Federal Communications Commission: Difference between revisions

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| coordinates    = {{coord|38|54|12|N|77|0|26|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates    = {{coord|38|54|12|N|77|0|26|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}}
| employees      = 1,482 (2020)
| employees      = 1,482 (2020)
| budget          = [[United States dollar|US$]]388 million (FY 2022, requested)
| budget          = US$388 million (FY 2022, requested)
| chief1_name    = [[Jessica Rosenworcel]]
| chief1_name    = [[Jessica Rosenworcel]]
| chief1_position = [[List of chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission|Chairwoman]]
| chief1_position = [[List of chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission|Chairwoman]]
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| [[Eugene O. Sykes]]
| [[Eugene O. Sykes]]
| [[Mississippi]]
| [[Mississippi]]
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic
| Chairman
| Chairman
| <ref>Commissioner from March 9, 1935</ref>
| <ref>Commissioner from March 9, 1935</ref>
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| [[Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)|Paul A. Walker]]
| [[Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)|Paul A. Walker]]
| [[Oklahoma]]
| [[Oklahoma]]
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic
| Commissioner
| Commissioner
| <ref>Acting Chairman Nov 3, 1947 – Dec 28, 1947, Chairman Feb 28, 1952 – Apr 17, 1953</ref>
| <ref>Acting Chairman Nov 3, 1947 – Dec 28, 1947, Chairman Feb 28, 1952 – Apr 17, 1953</ref>
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| [[Irvin Stewart]]
| [[Irvin Stewart]]
| [[Texas]]
| [[Texas]]
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic
| colspan=2|Commissioner
| colspan=2|Commissioner
| July 11, 1934
| July 11, 1934
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| [[Hampson Gary]]
| [[Hampson Gary]]
| [[Texas]]
| [[Texas]]
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic
| colspan=2|Commissioner
| colspan=2|Commissioner
| July 11, 1934
| July 11, 1934
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|-
|-
| [[Eugene Octave Sykes]]
| [[Eugene Octave Sykes]]
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic
| July 11, 1934
| July 11, 1934
| April 5, 1939
| April 5, 1939
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| [[Thad H. Brown]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1940
| [[Thad H. Brown]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1940
|-
|-
| [[Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)|Paul A. Walker]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1953
| [[Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)|Paul A. Walker]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1953
|-
|-
| [[Norman S. Case]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1937
| [[Norman S. Case]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1937
|-
|-
| [[Irvin Stewart]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1937
| [[Irvin Stewart]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1937
|-
|-
| [[George Henry Payne]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1943
| [[George Henry Payne]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 11, 1934 || June 30, 1943
|-
|-
| [[Hampson Gary]] || rowspan=7 {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || July 11, 1934 || January 1, 1935
| [[Hampson Gary]] || rowspan=7 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || July 11, 1934 || January 1, 1935
|-
|-
| [[Anning Smith Prall]] || January 17, 1935 || July 23, 1937
| [[Anning Smith Prall]] || January 17, 1935 || July 23, 1937
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| [[Ray C. Wakefield]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || March 22, 1941 || June 30, 1947
| [[Ray C. Wakefield]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || March 22, 1941 || June 30, 1947
|-
|-
| [[Clifford Durr]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || November 1, 1941 || June 30, 1948
| [[Clifford Durr]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || November 1, 1941 || June 30, 1948
|-
|-
| [[E. K. Jett]] || {{party shading/Independent (US)}}|[[Independent (US)|Independent]] || February 15, 1944 || December 31, 1947
| [[E. K. Jett]] || {{party shading/Independent (US)}}|[[Independent (US)|Independent]] || February 15, 1944 || December 31, 1947
|-
|-
| [[Paul A. Porter]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || December 21, 1944 || February 25, 1946
| [[Paul A. Porter]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || December 21, 1944 || February 25, 1946
|-
|-
| [[Charles R. Denny]] || March 30, 1945 || October 31, 1947
| [[Charles R. Denny]] || March 30, 1945 || October 31, 1947
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| [[Robert Franklin Jones]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || September 5, 1947 || September 19, 1952
| [[Robert Franklin Jones]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || September 5, 1947 || September 19, 1952
|-
|-
| [[Wayne Coy]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || December 29, 1947 || February 21, 1952
| [[Wayne Coy]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || December 29, 1947 || February 21, 1952
|-
|-
| [[George E. Sterling]]|| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || January 2, 1948 || September 30, 1954
| [[George E. Sterling]]|| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || January 2, 1948 || September 30, 1954
|-
|-
| [[Frieda B. Hennock]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || July 6, 1948 || June 30, 1955
| [[Frieda B. Hennock]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || July 6, 1948 || June 30, 1955
