USApedia

NASA: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

NASA (view source)

Revision as of 22:10, 14 March 2025

673 bytes added ,  14 March
m
Text replacement - "Soviet Union" to "Soviet Union"
VisualWikitext
m (1 revision imported)
m (Text replacement - "Soviet Union" to "Soviet Union")
 
(6 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|American space and aeronautics agency}}
{{Short description|American space and aeronautics agency}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Organization
{{pp-move}}
|OrganizationName= NASA
{{pp|small=yes}}
|OrganizationType= Independent Agencies
{{Use American English|date=July 2015}}
|Mission= To pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery, and aeronautics research, pushing the boundaries of human knowledge and technology. NASA's objective is to explore, discover, and expand our understanding of Earth, the solar system, and the universe beyond.
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
|OrganizationExecutive= Administrator
|Employees= 17300
|Budget= Approximately $25.4 billion (fiscal year 2025)
|Website=https://www.nasa.gov/
|Services= Space Exploration; Aeronautics Research; Earth Science; Education Outreach; Satellite Operations
|ParentOrganization=
|CreationLegislation= National Aeronautics and Space Act, July 29, 1958
|Regulations=
|HeadquartersLocation= 38.8984, -77.0093
|HeadquartersAddress= 300 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20546, USA
}}
{{Infobox space agency
{{Infobox space agency
| name            = National Aeronautics and Space Administration
| name            = National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Line 85: Line 95:
The [[Ranger Program]] was started in the 1950s as a response to Soviet lunar exploration, however most missions ended in failure. The [[Lunar Orbiter program]] had greater success, mapping the surface in preparation for Apollo landings and measured [[Selenography]], conducted meteoroid detection, and measured radiation levels. The [[Surveyor program]] conducted uncrewed lunar landings and takeoffs, as well as taking surface and regolith observations.<ref name="auto" /> Despite the setback caused by the [[Apollo 1|Apollo{{nbsp}}1]] fire, which killed three astronauts, the program proceeded.
The [[Ranger Program]] was started in the 1950s as a response to Soviet lunar exploration, however most missions ended in failure. The [[Lunar Orbiter program]] had greater success, mapping the surface in preparation for Apollo landings and measured [[Selenography]], conducted meteoroid detection, and measured radiation levels. The [[Surveyor program]] conducted uncrewed lunar landings and takeoffs, as well as taking surface and regolith observations.<ref name="auto" /> Despite the setback caused by the [[Apollo 1|Apollo{{nbsp}}1]] fire, which killed three astronauts, the program proceeded.


[[Apollo 8|Apollo{{nbsp}}8]] was the first crewed [[spacecraft]] to leave [[low Earth orbit]] and the first [[human spaceflight]] to reach the [[Moon]]. The crew orbited the Moon ten times on December{{nbsp}}24 and{{nbsp}}25, 1968, and then traveled safely back to [[Earth]].<ref name="NYT-20181221">{{Cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |date=December 21, 2018 |title=Apollo 8's Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World – Half a century ago today, a photograph from the moon helped humans rediscover Earth. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |url-access=limited |access-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181224a">{{Cite news |last1=Boulton |first1=Matthew Myer |last2=Heithaus |first2=Joseph |date=December 24, 2018 |title=We Are All Riders on the Same Planet – Seen from space 50 years ago, Earth appeared as a gift to preserve and cherish. What happened? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |url-access=limited |access-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181224b">{{Cite news |last=Widmer |first=Ted |date=December 24, 2018 |title=What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like? – For millenniums, humans have tried to imagine the world in space. Fifty years ago, we finally saw it. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |url-access=limited |access-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The three Apollo{{nbsp}}8 astronauts—[[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|James Lovell]], and [[William Anders]]—were the first humans to see the Earth as a globe in space, the first to witness an [[Earthrise]], and the first to see and manually photograph the far side of the Moon.
[[Apollo 8|Apollo{{nbsp}}8]] was the first crewed [[spacecraft]] to leave [[low Earth orbit]] and the first [[human spaceflight]] to reach the [[Moon]]. The crew orbited the Moon ten times on December{{nbsp}}24 and{{nbsp}}25, 1968, and then traveled safely back to [[Earth]].<ref name="NYT-20181221">{{Cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |date=December 21, 2018 |title=Apollo 8's Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World – Half a century ago today, a photograph from the moon helped humans rediscover Earth. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |url-access=limited |access-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181224a">{{Cite news |last1=Boulton |first1=Matthew Myer |last2=Heithaus |first2=Joseph |date=December 24, 2018 |title=We Are All Riders on the Same Planet – Seen from space 50 years ago, Earth appeared as a gift to preserve and cherish. What happened? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |url-access=limited |access-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181224b">{{Cite news |last=Widmer |first=Ted |date=December 24, 2018 |title=What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like? – For millenniums, humans have tried to imagine the world in space. Fifty years ago, we finally saw it. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |url-access=limited |access-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The three Apollo{{nbsp}}8 astronauts—[[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|James Lovell]], and [[William Anders]]—were the first humans to see the Earth as a globe in space, the first to witness an [[Earthrise]], and the first to see and manually photograph the far side of the Moon.


