On Franklin Delano Roosevelt Disability Award |publisher=UN Press |date= |accessdate=2022-07-17 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170557/https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990504.award.brf.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://press.un.org/en/1998/19981117.sgsm6799.html |title=Without Global Cooperation Between Great And Small Alike, No Progress And No Peace Can Last Forever, Secretary-General States |publisher=UN Press |date= |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717024142/https://press.un.org/en/1998/19981117.sgsm6799.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and coined the term ''United Nations'' to describe the [[Allies of World War II|Allied countries]]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Geoffrey C. |title=The Roosevelts: An Intimate History|last2=Burns|first2=Ken |date=2014 |publisher=[(Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-385-35306-9 |page=397 |chapter=Nothing to Conceal |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA60 |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308161849/https://books.google.com/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA60 |url-status=live}}</ref> Churchill accepted it, noting its use by [[Lord Byron]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2007 |title=United Nations |url=http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331193323/http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/ |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=Wordorigins.org}}</ref> The text of the [[Declaration by United Nations]] was drafted on 29 December 1941, by Roosevelt, Churchill, and [[Harry Hopkins]]. It incorporated Soviet suggestions but included no role for France. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for [[religious freedom]], which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roll |first=David |title=The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-989195-5 |pages=172–175 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] USA}}</ref>{{sfn|Sherwood|1948|pp=447–453}} | ||
| Line 104: | Line 104: | ||
[[File:United Nations Member States-1945.png|thumb|upright=1.8|The UN in 1945: founding members in light blue, protectorates and territories of the founding members in dark blue]] | [[File:United Nations Member States-1945.png|thumb|upright=1.8|The UN in 1945: founding members in light blue, protectorates and territories of the founding members in dark blue]] | ||
By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed the Declaration by the United Nations.{{sfn|Osmańczyk|2004|p=2445}} After months of planning, the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|UN Conference on International Organization]] opened in | By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed the Declaration by the United Nations.{{sfn|Osmańczyk|2004|p=2445}} After months of planning, the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|UN Conference on International Organization]] opened in San Francisco on 25 April 1945. It was attended by 50 nations' governments and a number of non-governmental organizations.<ref name="Charter">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/|title=Charter of the United Nations|website=United Nations|access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204151003/http://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/|archive-date=4 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UNHistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/history/history-united-nations/index.html|title=History of the United Nations |website=United Nations|access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107223107/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/history-united-nations/index.html|archive-date=7 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/article/San-Francisco-the-birthplace-of-the-United-6336655.php|title=San Francisco – the birthplace of the United Nations|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171754/http://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/article/San-Francisco-the-birthplace-of-the-United-6336655.php|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The delegations of the Big Four chaired the plenary meetings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1945-san-francisco-conference/index.html |title=1945: The San Francisco Conference|publisher=United Nations |access-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112180024/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1945-san-francisco-conference/index.html|archive-date=12 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, Churchill had urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major power after the [[liberation of Paris]] in August 1944. The drafting of the [[Charter of the United Nations]] was completed over the following two months, and it was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries.<ref>{{cite book |title=Progress in International Law |editor-last1=Miller |editor-first1=Russell A. |editor-last2=Bratspies |editor-first2=Rebecca M. |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |location=Leiden, the Netherlands |date=2008 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8K9kL1h79ucC&dq=%22drafter+of+the+Charter+of+the+United+Nations%22&pg=PA837 837]}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=South Africa: Time Running Out |publisher=University of California Press |date=1981 |work=The Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sq43lnbklEUC&dq=%22author+of+the+Charter+of+the+United+Nations%22&pg=PA31 31] |isbn=978-0-520-04547-7}}</ref> The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]]: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] — and by a majority of the other 46 nations.<ref name="unmilestones1941to1950" /><ref name="original draft">{{Cite web |title=Charter of the United Nations and Statue of the International Court of Justice |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CTC/uncharter.pdf |publisher=Treaty Section, [[United Nations Office of Legal Affairs]] |pages=6, 20, 31 |year=1945 |access-date=29 October 2024 |language=en |location=San Francisco, United States}}</ref> | ||
