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{{Organization | |||
|OrganizationName=National Park Service | |||
|OrganizationType=Executive Departments (Sub-organization) | |||
|Mission=The National Park Service preserves the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. It manages over 400 areas across the United States to protect and share America's heritage. | |||
|ParentOrganization=Department of the Interior | |||
|TopOrganization=Department of the Interior | |||
|CreationLegislation=National Park Service Organic Act of 1916 | |||
|Employees=20000 | |||
|Budget=$3.4 billion (Fiscal Year 2023) | |||
|OrganizationExecutive=Director | |||
|Services=Park management; Visitor services; Conservation; Education; Historic preservation | |||
|Regulations=36 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations Title 36 - Parks, Forests, and Public Property) | |||
|HeadquartersLocation=38.8946, -77.04259 | |||
|HeadquartersAddress=1849 C St NW, Washington, DC 20240, USA | |||
|Website=https://www.nps.gov | |||
}} | |||
{{Short description|United States federal agency}} | {{Short description|United States federal agency}} | ||
{{Infobox government agency | {{Infobox government agency | ||
| agency_name = National Park Service | | agency_name = National Park Service | ||
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This campaign resulted in the creation of the NPS. On August 25, 1916, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] signed the [[National Park Service Organic Act]] that mandated the agency "to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein, and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations".<ref>{{cite web |date=May 14, 2018 |title=Quick History of the National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/quick-nps-history.htm |access-date=April 20, 2022 |website=National Park Service |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309170544/https://www.nps.gov/articles/quick-nps-history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NPS Organic Act |url=https://www.justice.gov/enrd/nps-organic-act |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421002242/https://www.justice.gov/enrd/nps-organic-act |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |access-date=April 21, 2022 |website=Department of Justice|date=April 13, 2015 }}</ref> Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Directors of the National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/hisnps/npshistory/directors.htm |access-date=April 20, 2022 |website=National Park Service |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121014849/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/hisnps/NPSHistory/directors.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | This campaign resulted in the creation of the NPS. On August 25, 1916, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] signed the [[National Park Service Organic Act]] that mandated the agency "to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein, and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations".<ref>{{cite web |date=May 14, 2018 |title=Quick History of the National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/quick-nps-history.htm |access-date=April 20, 2022 |website=National Park Service |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309170544/https://www.nps.gov/articles/quick-nps-history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NPS Organic Act |url=https://www.justice.gov/enrd/nps-organic-act |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421002242/https://www.justice.gov/enrd/nps-organic-act |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |access-date=April 21, 2022 |website=Department of Justice|date=April 13, 2015 }}</ref> Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Directors of the National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/hisnps/npshistory/directors.htm |access-date=April 20, 2022 |website=National Park Service |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121014849/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/hisnps/NPSHistory/directors.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
On March 3, 1933, President [[Herbert Hoover]] signed the Reorganization Act of 1933. The act gave the president the authority to transfer national monuments from one governmental department to another.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=March 11, 2016 |title=The NPS in Changing Times |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/npshistory-changing-times.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421002752/https://www.nps.gov/articles/npshistory-changing-times.htm |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |access-date=April 21, 2022 |website=National Park Service}}</ref> Later that summer, new president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] made use of this power after NPS Deputy Director [[Horace M. Albright]] suggested that the NPS, rather than the [[United States Department of War|War Department]], should manage historic | On March 3, 1933, President [[Herbert Hoover]] signed the Reorganization Act of 1933. The act gave the president the authority to transfer national monuments from one governmental department to another.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=March 11, 2016 |title=The NPS in Changing Times |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/npshistory-changing-times.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421002752/https://www.nps.gov/articles/npshistory-changing-times.htm |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |access-date=April 21, 2022 |website=National Park Service}}</ref> Later that summer, new president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] made use of this power after NPS Deputy Director [[Horace M. Albright]] suggested that the NPS, rather than the [[United States Department of War|War Department]], should manage historic American Civil War sites.<ref name=":5" /> | ||