|-
|-
| [[Robert T. Bartley]] || March 6, 1952 || June 30, 1972
| [[Robert T. Bartley]] || March 6, 1952 || June 30, 1972
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| [[Frederick W. Ford]] || August 29, 1957 || December 31, 1964
| [[Frederick W. Ford]] || August 29, 1957 || December 31, 1964
|-
|-
| [[John S. Cross]]|| {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || May 23, 1958 || September 30, 1962
| [[John S. Cross]]|| {{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic || May 23, 1958 || September 30, 1962
|-
|-
| [[Charles H. King]]|| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 19, 1960 || March 2, 1961
| [[Charles H. King]]|| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 19, 1960 || March 2, 1961
|-
|-
| [[Newton N. Minow]] || rowspan=4 {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || March 2, 1961 || June 1, 1963
| [[Newton N. Minow]] || rowspan=4 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || March 2, 1961 || June 1, 1963
|-
|-
| [[E. William Henry]] || October 2, 1962 || May 1, 1966
| [[E. William Henry]] || October 2, 1962 || May 1, 1966
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| [[James Jeremiah Wadsworth]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 5, 1965 || October 31, 1969
| [[James Jeremiah Wadsworth]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 5, 1965 || October 31, 1969
|-
|-
| [[Nicholas Johnson]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || July 1, 1966 || December 5, 1973  
| [[Nicholas Johnson]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || July 1, 1966 || December 5, 1973  
|-
|-
| [[H. Rex Lee]] || October 28, 1968 || December 5, 1973
| [[H. Rex Lee]] || October 28, 1968 || December 5, 1973
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| [[Richard E. Wiley]] || January 5, 1972 || October 13, 1977
| [[Richard E. Wiley]] || January 5, 1972 || October 13, 1977
|-
|-
| [[Benjamin Hooks]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || July 5, 1972 || July 25, 1977
| [[Benjamin Hooks]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || July 5, 1972 || July 25, 1977
|-
|-
| [[James Henry Quello]] || April 30, 1974 || November 1, 1997
| [[James Henry Quello]] || April 30, 1974 || November 1, 1997
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| [[Abbott M. Washburn]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 10, 1974 || October 1, 1982  
| [[Abbott M. Washburn]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 10, 1974 || October 1, 1982  
|-
|-
| [[Joseph R. Fogarty]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || September 17, 1976 || June 30, 1983
| [[Joseph R. Fogarty]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || September 17, 1976 || June 30, 1983
|-
|-
| [[Margita White]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || September 23, 1976 || February 28, 1979  
| [[Margita White]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || September 23, 1976 || February 28, 1979  
|-
|-
| [[Charles D. Ferris]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || October 17, 1977 || April 10, 1981
| [[Charles D. Ferris]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || October 17, 1977 || April 10, 1981
|-
|-
| [[Tyrone Brown (lawyer)|Tyrone Brown]] || November 15, 1977 || January 31, 1981
| [[Tyrone Brown (lawyer)|Tyrone Brown]] || November 15, 1977 || January 31, 1981
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| [[Mimi Weyforth Dawson]] || July 6, 1981 || December 3, 1987
| [[Mimi Weyforth Dawson]] || July 6, 1981 || December 3, 1987
|-
|-
| [[Henry M. Rivera]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || August 10, 1981 || September 15, 1985
| [[Henry M. Rivera]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || August 10, 1981 || September 15, 1985
|-
|-
| [[Stephen A. Sharp]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || October 4, 1982 || June 30, 1983
| [[Stephen A. Sharp]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || October 4, 1982 || June 30, 1983
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| [[Dennis R. Patrick]] || December 2, 1983 || April 17, 1987
| [[Dennis R. Patrick]] || December 2, 1983 || April 17, 1987
|-
|-
| [[Patricia Diaz Dennis]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || June 25, 1986 || September 29, 1989  
| [[Patricia Diaz Dennis]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || June 25, 1986 || September 29, 1989  
|-
|-
| [[Alfred C. Sikes]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || August 8, 1989 || January 19, 1993
| [[Alfred C. Sikes]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || August 8, 1989 || January 19, 1993
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| [[Andrew C. Barrett]] || September 8, 1989 || March 30, 1996
| [[Andrew C. Barrett]] || September 8, 1989 || March 30, 1996
|-
|-
| [[Ervin Duggan]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || February 28, 1990 || January 30, 1994
| [[Ervin Duggan]] || rowspan=3 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || February 28, 1990 || January 30, 1994
|-
|-
| [[Reed Hundt]] || November 29, 1993 || November 3, 1997  
| [[Reed Hundt]] || November 29, 1993 || November 3, 1997  
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| [[Rachelle B. Chong]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 23, 1994 || November 3, 1997
| [[Rachelle B. Chong]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 23, 1994 || November 3, 1997
|-
|-
| [[William Kennard]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || November 3, 1997 || January 19, 2001
| [[William Kennard]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || November 3, 1997 || January 19, 2001
|-
|-
| [[Harold W. Furchtgott-Roth]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || November 3, 1997 || May 30, 2001