The first meetings of the [[General Assembly]], with 51 nations represented,{{efn|Poland had not been represented among the fifty nations at the San Francisco conference due to the reluctance of the Western superpowers to recognize its post-war communist government. However, the Charter was later amended to list Poland as a founding member, and Poland ratified the Charter on 16 October 1945.{{sfn|Grant|2009|pp=25–26}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/international_organisations/united_nations/poland_and_the_un/ |title=Poland and the United Nations |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003602/http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/international_organisations/united_nations/poland_and_the_un/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} and the Security Council took place in [[London]] beginning in January 1946.<ref name=unmilestones1941to1950>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html |title=Milestones 1941-1950 |website=[[United Nations]] |access-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027013705/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html|archive-date=27 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Debates began at once, covering topical issues such as the presence of Russian troops in [[Iranian Azerbaijan]] and British forces in [[Greece]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=John Morris |title=History of the world |date=1993 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-521043-9 |location=New York |page=778 |oclc=28378422}}</ref> British diplomat [[Gladwyn Jebb]] served as interim secretary-general. | The first meetings of the [[General Assembly]], with 51 nations represented,{{efn|Poland had not been represented among the fifty nations at the San Francisco conference due to the reluctance of the Western superpowers to recognize its post-war communist government. However, the Charter was later amended to list Poland as a founding member, and Poland ratified the Charter on 16 October 1945.{{sfn|Grant|2009|pp=25–26}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/international_organisations/united_nations/poland_and_the_un/ |title=Poland and the United Nations |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003602/http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/international_organisations/united_nations/poland_and_the_un/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} and the Security Council took place in [[London]] beginning in January 1946.<ref name=unmilestones1941to1950>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html |title=Milestones 1941-1950 |website=[[United Nations]] |access-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027013705/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html|archive-date=27 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Debates began at once, covering topical issues such as the presence of Russian troops in [[Iranian Azerbaijan]] and British forces in [[Greece]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=John Morris |title=History of the world |date=1993 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-521043-9 |location=New York |page=778 |oclc=28378422}}</ref> British diplomat [[Gladwyn Jebb]] served as interim secretary-general. | ||
The General Assembly selected | The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN. Construction began on 14 September 1948 and the facility was completed on 9 October 1952. The Norwegian Foreign Minister, [[Trygve Lie]], was the first elected [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN secretary-general]].<ref name="unmilestones1941to1950" /> | ||
=== Cold War (1947–1991) === | === Cold War (1947–1991) === | ||
| Line 118: | Line 118: | ||
On 14 July 1960, the UN established the [[United Nations Operation in the Congo]] (or UNOC), the largest military force of its early decades, to bring order to [[State of Katanga|Katanga]], restoring it to the control of the [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] by 11 May 1964.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=115–134}} While travelling to meet rebel leader [[Moise Tshombe]] during the conflict, [[Dag Hammarskjöld]], often named as one of the UN's most effective secretaries-general,{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=76}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=60}}{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=17, 20}} [[1961 Ndola United Nations DC-6 crash|died in a plane crash]]. Months later he was posthumously awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=127–128, 134}} In 1964, Hammarskjöld's successor, [[U Thant]], deployed the [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus]], which would become one of the UN's longest-running peacekeeping missions.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=156–157}} | On 14 July 1960, the UN established the [[United Nations Operation in the Congo]] (or UNOC), the largest military force of its early decades, to bring order to [[State of Katanga|Katanga]], restoring it to the control of the [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] by 11 May 1964.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=115–134}} While travelling to meet rebel leader [[Moise Tshombe]] during the conflict, [[Dag Hammarskjöld]], often named as one of the UN's most effective secretaries-general,{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=76}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=60}}{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=17, 20}} [[1961 Ndola United Nations DC-6 crash|died in a plane crash]]. Months later he was posthumously awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=127–128, 134}} In 1964, Hammarskjöld's successor, [[U Thant]], deployed the [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus]], which would become one of the UN's longest-running peacekeeping missions.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=156–157}} | ||
