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Civil Rights Act of 1964: Difference between revisions
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Normally, the bill would have been referred to the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]], which was chaired by [[James O. Eastland]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] from [[Mississippi]], whose firm opposition made it seem impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. [[Senate Majority Leader]] [[Mike Mansfield]] took a novel approach to prevent the Judiciary Committee from keeping the bill in limbo: initially waiving a second reading immediately after the first reading, which would have sent it to the Judiciary Committee, he took the unprecedented step of giving the bill a second reading on February 26, 1964, thereby bypassing the Judiciary Committee, and sending it to the Senate floor for immediate debate. | Normally, the bill would have been referred to the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]], which was chaired by [[James O. Eastland]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] from [[Mississippi]], whose firm opposition made it seem impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. [[Senate Majority Leader]] [[Mike Mansfield]] took a novel approach to prevent the Judiciary Committee from keeping the bill in limbo: initially waiving a second reading immediately after the first reading, which would have sent it to the Judiciary Committee, he took the unprecedented step of giving the bill a second reading on February 26, 1964, thereby bypassing the Judiciary Committee, and sending it to the Senate floor for immediate debate. | ||
When the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, the "[[Solid South|Southern Bloc]]" of 18 southern Democratic Senators and lone Republican [[John Tower]] of Texas, led by [[Richard Russell Jr.|Richard Russell]] (D-GA), launched a [[filibuster]] to prevent its passage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dirksencenter.org/research-collections/everett-m-dirksen/dirksen-record/civil-rights-june-10-1964 |title=A Case History: The 1964 Civil Rights Act |publisher=The Dirksen Congressional Center |access-date=July 21, 2016 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729211300/https://dirksencenter.org/research-collections/everett-m-dirksen/dirksen-record/civil-rights-june-10-1964 |url-status=live }}</ref> Russell proclaimed, "We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would tend to bring about [[social equality]] and [[miscegenation|intermingling and amalgamation of the races]] in our [Southern] states."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Napolitano |first1=Andrew P. |author1-link=Andrew Napolitano |title=Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History of Race and Freedom in America |date=2009 |publisher=Thomas Nelson |page=188 |isbn=978-1595552655 |url=https://archive.org/details/dredscottsreveng0000napo/page/188/mode/1up?q="we+will+resist" |access-date=July 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-civil-rights-quotes-20140629-story.html |title=The Civil Rights Act: What JFK, LBJ, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X had to say |newspaper= | When the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, the "[[Solid South|Southern Bloc]]" of 18 southern Democratic Senators and lone Republican [[John Tower]] of Texas, led by [[Richard Russell Jr.|Richard Russell]] (D-GA), launched a [[filibuster]] to prevent its passage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dirksencenter.org/research-collections/everett-m-dirksen/dirksen-record/civil-rights-june-10-1964 |title=A Case History: The 1964 Civil Rights Act |publisher=The Dirksen Congressional Center |access-date=July 21, 2016 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729211300/https://dirksencenter.org/research-collections/everett-m-dirksen/dirksen-record/civil-rights-june-10-1964 |url-status=live }}</ref> Russell proclaimed, "We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would tend to bring about [[social equality]] and [[miscegenation|intermingling and amalgamation of the races]] in our [Southern] states."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Napolitano |first1=Andrew P. |author1-link=Andrew Napolitano |title=Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History of Race and Freedom in America |date=2009 |publisher=Thomas Nelson |page=188 |isbn=978-1595552655 |url=https://archive.org/details/dredscottsreveng0000napo/page/188/mode/1up?q="we+will+resist" |access-date=July 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-civil-rights-quotes-20140629-story.html |title=The Civil Rights Act: What JFK, LBJ, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X had to say |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |last=Remnick |first=Noah |date=June 28, 2014 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-date=February 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224154315/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-oe-civil-rights-quotes-20140629-story,amp.html |url-status=unfit }}</ref> | ||
Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator [[Strom Thurmond]], who was still a Democrat at the time: "This so-called Civil Rights Proposals [''sic''], which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into law, are unconstitutional, unnecessary, unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] proposals and actions of the [[Radical Republicans|radical Republican]] Congress."<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Civil-Rights-Bill/12295509434394-8/ 1963 Year In Review – Part 1 – Civil Rights Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502195055/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Civil-Rights-Bill/12295509434394-8/ |date=May 2, 2010 }} United Press International, 1963</ref> | Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator [[Strom Thurmond]], who was still a Democrat at the time: "This so-called Civil Rights Proposals [''sic''], which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into law, are unconstitutional, unnecessary, unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] proposals and actions of the [[Radical Republicans|radical Republican]] Congress."<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Civil-Rights-Bill/12295509434394-8/ 1963 Year In Review – Part 1 – Civil Rights Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502195055/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Civil-Rights-Bill/12295509434394-8/ |date=May 2, 2010 }} United Press International, 1963</ref> | ||
