View source for Cypress Hills National Cemetery

{{Short description|Veterans cemetery in Brooklyn, New York}}
{{about|the national cemetery mostly at 625 Jamaica Avenue|the nearby private cemetery at 833 Jamaica Avenue and along Cooper Avenue|Cypress Hills Cemetery}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox military memorial
|name=Cypress Hills National Cemetery
|body=[[United States National Cemetery]]
|image=[[File:Cypress hills 6.jpg|300px]]
|caption=The Union Plot of Cypress Hills National Cemetery
|commemorates=the Americans of all wars
|coordinates={{coord|40|41|17|N|73|52|55|W|region:US_type:landmark_source:GNIS|display=inline,title}}<!-- These are the GNIS coords for CH National Cemetery -->
|nearest_town=[[Cypress Hills, Brooklyn]], Kings County, New York
|established=
|unveiled=
|total=>21,000 (through FY 2007)
|source=http://www.cem.va.gov/CEM/cems/nchp/cypresshills.asp
}}
'''Cypress Hills National Cemetery''' is a {{convert|18.2|acre|adj=on}} cemetery located in the [[Cypress Hills, Brooklyn|Cypress Hills]] neighborhood of [[Brooklyn]], New York City. It is the only [[United States National Cemetery]] in New York City and has more than 21,100 interments of veterans and civilians.

There are 24 Medal of Honor recipients buried in the cemetery, including three men who received the award twice. Although Cypress Hills was established to honor Civil War veterans, its grounds include the graves of soldiers who fought in the American Revolutionary War, [[Spanish–American War]], Korean War and Vietnam War.<ref>[http://www.cem.va.gov/CEM/cems/nchp/cypresshills.asp US Dept of Veterans Affairs]. Administered by the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]], the National Cemetery is closed to new interments. The only interments that are being accepted are subsequent interments for veterans or eligible family members in an existing gravesite. Periodically however, burial space may become available due to a canceled reservation or when a disinterment has been completed. When either of these two scenarios occurs, the gravesite is made available to another eligible veteran on a first-come, first-served basis.</ref>

Cypress Hills National Cemetery opened in 1862 and gravesites were exhausted in 1954. However, burials of veteran's spouses continues at the rate of approximately ten per year. The [[#Sections|two sections of this national cemetery]] are located approximately one half-mile apart.

== History ==
In 1849 the private [[Cypress Hills Cemetery]] was established as a nonsectarian burial ground. On April 21, 1862, the cemetery's board of directors acted upon the request of undertaker A. J. Case to establish a place for burial of United States veterans who died in Brooklyn and the vicinity. With the American Civil War underway, a location was needed for casualties who died in New York hospitals. The board of directors authorized {{convert|2.7|acre}} for deceased veterans and was known colloquially as the '''Union Grounds'''. Private Alfred Mitchell, a young soldier of the [[1st New York Engineers]] who died on April 13, 1862, was the first Civil War casualty to be interred in the new Union Grounds. Eight years later, an inspection report noted that 3,170 [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] soldiers and 461 [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] prisoners of war were already buried here. Others were brought from cemeteries on [[Long Island Sound]] and as far away as Rhode Island.
[[File:Cypress hills 27.jpg|thumb|right|Section 2, Cypress Hills National Cemetery.]]
In 1870 the private Cypress Hills Cemetery Association deeded the Union Grounds property to the federal government for a consideration of $9,600. Three years later, Congress approved a change in legislation to extend burial rights to honorably discharged soldiers, sailors, and Marines who served in the war. This would necessitate a larger cemetery location for the Brooklyn location. To accommodate the large number of burial requests, the government sought to expand the cemetery. Congress balked at the price asked by the Cypress Hills Cemetery Association, so it went outside the cemetery's boundaries for a new tract. In 1884 the government purchased a {{convert|15.4|acre|adj=on}} parcel from Isaac Snediker, located approximately one half-mile away from the Union Grounds.