With the spread of [[decolonization]] in the 1960s, the UN's membership shot up due to an influx of newly independent nations. In 1960 alone, 17 new states joined the UN, 16 of them from Africa.<ref name=unmilestones1951to1960 /> On 25 October 1971, with opposition from the United States, but with the support of many [[Third World]] nations, the | With the spread of [[decolonization]] in the 1960s, the UN's membership shot up due to an influx of newly independent nations. In 1960 alone, 17 new states joined the UN, 16 of them from Africa.<ref name=unmilestones1951to1960 /> On 25 October 1971, with opposition from the United States, but with the support of many [[Third World]] nations, the China was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (also known as Taiwan). The vote was widely seen as a sign of waning American influence in the organization.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=195–197}} Third World nations organized themselves into the [[Group of 77]] under the leadership of Algeria, which briefly became a dominant power at the UN.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=208–210}} On 10 November 1975, a bloc comprising the Soviet Union and Third World nations passed [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379|a resolution]], over strenuous American and Israeli opposition, declaring [[Zionism]] to be a form of [[racism]]. The resolution was repealed on 16 December 1991, shortly after the end of the Cold War.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=204–226, 213, 220–221}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/761C1063530766A7052566A2005B74D1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206052903/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/761C1063530766A7052566A2005B74D1 | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 December 2012 | title=A/RES/3379 (XXX) of 10 November 1975}}</ref> | ||
With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the [[Six-Day War|Middle East]], [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]], and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Kashmir]], the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=167–168, 224–225}} By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its peacekeeping budget. | With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the [[Six-Day War|Middle East]], [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]], and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Kashmir]], the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=167–168, 224–225}} By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its peacekeeping budget. | ||
| Line 285: | Line 285: | ||
|[[UNDP]] | |[[UNDP]] | ||
|[[United Nations Development Programme]] | |[[United Nations Development Programme]] | ||
|{{flagicon|USA}} | |{{flagicon|USA}} New York City, United States | ||
|{{Flagicon|Germany}} {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Achim Steiner]] | |{{Flagicon|Germany}} {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Achim Steiner]] | ||
|1965 | |1965 | ||
| Line 291: | Line 291: | ||
|[[UNICEF]] | |[[UNICEF]] | ||
|[[United Nations Children's Fund]] | |[[United Nations Children's Fund]] | ||
|{{flagicon|USA}} | |{{flagicon|USA}} New York City, United States | ||
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Catherine M. Russell]] | |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Catherine M. Russell]] | ||
|1946 | |1946 | ||
| Line 297: | Line 297: | ||
|[[UNCDF]] | |[[UNCDF]] | ||
|[[United Nations Capital Development Fund]] | |[[United Nations Capital Development Fund]] | ||
|{{flagicon|USA}} | |{{flagicon|USA}} New York City, United States | ||
|{{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} Marc Bichler | |{{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} Marc Bichler | ||
|1966 | |1966 | ||
| Line 315: | Line 315: | ||
|[[UNFPA]] | |[[UNFPA]] | ||
|[[United Nations Population Fund]] | |[[United Nations Population Fund]] | ||
|{{flagicon|USA}} | |{{flagicon|USA}} New York City, United States | ||
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Natalia Kanem]] | |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Natalia Kanem]] | ||
|1969 | |1969 | ||
| Line 390: | Line 390: | ||
In 1948, the General Assembly adopted a [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], drafted by a committee headed by American diplomat and activist [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], and including the French lawyer [[René Cassin]]. The document proclaims basic civil, political and economic rights common to all human beings, though its effectiveness towards achieving these ends has been disputed since its drafting.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=178–182}} The Declaration serves as a "common standard of achievement for all people and all nations" rather than a legally binding document, but it has become the basis of two binding treaties, the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] and the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]].{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=377}} In practice, the UN is unable to take significant action against human rights abuses without a Security Council resolution, though it does substantial work in investigating and reporting abuses.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=185, 188}} | In 1948, the General Assembly adopted a [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], drafted by a committee headed by American diplomat and activist [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], and including the French lawyer [[René Cassin]]. The document proclaims basic civil, political and economic rights common to all human beings, though its effectiveness towards achieving these ends has been disputed since its drafting.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=178–182}} The Declaration serves as a "common standard of achievement for all people and all nations" rather than a legally binding document, but it has become the basis of two binding treaties, the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] and the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]].{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=377}} In practice, the UN is unable to take significant action against human rights abuses without a Security Council resolution, though it does substantial work in investigating and reporting abuses.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=185, 188}} | ||