The first lunar landing was conducted by Apollo{{nbsp}}11. Commanded by [[Neil Armstrong]] with astronauts [[Buzz Aldrin]] and [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], Apollo{{nbsp}}11 was one of the most significant missions in NASA's history, marking the end of the [[Space Race]] when the [[Soviet Union]] gave up its lunar ambitions. As the first human to step on the surface of the Moon, Neil Armstrong uttered the now famous words:
The first lunar landing was conducted by Apollo{{nbsp}}11. Commanded by [[Neil Armstrong]] with astronauts [[Buzz Aldrin]] and [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], Apollo{{nbsp}}11 was one of the most significant missions in NASA's history, marking the end of the [[Space Race]] when the Soviet Union gave up its lunar ambitions. As the first human to step on the surface of the Moon, Neil Armstrong uttered the now famous words:


{{blockquote|That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.}}
{{blockquote|That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.}}
Line 139: Line 149:
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation and United States initiated the [[Shuttle–Mir program|Shuttle-''Mir'' program]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 1994 |title=NASA and Russian space agency agree additional space shuttle/MIR missions |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-8732(94)90049-3 |journal=COSPAR Information Bulletin |volume=1994 |issue=129 |pages=37–38 |doi=10.1016/0045-8732(94)90049-3 |bibcode=1994CIBu..129S..37. |issn=0045-8732}}</ref> The first Russian cosmonaut flew on the [[STS-60]] mission in 1994 and the ''Discovery'' rendezvoused, but did not dock with, the Russian ''[[Mir]]'' in the [[STS-63]] mission. This was followed by ''Atlantis''' [[STS-71]] mission where it accomplished the initial intended mission for the Space Shuttle, docking with a space station and transferring supplies and personnel. The Shuttle-''Mir'' program would continue until 1998, when a series of orbital accidents on the space station spelled an end to the program.<ref name="auto" />
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation and United States initiated the [[Shuttle–Mir program|Shuttle-''Mir'' program]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 1994 |title=NASA and Russian space agency agree additional space shuttle/MIR missions |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-8732(94)90049-3 |journal=COSPAR Information Bulletin |volume=1994 |issue=129 |pages=37–38 |doi=10.1016/0045-8732(94)90049-3 |bibcode=1994CIBu..129S..37. |issn=0045-8732}}</ref> The first Russian cosmonaut flew on the [[STS-60]] mission in 1994 and the ''Discovery'' rendezvoused, but did not dock with, the Russian ''[[Mir]]'' in the [[STS-63]] mission. This was followed by ''Atlantis''' [[STS-71]] mission where it accomplished the initial intended mission for the Space Shuttle, docking with a space station and transferring supplies and personnel. The Shuttle-''Mir'' program would continue until 1998, when a series of orbital accidents on the space station spelled an end to the program.<ref name="auto" />