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! rowspan=2 | Total votes | ! rowspan=2 | Total votes | ||
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;" | |- style="vertical-align:bottom;" | ||
! {{Party shading/Democratic}}| | ! {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic | ||
! {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | ! {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
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=== Later impact on LGBT rights === | === Later impact on LGBT rights === | ||
[[File:President Joe Biden speaks at an event celebrating the 60th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act on 29 July 2024, at the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum in Austin, Texas (cropped).jpg|thumb|President [[Joe Biden]] speaks at an event celebrating the 60th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act on 29 July 2024, at the [[Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum|Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum]] in Austin, Texas. ]] | [[File:President Joe Biden speaks at an event celebrating the 60th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act on 29 July 2024, at the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum in Austin, Texas (cropped).jpg|thumb|President [[Joe Biden]] speaks at an event celebrating the 60th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act on 29 July 2024, at the [[Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum|Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum]] in Austin, Texas. ]] | ||
In June 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in three cases (''[[Bostock v. Clayton County]]'', ''[[Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda]]'', and ''[[R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]]'') that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which barred employers from discriminating on the basis of sex, precluded employers from discriminating on the basis of [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender identity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2020/jun/15/justices-rule-lgbt-people-protected-job-discrimina/|title=Justices rule LGBT people protected from job discrimination|date=June 15, 2020|website=Arkansas Online|access-date=June 15, 2020|archive-date=June 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615161641/https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2020/jun/15/justices-rule-lgbt-people-protected-job-discrimina/|url-status=live}}</ref> Afterward, '' | In June 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in three cases (''[[Bostock v. Clayton County]]'', ''[[Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda]]'', and ''[[R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]]'') that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which barred employers from discriminating on the basis of sex, precluded employers from discriminating on the basis of [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender identity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2020/jun/15/justices-rule-lgbt-people-protected-job-discrimina/|title=Justices rule LGBT people protected from job discrimination|date=June 15, 2020|website=Arkansas Online|access-date=June 15, 2020|archive-date=June 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615161641/https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2020/jun/15/justices-rule-lgbt-people-protected-job-discrimina/|url-status=live}}</ref> Afterward, ''USA Today'' stated that in addition to LGBTQ employment discrimination, "[t]he court's ruling is likely to have a sweeping impact on federal civil rights laws barring sex discrimination in education, health care, housing and financial credit."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wolf |first1=Richard |title=Supreme Court grants federal job protections to gay, lesbian, transgender workers |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/15/supreme-court-denies-job-protection-lgbt-workers/4456749002/ |access-date=October 8, 2020 |newspaper=USA Today |date=June 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007113245/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/15/supreme-court-denies-job-protection-lgbt-workers/4456749002/ |archive-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> | ||
==Titles== | ==Titles== | ||
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{{Main|Lau v. Nichols}} | {{Main|Lau v. Nichols}} | ||
In the 1974 case ''Lau v. Nichols'', the Supreme Court ruled that the | In the 1974 case ''Lau v. Nichols'', the Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco school district was violating non-English speaking students' rights under the 1964 act by placing them in regular classes rather than providing some sort of accommodation for them.<ref name="'70s 270">{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|author-link= David Frum|year= 2000|page= [https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/270 270]|publisher= Basic Books|isbn= 978-0465041954|url=https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum|url-access= registration}}</ref> | ||
====''Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke'' (1978)==== | ====''Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke'' (1978)==== | ||
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{{Civil rights movement|state=collapsed}} | {{Civil rights movement|state=collapsed}} | ||
{{John F. Kennedy}} | {{John F. Kennedy}} | ||
{{Alice Paul}} | {{Alice Paul}} | ||
{{Affirmative action in the United States}} | {{Affirmative action in the United States}} | ||