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{{Organization
|OrganizationName=Oak Ridge National Laboratory
|OrganizationType=Research and Development Agencies (Sub-organization)
|Mission=Oak Ridge National Laboratory conducts world-leading research to deliver scientific discoveries and technical breakthroughs in energy, national security, and environmental science, aiming to solve global challenges. It translates fundamental science into practical solutions that support the U.S. Department of Energy's missions.
|ParentOrganization=Office of Science
|TopOrganization=Department of Energy
|Employees=7000
|Budget=$2.4 billion (Fiscal Year 2024)
|OrganizationExecutive=Director
|Services=Energy research; National security; Materials science; Neutron science; High-performance computing
|HeadquartersLocation=35.9833, -84.22297
|HeadquartersAddress=1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
|Website=https://www.ornl.gov/
}}
{{Short description|Laboratory in Tennessee, United States}}
{{Short description|Laboratory in Tennessee, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox laboratory
|name            = Oak Ridge National Laboratory
|image            = Oak Ridge National Laboratory Aerial View.jpg
|caption          = Aerial view of ORNL's main campus in 2014
|motto            = "Solving Big Problems"<ref name="sbpbrochure">{{cite web |title=Solving Big Problems: Science and Technology at Oak Ridge National Laboratory |url=https://www.ornl.gov/sites/default/files/solving_big_problems_130514.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ornl.gov/sites/default/files/solving_big_problems_130514.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |website=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |access-date=February 19, 2022}}</ref>
|established      = {{Start date and age|1943}}
|type            = [[Multidisciplinary]]
|budget          = {{US$|2.4 billion}}
|research_field  = {{plainlist|
* [[Systems biology|Biology and Environment]]
* [[Clean energy|Clean Energy]]
* [[Materials science|Materials]]
* [[National security|National Security]]
* [[Nuclear power|Nuclear research]]
* [[Neutron scattering|Neutron Science]]
* [[Supercomputer|Supercomputing]]
}}
|director        = [[Stephen Streiffer]]
|faculty          =
|staff            = 5,700
|students        =
|alumni          =
|city            = [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]]
|state            = [[Tennessee]]
|country          = [[United States]]
|coordinates      = {{Coord|35.93|-84.31|region:US_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|location_map    = USA Tennessee
|campus          = ORNL occupies about {{convert|10000|acre|km2}} of the approximately {{convert|35000|acre|km2}} Oak Ridge Reservation
|affiliations    = [[United States Department of Energy]] (DOE)
|operating_agency = [[UT–Battelle]]
|nobel_laureates  = <!-- No. of Nobel Laureates for work done in lab -->
|website          = {{URL|ornl.gov}}
|logo            = Oak Ridge National Laboratory official logo.png
|footnotes      = <ref name="solving">{{cite web |title=Solving the big problems |url=https://www.ornl.gov/content/solving-big-problems |website=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |access-date=September 17, 2020}}</ref>
}}


'''Oak Ridge National Laboratory''' ('''ORNL''') is a [[federally funded research and development centers|federally funded research and development center]] in [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]], United States. Founded in 1943, the laboratory is now sponsored by the [[United States Department of Energy]] and administered by [[UT–Battelle|UT–Battelle, LLC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master Government List of Federally Funded R&D Centers {{!}} NCSES {{!}} NSF |url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/ffrdclist/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref>
'''Oak Ridge National Laboratory''' ('''ORNL''') is a [[federally funded research and development centers|federally funded research and development center]] in [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]], United States. Founded in 1943, the laboratory is now sponsored by the [[United States Department of Energy]] and administered by [[UT–Battelle|UT–Battelle, LLC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master Government List of Federally Funded R&D Centers {{!}} NCSES {{!}} NSF |url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/ffrdclist/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref>
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[[File:MSRE Core.JPG|thumb|The core of the [[Molten Salt Reactor Experiment]]]]
[[File:MSRE Core.JPG|thumb|The core of the [[Molten Salt Reactor Experiment]]]]


