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United Nations: Difference between revisions
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The '''United Nations''' ('''UN''') is a diplomatic and political<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2018 |title=United Nations |url=https://www.history.com/topics/stories/united-nations |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=HISTORY |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323052229/https://www.history.com/topics/stories/united-nations |url-status=live}}</ref> [[international organization]] with the intended purpose of maintaining [[international peace]] and [[international security|security]], developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and serving as a center for coordinating the actions of member nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1 |work=United Nations Charter |title=Chapter I: Purposes and Principles |publisher=United Nations |language=en |access-date=20 March 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318200917/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1}}</ref> It is widely recognised as the world's largest international organization.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 December 2012 |title=International Organization |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165808/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/ |archive-date=16 November 2020|access-date=24 October 2020 |website=[[National Geographic Society]] |language=en}}</ref> The UN is [[headquarters of the United Nations|headquartered in]] | The '''United Nations''' ('''UN''') is a diplomatic and political<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2018 |title=United Nations |url=https://www.history.com/topics/stories/united-nations |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=HISTORY |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323052229/https://www.history.com/topics/stories/united-nations |url-status=live}}</ref> [[international organization]] with the intended purpose of maintaining [[international peace]] and [[international security|security]], developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and serving as a center for coordinating the actions of member nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1 |work=United Nations Charter |title=Chapter I: Purposes and Principles |publisher=United Nations |language=en |access-date=20 March 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318200917/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1}}</ref> It is widely recognised as the world's largest international organization.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 December 2012 |title=International Organization |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165808/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/ |archive-date=16 November 2020|access-date=24 October 2020 |website=[[National Geographic Society]] |language=en}}</ref> The UN is [[headquarters of the United Nations|headquartered in]] New York City, in international territory with certain privileges [[extraterritorial]] to the United States, and the UN has other offices in [[United Nations Office at Geneva|Geneva]], [[United Nations Office at Nairobi|Nairobi]], [[United Nations Office at Vienna|Vienna]], and [[The Hague]], where the [[International Court of Justice]] is headquartered at the [[Peace Palace]]. | ||
The UN was established after [[World War II]] with the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference|aim of preventing future world wars]], and succeeded the [[League of Nations]], which was characterized as being ineffective.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2021 |title='The League is Dead. Long Live the United Nations.' |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/league-of-nations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224050205/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/league-of-nations |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=National WW2 Museum New Orleans}}</ref> On 25 April 1945, 50 nations assembled in San Francisco, California, for [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|a conference]] and initialised the drafting of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]], which was adopted on 25 June 1945. The charter took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. The UN's objectives, as outlined by its charter, include maintaining international peace and security, protecting [[human rights]], delivering [[humanitarian aid]], promoting [[sustainable development]], and upholding [[international law]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/index.html |title=What We Do |website=United Nations |language=en |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092127/http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At its founding, the UN had 51 [[Member states of the United Nations|member states]]; {{As of|lc=yes|2024}}, it has 193 [[sovereign states]], nearly all of the world's recognized sovereign states.<ref name="UN_SouthSudan_193rd_state" /> | The UN was established after [[World War II]] with the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference|aim of preventing future world wars]], and succeeded the [[League of Nations]], which was characterized as being ineffective.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2021 |title='The League is Dead. Long Live the United Nations.' |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/league-of-nations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224050205/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/league-of-nations |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=National WW2 Museum New Orleans}}</ref> On 25 April 1945, 50 nations assembled in San Francisco, California, for [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|a conference]] and initialised the drafting of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]], which was adopted on 25 June 1945. The charter took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. The UN's objectives, as outlined by its charter, include maintaining international peace and security, protecting [[human rights]], delivering [[humanitarian aid]], promoting [[sustainable development]], and upholding [[international law]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/index.html |title=What We Do |website=United Nations |language=en |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092127/http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At its founding, the UN had 51 [[Member states of the United Nations|member states]]; {{As of|lc=yes|2024}}, it has 193 [[sovereign states]], nearly all of the world's recognized sovereign states.<ref name="UN_SouthSudan_193rd_state" /> | ||