In 1979, the General Assembly adopted the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]]; followed by the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] in 1989.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=70, 73}} With the end of the Cold War, the push for human rights action took on new impetus.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=192}} The [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] was formed in 1993 to oversee human rights issues for the UN, following the recommendation of that year's [[World Conference on Human Rights]]. Jacques Fomerand, a scholar of the UN, describes the organization's mandate as "broad and vague", with only "meagre" resources to carry it out.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=347}} In 2006, it was replaced by a [[United Nations Human Rights Council|Human Rights Council]] consisting of 47 nations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4810538.stm |title=UN creates new human rights body |date=15 March 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226121934/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4810538.stm |archive-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 2006, the General Assembly passed a [[Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples|Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |publisher=United Nations |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413164920/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2011 it passed its first resolution recognizing the rights of members of the [[LGBT|LGBTQ+]] community.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/17/un-gay-rights-protection-resolution-passes-_n_879032.html |date=17 June 2011 |agency= | In 1979, the General Assembly adopted the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]]; followed by the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] in 1989.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=70, 73}} With the end of the Cold War, the push for human rights action took on new impetus.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=192}} The [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] was formed in 1993 to oversee human rights issues for the UN, following the recommendation of that year's [[World Conference on Human Rights]]. Jacques Fomerand, a scholar of the UN, describes the organization's mandate as "broad and vague", with only "meagre" resources to carry it out.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=347}} In 2006, it was replaced by a [[United Nations Human Rights Council|Human Rights Council]] consisting of 47 nations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4810538.stm |title=UN creates new human rights body |date=15 March 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226121934/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4810538.stm |archive-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 2006, the General Assembly passed a [[Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples|Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |publisher=United Nations |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413164920/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2011 it passed its first resolution recognizing the rights of members of the [[LGBT|LGBTQ+]] community.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/17/un-gay-rights-protection-resolution-passes-_n_879032.html |date=17 June 2011 |agency=Associated Press |first=Frank |last=Jordans |title=U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes, Hailed As 'Historic Moment' |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113131517/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/17/un-gay-rights-protection-resolution-passes-_n_879032.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Other UN bodies responsible for [[women's rights]] issues include the [[United Nations Commission on the Status of Women]], the [[United Nations Development Fund for Women]] and the [[United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women]].{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=57, 194, 341}} The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, one of three bodies with a mandate to oversee issues related to indigenous peoples, held its first session in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://undesadspd.org/IndigenousPeoples/AboutUsMembers.aspx |title=United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |publisher=United Nations |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101010131/http://undesadspd.org/IndigenousPeoples/AboutUsMembers.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | Other UN bodies responsible for [[women's rights]] issues include the [[United Nations Commission on the Status of Women]], the [[United Nations Development Fund for Women]] and the [[United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women]].{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=57, 194, 341}} The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, one of three bodies with a mandate to oversee issues related to indigenous peoples, held its first session in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://undesadspd.org/IndigenousPeoples/AboutUsMembers.aspx |title=United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |publisher=United Nations |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101010131/http://undesadspd.org/IndigenousPeoples/AboutUsMembers.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| Line 498: | Line 498: | ||
The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be unduly dependent on any one member to finance its operations. Thus, there is a "ceiling" rate, setting the maximum amount that any member can be assessed for the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States. As part of that revision, the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=117}} For the [[Least developed country|least developed countries]] (or LDCs), a ceiling rate of 0.01% is applied.<ref name="fifth-2006"/> In addition to the ceiling rates, the minimum amount assessed to any member nation (or "floor" rate) is set at 0.001% of the UN budget ($31,000 for the two-year budget 2021–2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regular budget and working capital fund - Committee on Contributions - UN General Assembly |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/contributions/budget.shtml |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=[[United Nations]] |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014093425/https://www.un.org/en/ga/contributions/budget.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Weiss|Daws|2009|p=682}} | The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be unduly dependent on any one member to finance its operations. Thus, there is a "ceiling" rate, setting the maximum amount that any member can be assessed for the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States. As part of that revision, the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=117}} For the [[Least developed country|least developed countries]] (or LDCs), a ceiling rate of 0.01% is applied.<ref name="fifth-2006"/> In addition to the ceiling rates, the minimum amount assessed to any member nation (or "floor" rate) is set at 0.001% of the UN budget ($31,000 for the two-year budget 2021–2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regular budget and working capital fund - Committee on Contributions - UN General Assembly |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/contributions/budget.shtml |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=[[United Nations]] |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014093425/https://www.un.org/en/ga/contributions/budget.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Weiss|Daws|2009|p=682}} | ||