President Roosevelt agreed and issued two [[executive order]]s to implement the reorganization. These two executive orders transferred to the NPS all of the War Department's historic sites as well as national monuments that the [[United States Department of Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] had managed and parks in and around Washington, D.C. that an independent federal office had previously operated.<ref name="Shaping">The National Parks: Shaping the System; National Park Service, Dept of the Interior; 1991; pg 24</ref> | President Roosevelt agreed and issued two [[executive order]]s to implement the reorganization. These two executive orders transferred to the NPS all of the War Department's historic sites as well as national monuments that the [[United States Department of Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] had managed and parks in and around Washington, D.C. that an independent federal office had previously operated.<ref name="Shaping">The National Parks: Shaping the System; National Park Service, Dept of the Interior; 1991; pg 24</ref> | ||
The popularity of the parks after the end of the [[World War II]] left them overburdened with demands that the NPS could not meet. In 1951, [[Conrad Wirth]] became director of the NPS and began to bring park facilities up to the standards that the public was expecting.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 27, 2017 |title=Conrad L. Wirth |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/sontag/wirth.htm |website=National Park Service |access-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510013745/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/sontag/wirth.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1952, with the support of President | The popularity of the parks after the end of the [[World War II]] left them overburdened with demands that the NPS could not meet. In 1951, [[Conrad Wirth]] became director of the NPS and began to bring park facilities up to the standards that the public was expecting.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 27, 2017 |title=Conrad L. Wirth |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/sontag/wirth.htm |website=National Park Service |access-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510013745/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/sontag/wirth.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Wirth began [[Mission 66]], a ten-year effort to upgrade and expand park facilities for the 50th anniversary of the Park Service. New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded.<ref name="Shaping" /> | ||
In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery and unique natural features to making parks accessible to the public.<ref>{{cite report|title=Laurance S. Rockefeller and the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission: Race, Recreation, and the National Parks|author=Glassberg, David|publisher=Rockefeller Archives Center Research Reports|date=2022|url=https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/39735/39735.pdf|quote=This project focuses on the links between the conservation movement and civil rights through an examination of the reach and impact of the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRRC) and its chairman, Laurance S. Rockefeller (LSR). The Commission’s landmark report in 1962 identified large racial disparities in access to public lands and recreation across the USA, which prompted the National Park Service (NPS) to establish new National Recreation Areas and Historical Parks in urban areas in the 1960s and 1970s. The project examines the history of the ORRRC, contextualizes the Commission’s work within the longer history of the civil rights movement’s efforts to desegregate state and national parks, and NPS efforts to increase recreational opportunities in urban areas.}}</ref> Director [[George B. Hartzog Jr.|George Hartzog]] began the process with the creation of the [[United States National Lakeshore|National Lakeshores]] and then [[National Recreation Area]]s. | In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery and unique natural features to making parks accessible to the public.