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The first meetings of the [[General Assembly]], with 51 nations represented,{{efn|Poland had not been represented among the fifty nations at the San Francisco conference due to the reluctance of the Western superpowers to recognize its post-war communist government. However, the Charter was later amended to list Poland as a founding member, and Poland ratified the Charter on 16 October 1945.{{sfn|Grant|2009|pp=25–26}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/international_organisations/united_nations/poland_and_the_un/ |title=Poland and the United Nations |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003602/http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/international_organisations/united_nations/poland_and_the_un/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} and the Security Council took place in [[London]] beginning in January 1946.<ref name=unmilestones1941to1950>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html |title=Milestones 1941-1950 |website=[[United Nations]] |access-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027013705/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html|archive-date=27 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Debates began at once, covering topical issues such as the presence of Russian troops in [[Iranian Azerbaijan]] and British forces in [[Greece]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=John Morris |title=History of the world |date=1993 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-521043-9 |location=New York |page=778 |oclc=28378422}}</ref> British diplomat [[Gladwyn Jebb]] served as interim secretary-general. | The first meetings of the [[General Assembly]], with 51 nations represented,{{efn|Poland had not been represented among the fifty nations at the San Francisco conference due to the reluctance of the Western superpowers to recognize its post-war communist government. However, the Charter was later amended to list Poland as a founding member, and Poland ratified the Charter on 16 October 1945.{{sfn|Grant|2009|pp=25–26}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/international_organisations/united_nations/poland_and_the_un/ |title=Poland and the United Nations |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003602/http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/international_organisations/united_nations/poland_and_the_un/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} and the Security Council took place in [[London]] beginning in January 1946.<ref name=unmilestones1941to1950>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html |title=Milestones 1941-1950 |website=[[United Nations]] |access-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027013705/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html|archive-date=27 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Debates began at once, covering topical issues such as the presence of Russian troops in [[Iranian Azerbaijan]] and British forces in [[Greece]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=John Morris |title=History of the world |date=1993 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-521043-9 |location=New York |page=778 |oclc=28378422}}</ref> British diplomat [[Gladwyn Jebb]] served as interim secretary-general. | ||
The General Assembly selected | The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN. Construction began on 14 September 1948 and the facility was completed on 9 October 1952. The Norwegian Foreign Minister, [[Trygve Lie]], was the first elected [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN secretary-general]].<ref name="unmilestones1941to1950" /> | ||
=== Cold War (1947–1991) === | === Cold War (1947–1991) === | ||
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|[[UNDP]] | |[[UNDP]] | ||
|[[United Nations Development Programme]] | |[[United Nations Development Programme]] | ||
|{{flagicon|USA}} | |{{flagicon|USA}} New York City, United States | ||
|{{Flagicon|Germany}} {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Achim Steiner]] | |{{Flagicon|Germany}} {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Achim Steiner]] | ||
|1965 | |1965 | ||
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|[[UNICEF]] | |[[UNICEF]] | ||
|[[United Nations Children's Fund]] | |[[United Nations Children's Fund]] | ||
|{{flagicon|USA}} | |{{flagicon|USA}} New York City, United States | ||
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Catherine M. Russell]] | |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Catherine M. Russell]] | ||
|1946 | |1946 | ||
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|[[UNCDF]] | |[[UNCDF]] | ||
|[[United Nations Capital Development Fund]] | |[[United Nations Capital Development Fund]] | ||
|{{flagicon|USA}} | |{{flagicon|USA}} New York City, United States | ||
|{{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} Marc Bichler | |{{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} Marc Bichler | ||
|1966 | |1966 | ||
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|[[UNFPA]] | |[[UNFPA]] | ||
|[[United Nations Population Fund]] | |[[United Nations Population Fund]] | ||
|{{flagicon|USA}} | |{{flagicon|USA}} New York City, United States | ||
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Natalia Kanem]] | |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Natalia Kanem]] | ||
|1969 | |1969 | ||
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== Assessments and reviews == | == Assessments and reviews == | ||
{{Main|Reform of the United Nations|Reform of the United Nations Security Council}} | {{Main|Reform of the United Nations|Reform of the United Nations Security Council}} | ||
[[File:Friedensnobelpreis 2001 Vereinte Nationen.jpg|thumb|left|The [[2001 Nobel Peace Prize]] to the UN—diploma in the lobby of the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|UN Headquarters]] in | [[File:Friedensnobelpreis 2001 Vereinte Nationen.jpg|thumb|left|The [[2001 Nobel Peace Prize]] to the UN—diploma in the lobby of the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|UN Headquarters]] in New York City]] | ||
Several studies have examined the Security Council's responsiveness to armed conflict. Findings suggests that the Council is more likely to meet and deliberate on conflicts that are more intense and have led to more humanitarian suffering, but that its responsiveness is also shaped by the political interests of member states and in particular of the permanent members.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Lundgren |first1= Magnus|last2= Klamberg |first2= Mark|date= 2022 |title=Selective Attention: The United Security Council and Armed Conflict |journal= British Journal of Political Science |doi= 10.1017/S0007123422000461 |doi-access= free |issn=0007-1234 }}</ref> | Several studies have examined the Security Council's responsiveness to armed conflict. Findings suggests that the Council is more likely to meet and deliberate on conflicts that are more intense and have led to more humanitarian suffering, but that its responsiveness is also shaped by the political interests of member states and in particular of the permanent members.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Lundgren |first1= Magnus|last2= Klamberg |first2= Mark|date= 2022 |title=Selective Attention: The United Security Council and Armed Conflict |journal= British Journal of Political Science |doi= 10.1017/S0007123422000461 |doi-access= free |issn=0007-1234 }}</ref> | ||