| [[Harold W. Furchtgott-Roth]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || November 3, 1997 || May 30, 2001
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| [[Michael Powell (lobbyist)|Michael Powell]] || November 3, 1997 || March 17, 2005
| [[Michael Powell (lobbyist)|Michael Powell]] || November 3, 1997 || March 17, 2005
|-
|-
| [[Gloria Tristani]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || November 3, 1997 || September 7, 2001
| [[Gloria Tristani]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || November 3, 1997 || September 7, 2001
|-
|-
| [[Kathleen Q. Abernathy]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 31, 2001 || December 9, 2005
| [[Kathleen Q. Abernathy]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 31, 2001 || December 9, 2005
|-
|-
| [[Michael Copps]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || May 31, 2001 || December 31, 2011
| [[Michael Copps]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || May 31, 2001 || December 31, 2011
|-
|-
| [[Kevin Martin (FCC)|Kevin Martin]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 3, 2001 || January 19, 2009  
| [[Kevin Martin (FCC)|Kevin Martin]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 3, 2001 || January 19, 2009  
|-
|-
| [[Jonathan Adelstein]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || December 3, 2002 || June 29, 2009
| [[Jonathan Adelstein]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || December 3, 2002 || June 29, 2009
|-
|-
| [[Deborah Tate]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || January 3, 2006 || January 3, 2009
| [[Deborah Tate]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || January 3, 2006 || January 3, 2009
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| [[Robert M. McDowell]] || June 1, 2006 || May 17, 2013
| [[Robert M. McDowell]] || June 1, 2006 || May 17, 2013
|-
|-
| [[Julius Genachowski]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || June 29, 2009 || May 17, 2013
| [[Julius Genachowski]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || June 29, 2009 || May 17, 2013
|-
|-
| [[Meredith Attwell Baker]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 31, 2009 || June 3, 2011
| [[Meredith Attwell Baker]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || July 31, 2009 || June 3, 2011
|-
|-
| [[Mignon Clyburn]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || August 3, 2009 || June 6, 2018
| [[Mignon Clyburn]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || August 3, 2009 || June 6, 2018
|-
|-
| [[Jessica Rosenworcel]] || May 11, 2012 || Present
| [[Jessica Rosenworcel]] || May 11, 2012 || Present
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| [[Ajit Pai]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 14, 2012 || January 20, 2021
| [[Ajit Pai]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || May 14, 2012 || January 20, 2021
|-
|-
| [[Tom Wheeler]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || November 4, 2013 || January 20, 2017
| [[Tom Wheeler]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || November 4, 2013 || January 20, 2017
|-
|-
| [[Michael O'Rielly]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || November 4, 2013 || December 11, 2020
| [[Michael O'Rielly]] || rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || November 4, 2013 || December 11, 2020
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| [[Brendan Carr (lawyer)|Brendan Carr]] || August 11, 2017 || Present
| [[Brendan Carr (lawyer)|Brendan Carr]] || August 11, 2017 || Present
|-
|-
| [[Geoffrey Starks]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || January 30, 2019 || Present
| [[Geoffrey Starks]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || January 30, 2019 || Present
|-
|-
| [[Nathan Simington]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || December 14, 2020 || Present
| [[Nathan Simington]] || {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || December 14, 2020 || Present
|-
|-
| [[Anna M. Gomez]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || September 25, 2023 || Present
| [[Anna M. Gomez]] || {{party shading/Democratic}}|Democratic || September 25, 2023 || Present
|}
|}


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In terms of indecency fines, there was no action taken by the FCC on the case [[Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation|FCC v. Pacifica]] until 1987, about ten years after the [[landmark decision|landmark]] [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] decision that defined the power of the FCC over [[Inappropriateness|indecent]] material as applied to broadcasting.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bensky |first=Larry |title=Living Room : Interview With Comedian George Carlin |publisher=Pacifica Radio Archives |date=June 4, 1997 |url=http://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/pz031546 |access-date=February 18, 2014 |archive-date=February 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204034059/http://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/pz031546 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Bensky |first=Larry |title=PZ0624b Radical Comedians Box Set DISC TWO |publisher=Pacifica Radio Archives |date=June 4, 1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/Pz0624bRadicalComediansBoxSetDiscTwo |access-date = February 18, 2014}}</ref>
