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| coordinates = {{coord|38|54|12|N|77|0|26|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}} | | coordinates = {{coord|38|54|12|N|77|0|26|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}} | ||
| employees = 1,482 (2020) | | employees = 1,482 (2020) | ||
| budget = | | budget = US$388 million (FY 2022, requested) | ||
| chief1_name = [[Jessica Rosenworcel]] | | chief1_name = [[Jessica Rosenworcel]] | ||
| chief1_position = [[List of chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission|Chairwoman]] | | chief1_position = [[List of chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission|Chairwoman]] | ||
| Line 169: | Line 169: | ||
| [[Eugene O. Sykes]] | | [[Eugene O. Sykes]] | ||
| [[Mississippi]] | | [[Mississippi]] | ||
| {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic | ||
| Chairman | | Chairman | ||
| <ref>Commissioner from March 9, 1935</ref> | | <ref>Commissioner from March 9, 1935</ref> | ||
| Line 184: | Line 184: | ||
| [[Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)|Paul A. Walker]] | | [[Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)|Paul A. Walker]] | ||
| [[Oklahoma]] | | [[Oklahoma]] | ||
| {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic | ||
| Commissioner | | Commissioner | ||
| <ref>Acting Chairman Nov 3, 1947 – Dec 28, 1947, Chairman Feb 28, 1952 – Apr 17, 1953</ref> | | <ref>Acting Chairman Nov 3, 1947 – Dec 28, 1947, Chairman Feb 28, 1952 – Apr 17, 1953</ref> | ||
| Line 199: | Line 199: | ||
| [[Irvin Stewart]] | | [[Irvin Stewart]] | ||
| [[Texas]] | | [[Texas]] | ||
| {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic | ||
| colspan=2|Commissioner | | colspan=2|Commissioner | ||
| July 11, 1934 | | July 11, 1934 | ||
| Line 213: | Line 213: | ||
| [[Hampson Gary]] | | [[Hampson Gary]] | ||
| [[Texas]] | | [[Texas]] | ||
| {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic | ||
| colspan=2|Commissioner | | colspan=2|Commissioner | ||
| July 11, 1934 | | July 11, 1934 | ||
| Line 226: | Line 226: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Eugene Octave Sykes]] | | [[Eugene Octave Sykes]] | ||
| {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic | ||
| July 11, 1934 | | July 11, 1934 | ||
| April 5, 1939 | | April 5, 1939 | ||
| Line 232: | Line 232: | ||
| [[Thad H. Brown]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1940 | | [[Thad H. Brown]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1940 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)|Paul A. Walker]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)|Paul A. Walker]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1953 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Norman S. Case]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1937 | | [[Norman S. Case]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1937 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Irvin Stewart]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Irvin Stewart]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1937 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[George Henry Payne]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1943 | | [[George Henry Payne]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1943 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Hampson Gary]] || rowspan=7 {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Hampson Gary]] || rowspan=7 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || July 11, 1934 || January 1, 1935 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Anning Smith Prall]] || January 17, 1935 || July 23, 1937 | | [[Anning Smith Prall]] || January 17, 1935 || July 23, 1937 | ||
| Line 256: | Line 256: | ||
| [[Ray C. Wakefield]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || March 22, 1941 || June 30, 1947 | | [[Ray C. Wakefield]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || March 22, 1941 || June 30, 1947 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Clifford Durr]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Clifford Durr]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || November 1, 1941 || June 30, 1948 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[E. K. Jett]] || {{party shading/Independent (US)}}|[[Independent (US)|Independent]] || February 15, 1944 || December 31, 1947 | | [[E. K. Jett]] || {{party shading/Independent (US)}}|[[Independent (US)|Independent]] || February 15, 1944 || December 31, 1947 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Paul A. Porter]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Paul A. Porter]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || December 21, 1944 || February 25, 1946 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Charles R. Denny]] || March 30, 1945 || October 31, 1947 | | [[Charles R. Denny]] || March 30, 1945 || October 31, 1947 | ||
| Line 272: | Line 272: | ||