A large share of the UN's expenditure addresses its core mission of peace and security, and this budget is assessed separately from the main organizational budget.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=115}} The peacekeeping budget for the 2021–2022 fiscal year is $6.38 billion, supporting 66,839 personnel deployed in 12 missions worldwide.<ref>[https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_68_november_2023_revision_1.pdf Contributions to UN Peacekeeping Operations by Country and Post] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224180139/https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_68_november_2023_revision_1.pdf |date=24 February 2024 }} (as of 30/11/2023), ''[https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors United Nations Peacekeeping] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630060533/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors |date=30 June 2019 }}''.</ref> UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale that includes a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members, who must approve all peacekeeping operations. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. The largest contributors to the [[Peacekeeping|UN peacekeeping]] budget for 2023–2024 are: the [[United States]] (26.94%), | A large share of the UN's expenditure addresses its core mission of peace and security, and this budget is assessed separately from the main organizational budget.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=115}} The peacekeeping budget for the 2021–2022 fiscal year is $6.38 billion, supporting 66,839 personnel deployed in 12 missions worldwide.<ref>[https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_68_november_2023_revision_1.pdf Contributions to UN Peacekeeping Operations by Country and Post] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224180139/https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_68_november_2023_revision_1.pdf |date=24 February 2024 }} (as of 30/11/2023), ''[https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors United Nations Peacekeeping] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630060533/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors |date=30 June 2019 }}''.</ref> UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale that includes a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members, who must approve all peacekeeping operations. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. The largest contributors to the [[Peacekeeping|UN peacekeeping]] budget for 2023–2024 are: the [[United States]] (26.94%), China (18.68%), [[Japan]] (8.03%), [[Germany]] (6.11%), the United Kingdom (5.35%), [[France]] (5.28%), [[Italy]] (3.18%), [[Canada]] (2.62%), [[South Korea]] (2.57%) and [[Russia]] (2.28%).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://undocs.org/en/A/76/296/Rev.1/Add.1 |title=Implementation of General Assembly resolutions 55/235 and 55/236: Report of the Secretary-General |date=28 December 2021 |publisher=[[United Nations General Assembly]] |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref> | ||
Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget, such as [[UNICEF]] and the World Food Programme, are financed by voluntary contributions from member governments, corporations, and private individuals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfp.org/get-involved/donate/where-your-money-goes |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=World Food Programme |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112074808/http://www.wfp.org/get-involved/donate/where-your-money-goes |archive-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/appeals/funding_trends.html |title=Overall funding trends |date=21 January 2013 |publisher=[[UNICEF]]] |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109153842/http://www.unicef.org/appeals/funding_trends.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget, such as [[UNICEF]] and the World Food Programme, are financed by voluntary contributions from member governments, corporations, and private individuals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfp.org/get-involved/donate/where-your-money-goes |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=World Food Programme |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112074808/http://www.wfp.org/get-involved/donate/where-your-money-goes |archive-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/appeals/funding_trends.html |title=Overall funding trends |date=21 January 2013 |publisher=[[UNICEF]]] |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109153842/http://www.unicef.org/appeals/funding_trends.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| Line 504: | Line 504: | ||
== Assessments and reviews == | == Assessments and reviews == | ||
{{Main|Reform of the United Nations|Reform of the United Nations Security Council}} | {{Main|Reform of the United Nations|Reform of the United Nations Security Council}} | ||
[[File:Friedensnobelpreis 2001 Vereinte Nationen.jpg|thumb|left|The [[2001 Nobel Peace Prize]] to the UN—diploma in the lobby of the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|UN Headquarters]] in | [[File:Friedensnobelpreis 2001 Vereinte Nationen.jpg|thumb|left|The [[2001 Nobel Peace Prize]] to the UN—diploma in the lobby of the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|UN Headquarters]] in New York City]] | ||
