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{{About|a division of the [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|agriculture extensions in general|Agricultural extension}}
{{Organization
|OrganizationName=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
|OrganizationType=Independent Agencies
|Mission=APHIS protects and promotes U.S. agricultural health, regulates genetically engineered organisms, administers the Animal Welfare Act, and manages wildlife damage. Its mission is to safeguard the nation's agriculture and natural resources from threats posed by pests, diseases, and invasive species.
|ParentOrganization=Department of Agriculture
|CreationLegislation=Secretary's Memorandum No. 1769 (1972)
|Employees=7000
|Budget=$800 million (Approximate annual budget)
|OrganizationExecutive=Administrator
|Services=Animal Health; Plant Health; Biotechnology Regulation; Animal Welfare; Wildlife Services
|Regulations=[[Animal Welfare Act]]; [[Plant Protection Act]]; [[Animal Health Protection Act]]
|HeadquartersLocation=38.97014, -76.92592
|HeadquartersAddress=4700 River Rd, Riverdale, MD 20737
|Website=https://www.aphis.usda.gov
}}
{{short description|USDA's Animal, Plant Health Inspectors}}
{{short description|USDA's Animal, Plant Health Inspectors}}
{{Infobox government agency
{{Infobox government agency
| name                = Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
| name                = Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Line 168: Line 183:
}}
}}
}}
}}
The '''Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service''' ('''APHIS''') is an agency of the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) based in [[Riverdale Park, Maryland|Riverdale, Maryland]] responsible for protecting animal health, animal welfare, and plant health. APHIS is the lead agency for collaboration with other agencies to protect U.S. agriculture from invasive pests and diseases. APHIS's [[Plant Protection and Quarantine|PPQ]] is the National Plant Protection Organization for the U.S.,<ref name="PPQ-NAPPO" /> and the agency's head of veterinary services/veterinary Deputy Administrator is the [[Chief veterinary officer|Chief Veterinary Officer]] of the United States.<ref name="leadership" />
The '''Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service''' ('''APHIS''') is an agency of the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) based in Riverdale, Maryland responsible for protecting animal health, animal welfare, and plant health. APHIS is the lead agency for collaboration with other agencies to protect U.S. agriculture from invasive pests and diseases. APHIS's [[Plant Protection and Quarantine|PPQ]] is the National Plant Protection Organization for the U.S.,<ref name="PPQ-NAPPO" /> and the agency's head of veterinary services/veterinary Deputy Administrator is the [[Chief veterinary officer|Chief Veterinary Officer]] of the United States.<ref name="leadership" />


==History==
==History==
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APHIS is granted specific authority under several federal statutes:
APHIS is granted specific authority under several federal statutes:


'''Animal Health Protection Act''', {{usc|7|8301}} ''et seq.''
==== [[Animal Health Protection Act]] ====
{{usc|7|8301}} ''et seq.''
 
Governs the prevention, detection, control, and eradication of diseases and pests of animals, where "animal" is defined as "any member of the animal kingdom (except a human)."  {{usc|7|8302}} (1) (West 2009).
Governs the prevention, detection, control, and eradication of diseases and pests of animals, where "animal" is defined as "any member of the animal kingdom (except a human)."  {{usc|7|8302}} (1) (West 2009).


'''[[Animal Welfare Act of 1966]]''', {{usc|7|2131}} ''et seq.''
[[Animal Welfare Act of 1966]]
 
{{usc|7|2131}} ''et seq.''
 
Originally intended to prevent the theft of pets for sale to research facilities, the AWA now broadly regulates minimum standards of care and treatment of animals in research, exhibition, transport, and by dealers.  It exempts birds, rats, or mice bred for use in research, horses not used for research, cold blooded animals, and all farm animals used in the production of “food and fiber.”  It provides for licensing and registration of all animal dealers and exhibitors.
Originally intended to prevent the theft of pets for sale to research facilities, the AWA now broadly regulates minimum standards of care and treatment of animals in research, exhibition, transport, and by dealers.  It exempts birds, rats, or mice bred for use in research, horses not used for research, cold blooded animals, and all farm animals used in the production of “food and fiber.”  It provides for licensing and registration of all animal dealers and exhibitors.


'''[[Horse Protection Act of 1970|Horse Protection Act]]''', {{usc|15|1821|1831}}
==== [[Horse Protection Act of 1970|Horse Protection Act]] ====
{{usc|15|1821|1831}}
 
Prohibits horses subjected to a process called “soring” (injecting or applying chemicals to a horse's forelegs to accentuate its gait) from participating in and being transported to exhibitions, sales, shows, or auctions.
Prohibits horses subjected to a process called “soring” (injecting or applying chemicals to a horse's forelegs to accentuate its gait) from participating in and being transported to exhibitions, sales, shows, or auctions.