| [[Robert Franklin Jones]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || September 5, 1947 || September 19, 1952 | | [[Robert Franklin Jones]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || September 5, 1947 || September 19, 1952 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Wayne Coy]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Wayne Coy]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || December 29, 1947 || February 21, 1952 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[George E. Sterling]]|| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || January 2, 1948 || September 30, 1954 | | [[George E. Sterling]]|| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || January 2, 1948 || September 30, 1954 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Frieda B. Hennock]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Frieda B. Hennock]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || July 6, 1948 || June 30, 1955 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Robert T. Bartley]] || March 6, 1952 || June 30, 1972 | | [[Robert T. Bartley]] || March 6, 1952 || June 30, 1972 | ||
| Line 290: | Line 290: | ||
| [[Frederick W. Ford]] || August 29, 1957 || December 31, 1964 | | [[Frederick W. Ford]] || August 29, 1957 || December 31, 1964 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[John S. Cross]]|| {{party shading/Democratic}} | | | [[John S. Cross]]|| {{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic || May 23, 1958 || September 30, 1962 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Charles H. King]]|| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 19, 1960 || March 2, 1961 | | [[Charles H. King]]|| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 19, 1960 || March 2, 1961 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Newton N. Minow]] || rowspan=4 {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Newton N. Minow]] || rowspan=4 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || March 2, 1961 || June 1, 1963 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[E. William Henry]] || October 2, 1962 || May 1, 1966 | | [[E. William Henry]] || October 2, 1962 || May 1, 1966 | ||
| Line 304: | Line 304: | ||
| [[James Jeremiah Wadsworth]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 5, 1965 || October 31, 1969 | | [[James Jeremiah Wadsworth]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 5, 1965 || October 31, 1969 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Nicholas Johnson]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Nicholas Johnson]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || July 1, 1966 || December 5, 1973 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[H. Rex Lee]] || October 28, 1968 || December 5, 1973 | | [[H. Rex Lee]] || October 28, 1968 || December 5, 1973 | ||
| Line 318: | Line 318: | ||
| [[Richard E. Wiley]] || January 5, 1972 || October 13, 1977 | | [[Richard E. Wiley]] || January 5, 1972 || October 13, 1977 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Benjamin Hooks]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Benjamin Hooks]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || July 5, 1972 || July 25, 1977 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[James Henry Quello]] || April 30, 1974 || November 1, 1997 | | [[James Henry Quello]] || April 30, 1974 || November 1, 1997 | ||
| Line 326: | Line 326: | ||
| [[Abbott M. Washburn]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 10, 1974 || October 1, 1982 | | [[Abbott M. Washburn]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 10, 1974 || October 1, 1982 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Joseph R. Fogarty]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Joseph R. Fogarty]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || September 17, 1976 || June 30, 1983 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Margita White]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || September 23, 1976 || February 28, 1979 | | [[Margita White]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || September 23, 1976 || February 28, 1979 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Charles D. Ferris]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Charles D. Ferris]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || October 17, 1977 || April 10, 1981 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Tyrone Brown (lawyer)|Tyrone Brown]] || November 15, 1977 || January 31, 1981 | | [[Tyrone Brown (lawyer)|Tyrone Brown]] || November 15, 1977 || January 31, 1981 | ||
| Line 340: | Line 340: | ||
| [[Mimi Weyforth Dawson]] || July 6, 1981 || December 3, 1987 | | [[Mimi Weyforth Dawson]] || July 6, 1981 || December 3, 1987 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Henry M. Rivera]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Henry M. Rivera]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || August 10, 1981 || September 15, 1985 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Stephen A. Sharp]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || October 4, 1982 || June 30, 1983 | | [[Stephen A. Sharp]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || October 4, 1982 || June 30, 1983 | ||
| Line 346: | Line 346: | ||
| [[Dennis R. Patrick]] || December 2, 1983 || April 17, 1987 | | [[Dennis R. Patrick]] || December 2, 1983 || April 17, 1987 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Patricia Diaz Dennis]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Patricia Diaz Dennis]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || June 25, 1986 || September 29, 1989 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Alfred C. Sikes]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || August 8, 1989 || January 19, 1993 | | [[Alfred C. Sikes]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || August 8, 1989 || January 19, 1993 | ||
| Line 354: | Line 354: | ||