Several studies have examined the Security Council's responsiveness to armed conflict. Findings suggests that the Council is more likely to meet and deliberate on conflicts that are more intense and have led to more humanitarian suffering, but that its responsiveness is also shaped by the political interests of member states and in particular of the permanent members.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Lundgren |first1= Magnus|last2= Klamberg |first2= Mark|date= 2022 |title=Selective Attention: The United Security Council and Armed Conflict |journal= British Journal of Political Science |doi= 10.1017/S0007123422000461 |doi-access= free |issn=0007-1234 }}</ref> | Several studies have examined the Security Council's responsiveness to armed conflict. Findings suggests that the Council is more likely to meet and deliberate on conflicts that are more intense and have led to more humanitarian suffering, but that its responsiveness is also shaped by the political interests of member states and in particular of the permanent members.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Lundgren |first1= Magnus|last2= Klamberg |first2= Mark|date= 2022 |title=Selective Attention: The United Security Council and Armed Conflict |journal= British Journal of Political Science |doi= 10.1017/S0007123422000461 |doi-access= free |issn=0007-1234 }}</ref> | ||
| Line 531: | Line 531: | ||
=== Role === | === Role === | ||
In a sometimes-misquoted statement, American President | In a sometimes-misquoted statement, American President George W. Bush stated in February 2003—referring to UN uncertainty towards Iraqi provocations under the Saddam Hussein regime—that "free nations will not allow the UN to fade into history as an ineffective, irrelevant debating society."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2003/02/14/bush-implores-un-to-show-backbone/ |title=Bush implores U.N. to show 'backbone' |last=Greene |first=David L. |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=14 February 2003 |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112201147/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2003-02-14/news/0302140349_1_security-council-resolution-united-nations-weapons-inspectors |archive-date=12 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pm-9_uxFw5UC&q=Bush+UN+ineffective,+irrelevant+debating+society&pg=PA150 |title=Problem of Ethnicity: Role of United Nations in Kosovo Crisis |first1=Jasvir |last1=Singh |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2008 |access-date=12 January 2014 |page=150 |isbn=978-81-7142-701-7 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165827/https://books.google.com/books?id=pm-9_uxFw5UC&q=Bush+UN+ineffective%2C+irrelevant+debating+society&pg=PA150 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqiHRA8RAMkC&q=Bush+UN+ineffective,+irrelevant+debating+society&pg=PT489 |title=Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of Universal Justice |first1=Roger |last1=Normand |first2=Sarah |last2=Zaidi |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |page=455 |year= 2003 |access-date=12 January 2014 |isbn=978-0-253-00011-8 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165838/https://books.google.com/books?id=rqiHRA8RAMkC&q=Bush+UN+ineffective%2C+irrelevant+debating+society&pg=PT489 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
In 2020, former American President [[Barack Obama]], in his memoir ''[[A Promised Land]]'' noted, "In the middle of the [[Cold War]], the chances of reaching any consensus had been slim, which is why the UN had stood idle as [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary]] or [[Vietnam War|U.S. planes dropped napalm on the Vietnamese countryside]]. Even after the Cold War, divisions within the Security Council continued to hamstring the UN's ability to tackle problems. Its member states lacked either the means or the collective will to reconstruct failing states like Somalia, or prevent an ethnic slaughter in places like Sri Lanka."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/un-failed-prevent-ethnic-slaughter-sri-lanka-barack-obama |title=UN failed to prevent 'ethnic slaughter in Sri Lanka' – Barack Obama |newspaper=[[Tamil Guardian]] |date=22 November 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308191611/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/un-failed-prevent-ethnic-slaughter-sri-lanka-barack-obama |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/sunday-times-sri-lanka/20201129/281702617274536 |title=Obama's best seller refers to 'ethnic slaughter in SL' |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]] |date=29 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312014934/https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/sunday-times-sri-lanka/20201129/281702617274536 |url-status=live}}</ref> | In 2020, former American President [[Barack Obama]], in his memoir ''[[A Promised Land]]'' noted, "In the middle of the [[Cold War]], the chances of reaching any consensus had been slim, which is why the UN had stood idle as [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary]] or [[Vietnam War|U.S. planes dropped napalm on the Vietnamese countryside]]. Even after the Cold War, divisions within the Security Council continued to hamstring the UN's ability to tackle problems. Its member states lacked either the means or the collective will to reconstruct failing states like Somalia, or prevent an ethnic slaughter in places like Sri Lanka."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/un-failed-prevent-ethnic-slaughter-sri-lanka-barack-obama |title=UN failed to prevent 'ethnic slaughter in Sri Lanka' – Barack Obama |newspaper=[[Tamil Guardian]] |date=22 November 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308191611/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/un-failed-prevent-ethnic-slaughter-sri-lanka-barack-obama |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/sunday-times-sri-lanka/20201129/281702617274536 |title=Obama's best seller refers to 'ethnic slaughter in SL' |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]] |date=29 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312014934/https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/sunday-times-sri-lanka/20201129/281702617274536 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| Line 554: | Line 554: | ||
=== Independence === | === Independence === | ||
Throughout the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union repeatedly accused the UN of favouring the other. In 1950, the Soviet Union boycotted the organization in protest to [[China and the United Nations|China's seat at the UN Security Council]] being given to the anti-communist [[Taiwan|Republic of China]]. Three years later, the Soviets effectively forced the resignation of UN Secretary-General [[Trygve Lie]] by refusing to acknowledge his administration due to his support of the | Throughout the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union repeatedly accused the UN of favouring the other. In 1950, the Soviet Union boycotted the organization in protest to [[China and the United Nations|China's seat at the UN Security Council]] being given to the anti-communist [[Taiwan|Republic of China]]. Three years later, the Soviets effectively forced the resignation of UN Secretary-General [[Trygve Lie]] by refusing to acknowledge his administration due to his support of the Korean War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Husen |first=Van |date=2010 |title=The Encyclopedia of the Korean War: A Political, Social, and Military History |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |pages=504–506 |isbn=978-1-85109-849-1}}</ref> | ||