<ref>{{cite report|title=Laurance S. Rockefeller and the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission: Race, Recreation, and the National Parks|author=Glassberg, David|publisher=Rockefeller Archives Center Research Reports|date=2022|url=https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/39735/39735.pdf|quote=This project focuses on the links between the conservation movement and civil rights through an examination of the reach and impact of the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRRC) and its chairman, Laurance S. Rockefeller (LSR). The Commission’s landmark report in 1962 identified large racial disparities in access to public lands and recreation across the USA, which prompted the National Park Service (NPS) to establish new National Recreation Areas and Historical Parks in urban areas in the 1960s and 1970s. The project examines the history of the ORRRC, contextualizes the Commission’s work within the longer history of the civil rights movement’s efforts to desegregate state and national parks, and NPS efforts to increase recreational opportunities in urban areas.}}</ref> Director [[George B. Hartzog Jr.|George Hartzog]] began the process with the creation of the [[United States National Lakeshore|National Lakeshores]] and then [[National Recreation Area]]s. | ||
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{{See also|United States federal budget|United States budget process}} | {{See also|United States federal budget|United States budget process}} | ||
In 2019, the NPS had an annual budget of $4.085 billion and an estimated $12 billion maintenance backlog.<ref>{{Cite news|title=National Parks Have a Long To-Do List but Can't Cover the Repair Costs|newspaper=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/03/08/466461595/national-parks-have-a-long-to-do-list-but-cant-cover-the-repair-costs|access-date=April 6, 2018|archive-date=May 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522161208/https://www.npr.org/2016/03/08/466461595/national-parks-have-a-long-to-do-list-but-cant-cover-the-repair-costs|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 4, 2020, the [[Great American Outdoors Act]] was signed into law reducing the $12 billion maintenance backlog by $9.5 billion over a 5-year period beginning in FY 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last=Puko|first=Timothy|date=2020-08-04|title=From Yellowstone to Yosemite, National Parks to Get Long-Awaited Overhaul|language=en-US|work= | In 2019, the NPS had an annual budget of $4.085 billion and an estimated $12 billion maintenance backlog.<ref>{{Cite news|title=National Parks Have a Long To-Do List but Can't Cover the Repair Costs|newspaper=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/03/08/466461595/national-parks-have-a-long-to-do-list-but-cant-cover-the-repair-costs|access-date=April 6, 2018|archive-date=May 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522161208/https://www.npr.org/2016/03/08/466461595/national-parks-have-a-long-to-do-list-but-cant-cover-the-repair-costs|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 4, 2020, the [[Great American Outdoors Act]] was signed into law reducing the $12 billion maintenance backlog by $9.5 billion over a 5-year period beginning in FY 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last=Puko|first=Timothy|date=2020-08-04|title=From Yellowstone to Yosemite, National Parks to Get Long-Awaited Overhaul|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/from-yellowstone-to-yosemite-national-parks-to-get-long-awaited-overhaul-11596533401|access-date=2020-10-08|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=August 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812182818/https://www.wsj.com/articles/from-yellowstone-to-yosemite-national-parks-to-get-long-awaited-overhaul-11596533401|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2022, the NPS had the largest budget allocation of any [[United_States_Department_of_the_Interior|Department of the Interior]] bureau or program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interior Account Table 2023 CR1 |url=https://www.doi.gov/document-library/wildland-fire-management/attachment-12-pm-2023-001-interior-account-table-2023-cr1 |website=www.doi.gov |access-date=2 September 2024 |language=en |date=2 December 2022}}</ref> | ||
The NPS budget is divided into two primary areas, ''discretionary'' and ''mandatory'' spending. Within each of these areas, there are numerous specific purposes to which Congress directs the services activities.<ref name="FY2006">FY 2006 President's Budget, Executive Summary; National Park Service; Government Printing Office; February 7, 2005</ref> | The NPS budget is divided into two primary areas, ''discretionary'' and ''mandatory'' spending. Within each of these areas, there are numerous specific purposes to which Congress directs the services activities.<ref name="FY2006">FY 2006 President's Budget, Executive Summary; National Park Service; Government Printing Office; February 7, 2005</ref> | ||