In 1950 the [[Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technology]] was established with two courses in reactor operation and safety; almost 1,000 students graduated.<ref name=swords/> Much of the research performed at ORNL in the 1950s was related to nuclear reactors as a form of energy production, both for propulsion and electricity. More reactors were built in the 1950s than in the rest of the ORNL's history combined.<ref name=swords/> One of their most influential projects was the [[light-water reactor]], a precursor to many modern nuclear power stations. The [[United States Armed Forces|US Military]] funded much of its development, for [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-powered submarines and ships]] of the [[US Navy]].<ref name="swords" /> The [[US Army]] also contracted the design of portable nuclear reactors in 1953 for heat and electricity generation in remote military bases.<ref name="timeline">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v36_1_03/timeline/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040221093626/http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v36_1_03/timeline/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 21, 2004 |title=ORNL Review Timeline |publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |access-date=November 11, 2012 }}</ref>  The reactors were produced by the [[American Locomotive Company]] and used in [[Greenland]], the [[Panama Canal Zone]], and [[Antarctica]].<ref name="swords" />  The [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] also contributed funding to three reactors, the lab's first computers, and its first particle accelerators.<ref name="swords" /> ORNL built its [[Aircraft Reactor Experiment|first molten salt reactor in 1954]] as a proof-of-concept for a proposed fleet of [[Strategic bomber|long-range bombers]], but it was never used.<ref name="swords" /><ref name="timeline" />[[File:Pentecost-johnson-ellington-gore-ornl.jpg|thumb|Cayce Pentecost, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[Buford Ellington]] and [[Albert Gore Sr.]] operating mechanical hands at a hot cell at Oak Ridge, on October 19, 1958.]]Alvin M. Weinberg was named Director of Research, ORNL, and in 1955 Director of the Laboratory.<ref name="swords" /><ref name=":1" /> In the early 1960s there was a large push at ORNL to develop nuclear-powered [[desalination]] plants, where deserts met the sea, to provide water. The project, called Water for Peace, was backed by [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and was presented at a 1964 United Nations conference, but increases in the cost of construction and falling public confidence in nuclear power caused the plan to be shuttered.<ref name="swords" /><ref name="timeline" /> The Health Physics Research Reactor built in 1962 was used for [[radiation exposure]] experiments leading to more accurate [[Dosimetry|dosage limits]] and [[dosimeter]]s, and improved [[Radiation protection|radiation shielding]].<ref name="swords" />
In 1950 the [[Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technology]] was established with two courses in reactor operation and safety; almost 1,000 students graduated.<ref name=swords/> Much of the research performed at ORNL in the 1950s was related to nuclear reactors as a form of energy production, both for propulsion and electricity. More reactors were built in the 1950s than in the rest of the ORNL's history combined.<ref name=swords/> One of their most influential projects was the [[light-water reactor]], a precursor to many modern nuclear power stations. The [[United States Armed Forces|US Military]] funded much of its development, for [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-powered submarines and ships]] of the [[US Navy]].<ref name="swords" /> The [[US Army]] also contracted the design of portable nuclear reactors in 1953 for heat and electricity generation in remote military bases.<ref name="timeline">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v36_1_03/timeline/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040221093626/http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v36_1_03/timeline/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 21, 2004 |title=ORNL Review Timeline |publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |access-date=November 11, 2012 }}</ref>  The reactors were produced by the [[American Locomotive Company]] and used in [[Greenland]], the [[Panama Canal Zone]], and [[Antarctica]].<ref name="swords" />  The [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] also contributed funding to three reactors, the lab's first computers, and its first particle accelerators.<ref name="swords" /> ORNL built its [[Aircraft Reactor Experiment|first molten salt reactor in 1954]] as a proof-of-concept for a proposed fleet of [[Strategic bomber|long-range bombers]], but it was never used.<ref name="swords" /><ref name="timeline" />[[File:Pentecost-johnson-ellington-gore-ornl.jpg|thumb|Cayce Pentecost, Lyndon B. Johnson, [[Buford Ellington]] and [[Albert Gore Sr.]] operating mechanical hands at a hot cell at Oak Ridge, on October 19, 1958.]]Alvin M. Weinberg was named Director of Research, ORNL, and in 1955 Director of the Laboratory.<ref name="swords" /><ref name=":1" /> In the early 1960s there was a large push at ORNL to develop nuclear-powered [[desalination]] plants, where deserts met the sea, to provide water. The project, called Water for Peace, was backed by [[John F. Kennedy]] and Lyndon B. Johnson and was presented at a 1964 United Nations conference, but increases in the cost of construction and falling public confidence in nuclear power caused the plan to be shuttered.<ref name="swords" /><ref name="timeline" /> The Health Physics Research Reactor built in 1962 was used for [[radiation exposure]] experiments leading to more accurate [[Dosimetry|dosage limits]] and [[dosimeter]]s, and improved [[Radiation protection|radiation shielding]].<ref name="swords" />


In 1964 the [[Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment]] began with the construction of the reactor. It operated from 1966 until 1969 (with six months down time to move from [[Uranium-235|U-235]] to [[Uranium-233|U-233]] fuel) and proved the viability of [[molten salt reactor]]s, while also producing fuel for other reactors as a byproduct of its own reaction.<ref name="swords" /> The [[High Flux Isotope Reactor]] built in 1965 had the highest [[neutron flux]] of any reactor at the time.<ref name="swords" /> It improved upon the work of the X-10 reactor, producing more medical isotopes as well as allowing higher fidelity of materials research.<ref name="swords" /> Researchers in the biology division studied the effects of chemicals on mice, including [[air pollution|petrol fumes]], [[Health effects of pesticides|pesticides]], and [[Health effects of tobacco|tobacco]].<ref name="swords" />  
In 1964 the [[Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment]] began with the construction of the reactor. It operated from 1966 until 1969 (with six months down time to move from [[Uranium-235|U-235]] to [[Uranium-233|U-233]] fuel) and proved the viability of [[molten salt reactor]]s, while also producing fuel for other reactors as a byproduct of its own reaction.<ref name="swords" /> The [[High Flux Isotope Reactor]] built in 1965 had the highest [[neutron flux]] of any reactor at the time.<ref name="swords" /> It improved upon the work of the X-10 reactor, producing more medical isotopes as well as allowing higher fidelity of materials research.<ref name="swords" /> Researchers in the biology division studied the effects of chemicals on mice, including [[air pollution|petrol fumes]], [[Health effects of pesticides|pesticides]], and [[Health effects of tobacco|tobacco]].<ref name="swords" />  
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