Ironically, the United States had simultaneously scrutinized the UN for employing communists and Soviet sympathizers, following a high-profile accusation that [[Alger Hiss]], an American who had taken part in the establishment of the UN, had been a Soviet spy. American Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed that the [[United Nations Secretariat|UN Secretariat]] under Secretary-General Lie harboured American communists, leading to further pressure that the UN chief resign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2019 |title=Character Sketches: Trygve Lie by Brian Urquhart |url=https://news.un.org/en/spotlight/character-sketches-trygve-lie-brian-urquhart |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=UN News |publisher=[[United Nations]] |language=en |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729215010/https://news.un.org/en/spotlight/character-sketches-trygve-lie-brian-urquhart |url-status=live}}</ref> The United States saw nascent opposition to the UN in the 1960s, particularly amongst conservatives, with groups such as the [[John Birch Society]] stating that the organization was an instrument for communism.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 20, 1964 |title=Sponsor Shrugs at Criticism of U.N. TV Series |page=5F |work=[[Lincoln Journal Star|Lincoln Star]] |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-lincoln-star-sponsor-shrugs-at-criti/138008096/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104043139/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-lincoln-star-sponsor-shrugs-at-criti/138008096/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Popular opposition to the UN was expressed through bumper stickers and signs with slogans such as "Get the U.S. out of the U.N. and the U.N. out of the U.S.!" and "You can't spell communism without U.N."{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=72–73, 82}} | Ironically, the United States had simultaneously scrutinized the UN for employing communists and Soviet sympathizers, following a high-profile accusation that [[Alger Hiss]], an American who had taken part in the establishment of the UN, had been a Soviet spy. American Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed that the [[United Nations Secretariat|UN Secretariat]] under Secretary-General Lie harboured American communists, leading to further pressure that the UN chief resign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2019 |title=Character Sketches: Trygve Lie by Brian Urquhart |url=https://news.un.org/en/spotlight/character-sketches-trygve-lie-brian-urquhart |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=UN News |publisher=[[United Nations]] |language=en |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729215010/https://news.un.org/en/spotlight/character-sketches-trygve-lie-brian-urquhart |url-status=live}}</ref> The United States saw nascent opposition to the UN in the 1960s, particularly amongst conservatives, with groups such as the [[John Birch Society]] stating that the organization was an instrument for communism.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 20, 1964 |title=Sponsor Shrugs at Criticism of U.N. TV Series |page=5F |work=[[Lincoln Journal Star|Lincoln Star]] |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-lincoln-star-sponsor-shrugs-at-criti/138008096/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104043139/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-lincoln-star-sponsor-shrugs-at-criti/138008096/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Popular opposition to the UN was expressed through bumper stickers and signs with slogans such as "Get the U.S. out of the U.N. and the U.N. out of the U.S.!" and "You can't spell communism without U.N."{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=72–73, 82}} | ||
| Line 569: | Line 569: | ||
* For Dershowitz, see [[Alan Dershowitz|Dershowitz, Alan]]. ''[[The Case for Peace]]: How the Arab-Israeli Conflict Can Be Resolved''. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. | * For Dershowitz, see [[Alan Dershowitz|Dershowitz, Alan]]. ''[[The Case for Peace]]: How the Arab-Israeli Conflict Can Be Resolved''. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. | ||
* For Dreyfus, see [http://jta.org/news/article/2009/07/08/1006396/dont-be-lynch-mob-lawyers-urge-un#When:14:22:00Z "Don't be lynch mob, lawyers urge U.N.."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910130332/http://jta.org/news/article/2009/07/08/1006396/dont-be-lynch-mob-lawyers-urge-un#When:14:22:00Z|date=10 September 2012}} ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA]]''. 8 July 2009. | * For Dreyfus, see [http://jta.org/news/article/2009/07/08/1006396/dont-be-lynch-mob-lawyers-urge-un#When:14:22:00Z "Don't be lynch mob, lawyers urge U.N.."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910130332/http://jta.org/news/article/2009/07/08/1006396/dont-be-lynch-mob-lawyers-urge-un#When:14:22:00Z|date=10 September 2012}} ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA]]''. 8 July 2009. | ||