| [[Andrew C. Barrett]] || September 8, 1989 || March 30, 1996 | | [[Andrew C. Barrett]] || September 8, 1989 || March 30, 1996 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Ervin Duggan]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Ervin Duggan]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || February 28, 1990 || January 30, 1994 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Reed Hundt]] || November 29, 1993 || November 3, 1997 | | [[Reed Hundt]] || November 29, 1993 || November 3, 1997 | ||
| Line 362: | Line 362: | ||
| [[Rachelle B. Chong]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 23, 1994 || November 3, 1997 | | [[Rachelle B. Chong]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 23, 1994 || November 3, 1997 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[William Kennard]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[William Kennard]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || November 3, 1997 || January 19, 2001 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Harold W. Furchtgott-Roth]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || November 3, 1997 || May 30, 2001 | | [[Harold W. Furchtgott-Roth]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || November 3, 1997 || May 30, 2001 | ||
| Line 368: | Line 368: | ||
| [[Michael Powell (lobbyist)|Michael Powell]] || November 3, 1997 || March 17, 2005 | | [[Michael Powell (lobbyist)|Michael Powell]] || November 3, 1997 || March 17, 2005 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Gloria Tristani]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Gloria Tristani]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || November 3, 1997 || September 7, 2001 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Kathleen Q. Abernathy]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 31, 2001 || December 9, 2005 | | [[Kathleen Q. Abernathy]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 31, 2001 || December 9, 2005 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Michael Copps]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Michael Copps]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || May 31, 2001 || December 31, 2011 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Kevin Martin (FCC)|Kevin Martin]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 3, 2001 || January 19, 2009 | | [[Kevin Martin (FCC)|Kevin Martin]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 3, 2001 || January 19, 2009 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Jonathan Adelstein]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Jonathan Adelstein]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || December 3, 2002 || June 29, 2009 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Deborah Tate]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || January 3, 2006 || January 3, 2009 | | [[Deborah Tate]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || January 3, 2006 || January 3, 2009 | ||
| Line 382: | Line 382: | ||
| [[Robert M. McDowell]] || June 1, 2006 || May 17, 2013 | | [[Robert M. McDowell]] || June 1, 2006 || May 17, 2013 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Julius Genachowski]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Julius Genachowski]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || June 29, 2009 || May 17, 2013 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Meredith Attwell Baker]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 31, 2009 || June 3, 2011 | | [[Meredith Attwell Baker]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 31, 2009 || June 3, 2011 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Mignon Clyburn]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Mignon Clyburn]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || August 3, 2009 || June 6, 2018 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Jessica Rosenworcel]] || May 11, 2012 || Present | | [[Jessica Rosenworcel]] || May 11, 2012 || Present | ||
| Line 392: | Line 392: | ||
| [[Ajit Pai]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 14, 2012 || January 20, 2021 | | [[Ajit Pai]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 14, 2012 || January 20, 2021 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Tom Wheeler]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Tom Wheeler]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || November 4, 2013 || January 20, 2017 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Michael O'Rielly]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || November 4, 2013 || December 11, 2020 | | [[Michael O'Rielly]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || November 4, 2013 || December 11, 2020 | ||
| Line 398: | Line 398: | ||
| [[Brendan Carr (lawyer)|Brendan Carr]] || August 11, 2017 || Present | | [[Brendan Carr (lawyer)|Brendan Carr]] || August 11, 2017 || Present | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Geoffrey Starks]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Geoffrey Starks]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || January 30, 2019 || Present | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Nathan Simington]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || December 14, 2020 || Present | | [[Nathan Simington]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || December 14, 2020 || Present | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Anna M. Gomez]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}| | | [[Anna M. Gomez]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || September 25, 2023 || Present | ||
