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character of the American people. In a 1787 letter to John Rutledge, Jefferson asserted that "The only condition on earth to be compared with [American government] 

since Grant in 1872. After McKinley's assassination by Leon Czolgosz in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became a dominant figure in American politics. Historians

introduce bills and resolutions, and in recent Congresses they vote in permanent and select committees, in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate

Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1998, and Donald Trump in 2019 and 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton and both Trump trials ended in acquittal; in Johnson's

until September 1789. File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury (1789-1968).png The First United States Congress convened in New York City

Jones (1908). "The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power". Proceedings of the American Political Science Association 5: 53–63. doi:10.2307/3038511

established in 1868 to address claims by American citizens against foreign nations, but it was abolished in 1868 and then reestablished in 1870 under the

Government: A Study in American Politics (1885, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin) Wilson, Woodrow. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics Archived February

justice in 1981. In 1986, Antonin Scalia became the first Italian-American justice. Marshall was succeeded by African-American Clarence Thomas in 1991. O'Connor

instrumental in keeping law and order in the "Old West" era. They were involved in apprehending desperadoes such as Bill Doolin, Ned Christie, and in 1893, the

imprisoned for up to five years in the federal penitentiary in Albany, New York. The result was a dramatic decrease in violence in the South. Akerman gave credit

Hispanic American male: Alberto Gonzales in 2005 First African American male: Eric Holder in 2009 First African American female: Loretta Lynch in 2015 T

independence from Great Britain among the American Colonies during the American Revolution. On November 21, 1789, North Carolina became the 12th state to

President's Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of America's Favorite Architecture. Following his April 1789 inauguration

occupied the city after defeating an American force at Bladensburg. In retaliation for acts of destruction by American troops in the Canadas, the British set fire

Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 17 people have served as Chief Justice, beginning with John Jay (1789–1795). The current chief justice is

April 1, 1789, the day the House organized itself at the start of the 1st Congress. He served two non-consecutive terms in the speaker's chair, 1789–1791 (1st

Machine (1788): "In the act of nomination, his judgment alone will be exercised." Letter from Roger Sherman to John Adams (July 1789) in The Founders Constitution:

William Henry Harrison, all presidents since George Washington in 1789 have issued orders that in general terms can be described as executive orders. Initially

of Foreign Affairs: created in July 1781 and renamed Secretary of State in September 1789. Secretary of War: created in 1789 and was renamed as Secretary