* For Anti-Defamation League, see [http://www.adl.org/PresRele/UnitedNations_94/5443_94.htm "ADL: UN Human Rights Council Resolution Reveals 'Cancerous Bias' Against Israel."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102134316/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/UnitedNations_94/5443_94.htm|date=2 November 2012}} ADL. 7 July 2009.</ref> In September 2015, [[Saudi Arabia]]'s Faisal bin Hassan Trad was elected chair of an advisory committee in the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|UN Human Rights Council]],<ref>Osborne, Samuel (30 September 2015), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/uk-and-saudi-arabia-made-secret-deal-to-exchange-votes-for-human-rights-council-seats-leaked-a6673491.html "UK helped Saudi Arabia get UN human rights role through 'secret deal' to exchange votes, leaked documents suggest"]. ''[[The Independent]]''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903013447/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/uk-and-saudi-arabia-made-secret-deal-to-exchange-votes-for-human-rights-council-seats-leaked-a6673491.html |date=3 September 2017 }}.</ref> a move criticized by the [[UN Watch]].<ref>Moore, Jack (21 September 2915), [https://news.yahoo.com/u-n-watchdog-slams-scandalous-160650242.html "U.N. Watchdog Slams 'Scandalous' Choice of Saudi Arabia to Head Human Rights Panel"]. Yahoo News. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055130/http://news.yahoo.com/u-n-watchdog-slams-scandalous-160650242.html|date=4 March 2016}}.</ref> The UNHRC has likewise been accused of anti-Israel bias by Ex-President of the United States | * For Anti-Defamation League, see [http://www.adl.org/PresRele/UnitedNations_94/5443_94.htm "ADL: UN Human Rights Council Resolution Reveals 'Cancerous Bias' Against Israel."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102134316/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/UnitedNations_94/5443_94.htm|date=2 November 2012}} ADL. 7 July 2009.</ref> In September 2015, [[Saudi Arabia]]'s Faisal bin Hassan Trad was elected chair of an advisory committee in the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|UN Human Rights Council]],<ref>Osborne, Samuel (30 September 2015), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/uk-and-saudi-arabia-made-secret-deal-to-exchange-votes-for-human-rights-council-seats-leaked-a6673491.html "UK helped Saudi Arabia get UN human rights role through 'secret deal' to exchange votes, leaked documents suggest"]. ''[[The Independent]]''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903013447/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/uk-and-saudi-arabia-made-secret-deal-to-exchange-votes-for-human-rights-council-seats-leaked-a6673491.html |date=3 September 2017 }}.</ref> a move criticized by the [[UN Watch]].<ref>Moore, Jack (21 September 2915), [https://news.yahoo.com/u-n-watchdog-slams-scandalous-160650242.html "U.N. Watchdog Slams 'Scandalous' Choice of Saudi Arabia to Head Human Rights Panel"]. Yahoo News. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055130/http://news.yahoo.com/u-n-watchdog-slams-scandalous-160650242.html|date=4 March 2016}}.</ref> The UNHRC has likewise been accused of anti-Israel bias by Ex-President of the United States George W. Bush, who complained that the Council focused too much attention on Israel and not enough on countries such as Cuba, Venezuela, North Korea and Iran.<ref>[http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Human_Rights_Council_president_wants_reform.html?cid=6171460 "Human Rights Council president wants reform"], SwissInfo, 29 September 2007. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811002555/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Human_Rights_Council_president_wants_reform.html?cid=6171460 |date=11 August 2011 }}.</ref> | ||
American [[State legislature (United States)|state lawmakers]] have proposed legislation to block various UN programs deemed to threaten U.S. sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Satija |first1=Neena |last2=McCrimmon |first2=Ryan |title=Conservative Lawmakers Target United Nations |work=[[The Texas Tribune]] |date=February 26, 2015 |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2015/02/26/conservative-lawmakers-continue-assault-un/ |access-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122224428/https://www.texastribune.org/2015/02/26/conservative-lawmakers-continue-assault-un/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, [[Tennessee]] enacted legislation to block the implementation of programs "originating in, or traceable to, the United Nations or a subsidiary entity of the United Nations," including [[Agenda 21]] and [[Sustainable Development Goals|the 2030 Agenda]].<ref>{{cite web |title=State of Tennessee Public Chapter No. 479 |url=https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/113/pub/pc0479.pdf |website=Tennessee Secretary of State |access-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120000913/https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/113/pub/pc0479.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Kevin |title=Inside the Tennessee legislature, where a GOP supermajority reigns |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 15, 2023 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/05/15/inside-tennessee-legislature-where-gop-supermajority-reigns/ |access-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529075221/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/05/15/inside-tennessee-legislature-where-gop-supermajority-reigns/ |url-status=live}}</ref> | American [[State legislature (United States)|state lawmakers]] have proposed legislation to block various UN programs deemed to threaten U.S. sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Satija |first1=Neena |last2=McCrimmon |first2=Ryan |title=Conservative Lawmakers Target United Nations |work=[[The Texas Tribune]] |date=February 26, 2015 |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2015/02/26/conservative-lawmakers-continue-assault-un/ |access-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122224428/https://www.texastribune.org/2015/02/26/conservative-lawmakers-continue-assault-un/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, [[Tennessee]] enacted legislation to block the implementation of programs "originating in, or traceable to, the United Nations or a subsidiary entity of the United Nations," including [[Agenda 21]] and [[Sustainable Development Goals|the 2030 Agenda]].<ref>{{cite web |title=State of Tennessee Public Chapter No. 479 |url=https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/113/pub/pc0479.pdf |website=Tennessee Secretary of State |access-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120000913/https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/113/pub/pc0479.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Kevin |title=Inside the Tennessee legislature, where a GOP supermajority reigns |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 15, 2023 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/05/15/inside-tennessee-legislature-where-gop-supermajority-reigns/ |access-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529075221/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/05/15/inside-tennessee-legislature-where-gop-supermajority-reigns/ |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||