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National Cooperative Soil Survey: Difference between revisions
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In 1933 [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] created the Soil Erosion Service under the Department of the Interior. Hugh Hammond Bennett, after a 30-year career with the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, was first chief and within 2 years the Soil Erosion Service moved to Department of Agriculture as the Soil Conservation Service. The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) ended up with much of the budget and soils personnel of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, but did not support the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils approach to soil survey. | In 1933 [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] created the Soil Erosion Service under the Department of the Interior. Hugh Hammond Bennett, after a 30-year career with the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, was first chief and within 2 years the Soil Erosion Service moved to Department of Agriculture as the Soil Conservation Service. The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) ended up with much of the budget and soils personnel of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, but did not support the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils approach to soil survey. | ||
The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) pushed farm by farm surveys using a utilitarian legend. The symbol indicated the soil properties. These symbols and surveys continued until the 1970s. Conflict existed between the SCS and the other partners within the NCSS during the 20 years from 1933 to 1952. Marbut did not feel that [[soil erosion]] threatened the food supply of the United States and wrote that to the National Academy of Science, in direct opposition to Bennett. Marbut died in 1935 on a trip to | The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) pushed farm by farm surveys using a utilitarian legend. The symbol indicated the soil properties. These symbols and surveys continued until the 1970s. Conflict existed between the SCS and the other partners within the NCSS during the 20 years from 1933 to 1952. Marbut did not feel that [[soil erosion]] threatened the food supply of the United States and wrote that to the National Academy of Science, in direct opposition to Bennett. Marbut died in 1935 on a trip to China. [[Charles Kellogg (professor of soil science)|Charles Kellogg]], a professor of soil science at [[North Dakota State University]], became the new Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. He produced the Soil Survey Manual of 1937 that gave direction on the procedure for soil survey to be used by both Bureau of Chemistry and Soils and SCS soil surveys.<ref>{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NSSC/NCSS/History/history.ppt | title = History of Soil Survey | format = MSPowerPoint | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] – [[Natural Resources Conservation Service]] | accessdate = 2006-06-30 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | ||
During the [[Great Depression]], the soil survey efforts slowed. The Bureau continued it soil survey efforts but with reduced funding. The SCS was put in charge of the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] (CCC) involving a massive workforce to build terraces and other demonstrations on agricultural lands. As a result, highly specialized studies, such as soil surveys, were limited. In 1942, the CCC was disbanded and SCS revived its soil survey efforts | During the [[Great Depression]], the soil survey efforts slowed. The Bureau continued it soil survey efforts but with reduced funding. The SCS was put in charge of the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] (CCC) involving a massive workforce to build terraces and other demonstrations on agricultural lands. As a result, highly specialized studies, such as soil surveys, were limited. In 1942, the CCC was disbanded and SCS revived its soil survey efforts | ||
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In 1951, the SCS developed the Land Capability System. By using factors such as flooding frequency, slope, rockiness and clay or sand content, the best use for the soil can be estimated. National Cooperative Soil Survey standards assure the soil survey data is consistent with the Land Capability Classification System.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dnr.missouri.gov/magazine/2002-03_winter/Soilsurvey.htm | title = Missouri's Soil Survey: 100 Years in the making | author = Georganne Bowman | author2 = Bill Pauls | publisher = Missouri Department of Natural Resources | date = May 11, 2006 | accessdate = 2006-07-01 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20041201003942/http://www.dnr.missouri.gov/magazine/2002-03_winter/Soilsurvey.htm | archivedate = December 1, 2004 }}</ref> | In 1951, the SCS developed the Land Capability System. By using factors such as flooding frequency, slope, rockiness and clay or sand content, the best use for the soil can be estimated. National Cooperative Soil Survey standards assure the soil survey data is consistent with the Land Capability Classification System.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dnr.missouri.gov/magazine/2002-03_winter/Soilsurvey.htm | title = Missouri's Soil Survey: 100 Years in the making | author = Georganne Bowman | author2 = Bill Pauls | publisher = Missouri Department of Natural Resources | date = May 11, 2006 | accessdate = 2006-07-01 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20041201003942/http://www.dnr.missouri.gov/magazine/2002-03_winter/Soilsurvey.htm | archivedate = December 1, 2004 }}</ref> | ||
During the | During the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration much of the [[United States Department of Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] was reorganized. In 1952, all soil survey work by the USDA was consolidated and responsibility for Federal leadership in the National Cooperative Soil Survey partnership was given to the SCS. This included all mapping, classification, interpretation, laboratory services, map compilation and nationwide publication. The Bureau was then abolished and Kellogg became head of the USDA soil survey program. | ||
After being assigned the responsibility of the entire soil survey program, the SCS shifted from making individual conservation plan soil surveys and land use maps to making complete county soil surveys. This reorganization did not set well with some universities and individuals that had been involved in the soil survey program up to that point. From 1899 until this time a number of agencies, both state and federal, had financial support to perform soil survey work. The consolidation of soil survey activities (and funding) into the SCS program was a hard pill for many to swallow.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cropsoil.psu.edu/research/PDF/AS144.pdf | title = Pennsylvania Soil Survey: The First Hundred Years | author = Joseph J. Eckenrode |author2=Edward J. Ciolkosz | publisher = Pennsylvania State University | date = July 1999 | accessdate = 2006-07-01 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061024052242/http://cropsoil.psu.edu/research/PDF/AS144.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-10-24}}</ref> | After being assigned the responsibility of the entire soil survey program, the SCS shifted from making individual conservation plan soil surveys and land use maps to making complete county soil surveys. This reorganization did not set well with some universities and individuals that had been involved in the soil survey program up to that point. From 1899 until this time a number of agencies, both state and federal, had financial support to perform soil survey work. The consolidation of soil survey activities (and funding) into the SCS program was a hard pill for many to swallow.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cropsoil.psu.edu/research/PDF/AS144.pdf | title = Pennsylvania Soil Survey: The First Hundred Years | author = Joseph J. Eckenrode |author2=Edward J. Ciolkosz | publisher = Pennsylvania State University | date = July 1999 | accessdate = 2006-07-01 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061024052242/http://cropsoil.psu.edu/research/PDF/AS144.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-10-24}}</ref> | ||