In terms of indecency fines, there was no action taken by the FCC on the case [[Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation|FCC v. Pacifica]] until 1987, about ten years after the [[landmark decision|landmark]] [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] decision that defined the power of the FCC over [[Inappropriateness|indecent]] material as applied to broadcasting.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bensky |first=Larry |title=Living Room : Interview With Comedian George Carlin |publisher=Pacifica Radio Archives |date=June 4, 1997 |url=http://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/pz031546 |access-date=February 18, 2014 |archive-date=February 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204034059/http://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/pz031546 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Bensky |first=Larry |title=PZ0624b Radical Comedians Box Set DISC TWO |publisher=Pacifica Radio Archives |date=June 4, 1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/Pz0624bRadicalComediansBoxSetDiscTwo |access-date = February 18, 2014}}</ref>


After the 1990s had passed, the FCC began to increase its [[Censorship in the United States#Broadcast censorship|censorship and enforcement of indecency regulations]] in the early 2000s to include a response to the [[Janet Jackson]] "[[Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy|wardrobe malfunction]]" that occurred during the halftime show of [[Super Bowl XXXVIII]].<ref name="apologeticjackson">{{cite news |author=[[Nekesa Mumbi Moody]] |date=February 3, 2004 |title=Janet Jackson Apologizes for Bared Breast |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/S/SUPER_BOWL_JACKSON?SITE=MAHYC&SECTION=BUSINESS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203025228/http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/S/SUPER_BOWL_JACKSON?SITE=MAHYC&SECTION=BUSINESS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |archive-date=February 3, 2004}}</ref>
After the 1990s had passed, the FCC began to increase its [[Censorship in the United States#Broadcast censorship|censorship and enforcement of indecency regulations]] in the early 2000s to include a response to the [[Janet Jackson]] "[[Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy|wardrobe malfunction]]" that occurred during the halftime show of [[Super Bowl XXXVIII]].<ref name="apologeticjackson">{{cite news |author=[[Nekesa Mumbi Moody]] |date=February 3, 2004 |title=Janet Jackson Apologizes for Bared Breast |agency=Associated Press |url=http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/S/SUPER_BOWL_JACKSON?SITE=MAHYC&SECTION=BUSINESS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203025228/http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/S/SUPER_BOWL_JACKSON?SITE=MAHYC&SECTION=BUSINESS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |archive-date=February 3, 2004}}</ref>


Then on June 15, 2006, President [[George W. Bush]] signed into law the [[Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005]] sponsored by then-Senator [[Sam Brownback]], a former broadcaster himself, and endorsed by [[Congress of the united States|Congressman]] [[Fred Upton]] of [[Michigan]] who authored a similar bill in the [[United States House of Representatives]]. The new law stiffens the penalties for each violation of the Act. The Federal Communications Commission will be able to impose fines in the amount of $325,000 for each violation by each station that violates decency standards. The legislation raised the fine ten times over the previous maximum of $32,500 per violation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060700287.html |title=The Price for On-Air Indecency Goes Up |last=Ahrens |first=Frank |date=June 8, 2006 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=June 27, 2009 |archive-date=September 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922210031/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060700287.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bill Number S. 193 |work=Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 (Introduced in Senate) from Congressional THOMAS DB |url=http://www.congress.org/congressorg/bill.xc?billnum=S.193&congress=109 |access-date=April 11, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050916182346/http://www.congress.org/congressorg/bill.xc?billnum=S.193&congress=109 |archive-date=September 16, 2005 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
Then on June 15, 2006, President George W. Bush signed into law the [[Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005]] sponsored by then-Senator [[Sam Brownback]], a former broadcaster himself, and endorsed by [[Congress of the united States|Congressman]] [[Fred Upton]] of [[Michigan]] who authored a similar bill in the [[United States House of Representatives]]. The new law stiffens the penalties for each violation of the Act. The Federal Communications Commission will be able to impose fines in the amount of $325,000 for each violation by each station that violates decency standards. The legislation raised the fine ten times over the previous maximum of $32,500 per violation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060700287.html |title=The Price for On-Air Indecency Goes Up |last=Ahrens |first=Frank |date=June 8, 2006 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=June 27, 2009 |archive-date=September 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922210031/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060700287.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bill Number S. 193 |work=Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 (Introduced in Senate) from Congressional THOMAS DB |url=http://www.congress.org/congressorg/bill.xc?billnum=S.193&congress=109 |access-date=April 11, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050916182346/http://www.congress.org/congressorg/bill.xc?billnum=S.193&congress=109 |archive-date=September 16, 2005 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>


===Media ownership===
===Media ownership===