In 2003, a second space shuttle was destroyed when the ''Columbia'' was [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|destroyed]] upon reentry during the [[STS-107]] mission, resulting in the loss of the spacecraft and all seven astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wattles |first=Jackie |date=2024-04-13 |title=How the Columbia disaster changed the future of spaceflight |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/13/world/columbia-space-shuttle-disaster-nasa-scn/index.html |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> This accident marked the beginning of the retiring of the Space Shuttle program, with President [[George W. Bush]] directing that upon the completion of the International Space Station, the space shuttle be retired. In 2006, the Space Shuttle returned to flight, conducting several mission to service the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], but was retired following the [[STS-135]] resupply mission to the International Space Station in 2011.
In 2003, a second space shuttle was destroyed when the ''Columbia'' was [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|destroyed]] upon reentry during the [[STS-107]] mission, resulting in the loss of the spacecraft and all seven astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wattles |first=Jackie |date=2024-04-13 |title=How the Columbia disaster changed the future of spaceflight |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/13/world/columbia-space-shuttle-disaster-nasa-scn/index.html |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> This accident marked the beginning of the retiring of the Space Shuttle program, with President George W. Bush directing that upon the completion of the International Space Station, the space shuttle be retired. In 2006, the Space Shuttle returned to flight, conducting several mission to service the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], but was retired following the [[STS-135]] resupply mission to the International Space Station in 2011.


=== Space stations ===
=== Space stations ===
Line 599: Line 609:
|-
|-
|[[Johnson Space Center]]
|[[Johnson Space Center]]
|[[Houston]], Texas
|Houston, Texas
|Vanessa E. Wyche<ref>{{cite news |last=Hagerty |first=Michael |title=Vanessa Wyche Takes The Helm At NASA's Johnson Space Center |url=https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/shows/houston-matters/2021/08/26/406823/vanessa-wyche-takes-the-helm-at-nasas-johnson-space-center-aug-26-2021/ |work=Houston Public Media |date=August 26, 2021 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-date=September 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907060213/https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/shows/houston-matters/2021/08/26/406823/vanessa-wyche-takes-the-helm-at-nasas-johnson-space-center-aug-26-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Vanessa E. Wyche<ref>{{cite news |last=Hagerty |first=Michael |title=Vanessa Wyche Takes The Helm At NASA's Johnson Space Center |url=https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/shows/houston-matters/2021/08/26/406823/vanessa-wyche-takes-the-helm-at-nasas-johnson-space-center-aug-26-2021/ |work=Houston Public Media |date=August 26, 2021 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-date=September 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907060213/https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/shows/houston-matters/2021/08/26/406823/vanessa-wyche-takes-the-helm-at-nasas-johnson-space-center-aug-26-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 778: Line 788:
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-NASA.ogg|date=September 1, 2005}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-NASA.ogg|date=September 1, 2005}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{Official website}}
** [https://www.nasa.gov/offices/nesc/home/index.html NASA Engineering and Safety Center]
[https://www.nasa.gov/offices/nesc/home/index.html NASA Engineering and Safety Center]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20000302040519/http://history.nasa.gov/ NASA History Division] (archived March 2, 2000)
[https://web.archive.org/web/20000302040519/http://history.nasa.gov/ NASA History Division] (archived March 2, 2000)
** [https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/thismonth/this_month_main.html Monthly look at Exploration events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308184001/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/thismonth/this_month_main.html |date=March 8, 2021 }}
[https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/thismonth/this_month_main.html Monthly look at Exploration events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308184001/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/thismonth/this_month_main.html |date=March 8, 2021 }}
** [https://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NODIS: NASA Online Directives Information System]
[https://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NODIS: NASA Online Directives Information System]
** [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/ NTRS: NASA Technical Reports Server]
[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/ NTRS: NASA Technical Reports Server]
** [https://history.nasa.gov/launiuspharticle.pdf NASA History and the Challenge of Keeping the Contemporary Past]
[https://history.nasa.gov/launiuspharticle.pdf NASA History and the Challenge of Keeping the Contemporary Past]
** [https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/podcasting/ NASA podcasts]
[https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/podcasting/ NASA podcasts]
* [http://www.nasawatch.com/ NASA Watch, an agency watchdog site]
* [http://www.nasawatch.com/ NASA Watch, an agency watchdog site]
* {{Internet Archive author |search=("National Aeronautics and Space Administration" OR "NASA")}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=("National Aeronautics and Space Administration" OR "NASA")}}
Retrieved from ‘https://openusaproject.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/9357...31737’