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In 2015, [[Delaware North]] sued the NPS in the [[United States Court of Claims]] for breach of contract, alleging that the NPS had undervalued its trademarks of the names of iconic Yosemite National Park concession facilities.<ref name="Buffalo">{{cite web|url=https://www.foodservicedirector.com/operations/delaware-north-sues-national-park-service-over-yosemite-contract|title=Delaware North sues park service over Yosemite contract|work=www.foodservicedirector.|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=September 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901031200/https://www.foodservicedirector.com/operations/delaware-north-sues-national-park-service-over-yosemite-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The NPS estimated the value of the intangible assets including the names "Ahwahnee", "Badger Pass", "Curry Village", and "Yosemite Lodge" at $3.5 million. Delaware North lost the contract, and asserted that the historic names were worth $51 million and maintained that the incoming concessioner had to be paid that amount.<ref name="FresnoBee1">{{cite web|url=http://www.fresnobee.com/sports/outdoors/article24790630.html|title=National Park Service offers Yosemite contract to new company|work=www.fresnobee.com|access-date=January 15, 2016|archive-date=January 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118225140/http://www.fresnobee.com/sports/outdoors/article24790630.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | In 2015, [[Delaware North]] sued the NPS in the [[United States Court of Claims]] for breach of contract, alleging that the NPS had undervalued its trademarks of the names of iconic Yosemite National Park concession facilities.<ref name="Buffalo">{{cite web|url=https://www.foodservicedirector.com/operations/delaware-north-sues-national-park-service-over-yosemite-contract|title=Delaware North sues park service over Yosemite contract|work=www.foodservicedirector.|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=September 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901031200/https://www.foodservicedirector.com/operations/delaware-north-sues-national-park-service-over-yosemite-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The NPS estimated the value of the intangible assets including the names "Ahwahnee", "Badger Pass", "Curry Village", and "Yosemite Lodge" at $3.5 million. Delaware North lost the contract, and asserted that the historic names were worth $51 million and maintained that the incoming concessioner had to be paid that amount.<ref name="FresnoBee1">{{cite web|url=http://www.fresnobee.com/sports/outdoors/article24790630.html|title=National Park Service offers Yosemite contract to new company|work=www.fresnobee.com|access-date=January 15, 2016|archive-date=January 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118225140/http://www.fresnobee.com/sports/outdoors/article24790630.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
The Justice Department and the NPS asserted that this was an "improper and wildly inflated" value. Rather than pay Delaware North's demanded valuation, in January 2016 the NPS instead opted to rename the famous landmarks, effective in March. The [[Ahwahnee Hotel]] is slated to become The Majestic Yosemite Hotel, Curry Village will become Half Dome Village, and the Wawona Hotel will become Big Trees Lodge.<ref name="FresnoBee2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fresnobee.com/news/nation-world/national/article54736110.html|title=Amid court battle, Yosemite park plans to change some iconic names|work=www.fresnobee.com|access-date=January 15, 2016|archive-date=January 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118045742/http://www.fresnobee.com/news/nation-world/national/article54736110.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Widespread public outcry focused on Delaware North's decision to claim ownership of names within a national park.<ref name="SacBeeQuestions">Doyle, Michael. [http://www.sacbee.com/latest-news/article54952175.html Public outcry and pressing questions follow Yosemite name changes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118215507/http://www.sacbee.com/latest-news/article54952175.html |date=January 18, 2016}}. ''[[The Sacramento Bee]]'', January 15, 2016</ref> The names were restored in 2019 upon settlement of the dispute.<ref name="LAT 20190715">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-yosemite-national-park-trademark-lawsuit-settled-20190715-story.html|title=Yosemite to restore names to historic attractions under $12-million settlement|last=Wigglesworth|first=Alex|date=July 15, 2019|newspaper= | The Justice Department and the NPS asserted that this was an "improper and wildly inflated" value. Rather than pay Delaware North's demanded valuation, in January 2016 the NPS instead opted to rename the famous landmarks, effective in March. The [[Ahwahnee Hotel]] is slated to become The Majestic Yosemite Hotel, Curry Village will become Half Dome Village, and the Wawona Hotel will become Big Trees Lodge.<ref name="FresnoBee2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fresnobee.com/news/nation-world/national/article54736110.html|title=Amid court battle, Yosemite park plans to change some iconic names|work=www.fresnobee.com|access-date=January 15, 2016|archive-date=January 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118045742/http://www.fresnobee.com/news/nation-world/national/article54736110.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Widespread public outcry focused on Delaware North's decision to claim ownership of names within a national park.<ref name="SacBeeQuestions">Doyle, Michael. [http://www.sacbee.com/latest-news/article54952175.html Public outcry and pressing questions follow Yosemite name changes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118215507/http://www.sacbee.com/latest-news/article54952175.html |date=January 18, 2016}}. ''[[The Sacramento Bee]]'', January 15, 2016</ref> The names were restored in 2019 upon settlement of the dispute.<ref name="LAT 20190715">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-yosemite-national-park-trademark-lawsuit-settled-20190715-story.html|title=Yosemite to restore names to historic attractions under $12-million settlement|last=Wigglesworth|first=Alex|date=July 15, 2019|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2019-07-16|df=mdy-all|archive-date=July 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717173745/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-yosemite-national-park-trademark-lawsuit-settled-20190715-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