|} | |} | ||
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In terms of indecency fines, there was no action taken by the FCC on the case [[Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation|FCC v. Pacifica]] until 1987, about ten years after the [[landmark decision|landmark]] [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] decision that defined the power of the FCC over [[Inappropriateness|indecent]] material as applied to broadcasting.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bensky |first=Larry |title=Living Room : Interview With Comedian George Carlin |publisher=Pacifica Radio Archives |date=June 4, 1997 |url=http://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/pz031546 |access-date=February 18, 2014 |archive-date=February 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204034059/http://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/pz031546 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Bensky |first=Larry |title=PZ0624b Radical Comedians Box Set DISC TWO |publisher=Pacifica Radio Archives |date=June 4, 1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/Pz0624bRadicalComediansBoxSetDiscTwo |access-date = February 18, 2014}}</ref> | In terms of indecency fines, there was no action taken by the FCC on the case [[Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation|FCC v. Pacifica]] until 1987, about ten years after the [[landmark decision|landmark]] [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] decision that defined the power of the FCC over [[Inappropriateness|indecent]] material as applied to broadcasting.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bensky |first=Larry |title=Living Room : Interview With Comedian George Carlin |publisher=Pacifica Radio Archives |date=June 4, 1997 |url=http://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/pz031546 |access-date=February 18, 2014 |archive-date=February 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204034059/http://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/pz031546 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Bensky |first=Larry |title=PZ0624b Radical Comedians Box Set DISC TWO |publisher=Pacifica Radio Archives |date=June 4, 1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/Pz0624bRadicalComediansBoxSetDiscTwo |access-date = February 18, 2014}}</ref> | ||
After the 1990s had passed, the FCC began to increase its [[Censorship in the United States#Broadcast censorship|censorship and enforcement of indecency regulations]] in the early 2000s to include a response to the [[Janet Jackson]] "[[Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy|wardrobe malfunction]]" that occurred during the halftime show of [[Super Bowl XXXVIII]].<ref name="apologeticjackson">{{cite news |author=[[Nekesa Mumbi Moody]] |date=February 3, 2004 |title=Janet Jackson Apologizes for Bared Breast |agency= | After the 1990s had passed, the FCC began to increase its [[Censorship in the United States#Broadcast censorship|censorship and enforcement of indecency regulations]] in the early 2000s to include a response to the [[Janet Jackson]] "[[Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy|wardrobe malfunction]]" that occurred during the halftime show of [[Super Bowl XXXVIII]].<ref name="apologeticjackson">{{cite news |author=[[Nekesa Mumbi Moody]] |date=February 3, 2004 |title=Janet Jackson Apologizes for Bared Breast |agency=Associated Press |url=http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/S/SUPER_BOWL_JACKSON?SITE=MAHYC&SECTION=BUSINESS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203025228/http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/S/SUPER_BOWL_JACKSON?SITE=MAHYC&SECTION=BUSINESS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |archive-date=February 3, 2004}}</ref> | ||
Then on June 15, 2006, President | Then on June 15, 2006, President George W. Bush signed into law the [[Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005]] sponsored by then-Senator [[Sam Brownback]], a former broadcaster himself, and endorsed by [[Congress of the united States|Congressman]] [[Fred Upton]] of [[Michigan]] who authored a similar bill in the [[United States House of Representatives]]. The new law stiffens the penalties for each violation of the Act. The Federal Communications Commission will be able to impose fines in the amount of $325,000 for each violation by each station that violates decency standards. The legislation raised the fine ten times over the previous maximum of $32,500 per violation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060700287.html |title=The Price for On-Air Indecency Goes Up |last=Ahrens |first=Frank |date=June 8, 2006 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=June 27, 2009 |archive-date=September 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922210031/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060700287.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bill Number S. 193 |work=Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 (Introduced in Senate) from Congressional THOMAS DB |url=http://www.congress.org/congressorg/bill.xc?billnum=S.193&congress=109 |access-date=April 11, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050916182346/http://www.congress.org/congressorg/bill.xc?billnum=S.193&congress=109 |archive-date=September 16, 2005 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> | ||
===Media ownership=== | ===Media ownership=== | ||
edits