'''Animal Damage Control Act of March 2, 1931''', {{usc|7|426|426c}}
==== Animal Damage Control Act of March 2, 1931 ====
{{usc|7|426|426c}}
 
Provides broad authority for investigation, demonstrations and control of “injurious animal species” (mammalian predators, rodents and birds.) Amended in 1991 to prevent the inadvertent introduction of brown tree snakes into other areas of the United States from Guam.
Provides broad authority for investigation, demonstrations and control of “injurious animal species” (mammalian predators, rodents and birds.) Amended in 1991 to prevent the inadvertent introduction of brown tree snakes into other areas of the United States from Guam.


'''Lacey Act''', {{usc|16|3371|3378}}
==== [[Lacey Act]] ====
{{usc|16|3371|3378}}
 
Makes it unlawful for any person to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any fish or wildlife or plant taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of any law, treaty, or regulation of the United States or in violation of any Indian tribal law whether in interstate or foreign commerce.
Makes it unlawful for any person to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any fish or wildlife or plant taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of any law, treaty, or regulation of the United States or in violation of any Indian tribal law whether in interstate or foreign commerce.


'''Plant Protection Act''', {{usc|7|7701}} ''et seq.''
==== [[Plant Protection Act]] ====
{{usc|7|7701}} ''et seq.''
 
Consolidates all or part of ten existing USDA plant health laws into one comprehensive law. Gives USDA the authority to regulate and to prohibit or restrict the importation, exportation, and the interstate movement of plants, plant products, certain biological control organisms, noxious weeds, and plant pests.
Consolidates all or part of ten existing USDA plant health laws into one comprehensive law. Gives USDA the authority to regulate and to prohibit or restrict the importation, exportation, and the interstate movement of plants, plant products, certain biological control organisms, noxious weeds, and plant pests.


'''Federal Seed Act, Title III''', {{usc|7|1551|1611}}
==== [[Federal Seed Act]] ====
Title III, {{usc|7|1551|1611}}
 
Requires accurate labeling and purity standards for seeds in commerce, and prohibits the importation and movement of adulterated or misbranded seeds.
Requires accurate labeling and purity standards for seeds in commerce, and prohibits the importation and movement of adulterated or misbranded seeds.


'''Honeybee Act''', {{usc|7|281|286}}
==== [[Honeybee Act]] ====
{{usc|7|281|286}}
 
Prohibits or restricts the importation or entry of honeybees and honeybee semen into or through the United States in order to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases and parasites harmful to honeybees, as well as genetically undesirable germ plasm and undesirable bee species.
Prohibits or restricts the importation or entry of honeybees and honeybee semen into or through the United States in order to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases and parasites harmful to honeybees, as well as genetically undesirable germ plasm and undesirable bee species.


'''Animal quarantine laws:'''
==== Animal quarantine laws ====
{{usc|21|101}} allows the President, by proclamation, to suspend the importation of all or any class of animals for a limited time, whenever, in his opinion, it is necessary for the protection of animals in the United States against infectious or contagious diseases.
{{usc|21|101}} allows the President, by proclamation, to suspend the importation of all or any class of animals for a limited time, whenever, in his opinion, it is necessary for the protection of animals in the United States against infectious or contagious diseases.


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{{usc|21|114i}} authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to establish and carry out a program for the eradication of pseudorabies in United States swine populations.
{{usc|21|114i}} authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to establish and carry out a program for the eradication of pseudorabies in United States swine populations.


'''Virus-Serum-Toxin Act''', {{usc|21|151|158}}
Virus-Serum-Toxin Act, {{usc|21|151|158}}


==Organization==
==Organization==
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<ref name="leadership">{{cite web |title=APHIS Leadership and Biographies |website=APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) |publisher=USDA ([[United States Department of Agriculture]]) |url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/banner/aboutaphis/SA_APHIS_Leadership |access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref>
<ref name="leadership">{{cite web |title=APHIS Leadership and Biographies |website=APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) |publisher=USDA ([[United States Department of Agriculture]]) |url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/banner/aboutaphis/SA_APHIS_Leadership |access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref>


<ref name="Marion-Oliver-2015">{{cite book | last1=Marion | first1=Nancy | last2=Oliver | first2=Willard M. | title=Federal law enforcement agencies in America | publisher=[[Wolters Kluwer Law & Business]] | publication-place=[[New York City]] | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4548-5833-1 | oclc=896806708 | page=147}}</ref>
<ref name="Marion-Oliver-2015">{{cite book | last1=Marion | first1=Nancy | last2=Oliver | first2=Willard M. | title=Federal law enforcement agencies in America | publisher=[[Wolters Kluwer Law & Business]] | publication-place=New York City | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4548-5833-1 | oclc=896806708 | page=147}}</ref>


}}
}}
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