==Offices== | ==Offices== | ||
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The national headquarters is located in the [[Main Interior Building]], 1849 C Street NW, several blocks southwest of the [[White House]]. The central office is composed of eleven directorates: director/deputy directors; business services; workforce management; chief information officer; cultural resources; natural resource stewardship and science; office of the comptroller; park planning, facilities and lands; partnerships and visitor experience; visitor and resource protection; and the [[United States Park Police]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/contactinformation.htm#regions |title=Washington Contacts |publisher=Nps.gov |access-date=October 3, 2010 |archive-date=August 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828033811/http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/contactinformation.htm#regions |url-status=live }}</ref> | The national headquarters is located in the [[Main Interior Building]], 1849 C Street NW, several blocks southwest of the [[White House]]. The central office is composed of eleven directorates: director/deputy directors; business services; workforce management; chief information officer; cultural resources; natural resource stewardship and science; office of the comptroller; park planning, facilities and lands; partnerships and visitor experience; visitor and resource protection; and the [[United States Park Police]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/contactinformation.htm#regions |title=Washington Contacts |publisher=Nps.gov |access-date=October 3, 2010 |archive-date=August 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828033811/http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/contactinformation.htm#regions |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
Regional offices are in [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]], [[Atlanta]], [[Lakewood, Colorado|Lakewood, CO]] ([[Denver]]), [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha, NE]], | Regional offices are in [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]], [[Atlanta]], [[Lakewood, Colorado|Lakewood, CO]] ([[Denver]]), [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha, NE]], Philadelphia, [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco]] and Seattle. The headquarters building of the [[National Park Service Southwest Regional Office]] is architecturally significant and is designated a [[National Historic Landmark]]. | ||
The NPS is an [[U.S. Department of the Interior#operating unit|operating unit of the U.S. Department of the Interior]]. The [[Director of the National Park Service|NPS director]] is nominated by the [[president of the United States]] and confirmed by the [[United States Senate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm |title=NPS About US |publisher=Nps.gov |access-date=October 3, 2010 |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126164346/http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The director is supported by six senior executives. | The NPS is an [[U.S. Department of the Interior#operating unit|operating unit of the U.S. Department of the Interior]]. The [[Director of the National Park Service|NPS director]] is nominated by the [[president of the United States]] and confirmed by the [[United States Senate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm |title=NPS About US |publisher=Nps.gov |access-date=October 3, 2010 |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126164346/http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The director is supported by six senior executives. | ||
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* Administration (human resources, finance, accountants, information technology, budgeting, concessions management) | * Administration (human resources, finance, accountants, information technology, budgeting, concessions management) | ||
Locations are varied. Parks exist in the nation's larger cities like | Locations are varied. Parks exist in the nation's larger cities like New York City ([[Federal Hall]] Memorial National Historic Site), [[Atlanta]] ([[Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site]]), and [[San Diego]] ([[Cabrillo National Monument]]) to some of the remotest areas of the continent like [[Hovenweep National Monument]] in southeastern Utah, to [[Aniakchak National Monument]] in [[King Salmon, Alaska]].<ref>''Careers in the National Parks''; Gartner, Bob; The Rosen Publishing Company, New York; 1993</ref> | ||
===Volunteers-In-Parks (VIP)=== | ===Volunteers-In-Parks (VIP)=== | ||