These two parcels were joined by a third piece of the private Cypress Hills Cemetery. On September 17, 1941, a {{convert|0.06|acre|adj=on}} parcel known as '''The Mount of Victory''' was donated to the United States by the [[State of New York]]. There are approximately one dozen graves in this plot, most from the [[War of 1812]]. These three parcels combined equal {{convert|18.2|acre}}, and make up the Cypress Hills National Cemetery.

By the 1950s the area for burials was running out. The government decided that henceforth all New York City area veterans, and spouses, would be interred at the [[Long Island National Cemetery]] in [[Suffolk County, New York]]. Today the administration of the cemetery is the responsibility of the Farmingdale staff. Cypress Hills National Cemetery has been listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] since 1997.

Cypress Hills National Cemetery opened in 1862, the same year as [[Mill Springs National Cemetery]] in [[Kentucky]], the oldest active national cemetery in the United States. Cypress Hills National Cemetery is two years older than [[Arlington National Cemetery]].

== Sections ==

=== The Union Grounds (Cypress Hill Cemetery) ===

Located on the east slope of the [[Ridgewood Reservoir]], the Union Grounds are in the southwest portion of [[Cypress Hills Cemetery]], 833 [[Jamaica Avenue]]. There are more than 3,170 Union soldiers and sailors, and more than 461 captured or surrendered Confederates buried in the Union Grounds. Over the years the bowl-shaped space accepted veterans from other conflicts, up through World War I. Re-interments from other cemeteries added more graves. Most other interments, however, were largely local in nature, due to the cemetery's location in New York State (which contributed the largest numbers of fighting forces in the Civil War) and the adjacent proximity of the cemetery to New York City, the nation's most populous and hence the prime source of Federal enlistments for the war effort.

=== The Mount of Victory (Cypress Hill Cemetery) ===
[[File:Cypress hills 3.jpg|thumb|right|Mount of Victory section contains [[War of 1812]] graves.]]
Several hundred yards southeast of the Union Grounds, atop one of the higher elevations of Cypress Hill Cemetery, is another section of the national cemetery. In actual size, less than an acre and possessing at least 39 visible veteran headstones and one chaplain monument, The Mount of Victory is the smallest parcel of federal land. It is accentuated by the Eagle Monument (see below), and is visible from West Dolorosa Road. Many of those buried here are veterans of the [[War of 1812]]. The Mount of Victory is in Section 2 (plot marked 10) on grid 40.69151° N, 73.87549° W of the cemetery nearby West Dolorosa Road.

=== Cypress Hills National Cemetery ===

The largest of the three sections of the national cemetery is located at 625 Jamaica Avenue. Visitors enter through decorative wrought iron gates constructed in 1886. The visitors lodge, built in 1887, is on the right. This [[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|Queen Anne style]] building has an office, meeting room and museum. There is a grave locator outside the lodge door. This section of the cemetery contains approximately 15,000 graves. Although the parcel is quite narrow, it is long, and leads to a hilltop. The cemetery is divided into 16 sections.

This cemetery also contains three [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission|British Commonwealth war graves]] from World War I – two sailors of the [[Royal Navy]] and one of the [[Merchant Navy]].<ref name=cwgc>[http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/4001713/NEW%20YORK%20CITY%20CYPRESS%20HILLS%20NATIONAL%20CEMETERY CWGC Cemetery Report]. Breakdown obtained from casualty record.</ref>

== Notable monuments ==
There are several notable monuments in Cypress Hills. These are listed in the order that they were erected:
* The 1881 ''Garfield Memorial Oak Tree'' (Union Grounds, Section 1 F, on Cypress Way and Metropolitan Way). On November 3, 1881, the [[James A. Garfield]] Oak Society of Brooklyn planted an oak in honor of the slain 20th President of the United States. Following a storm in 1944 that damaged the oak, a new one was planted. At one time an iron fence encircled the memorial.
* The ''Ringgold Monument'' (Union Grounds, Section 1B). This large obelisk was erected by veterans who served under Colonel Benjamin Ringgold's command in the Civil War.
* ''British Navy Monument'' (Section 2, Grave No. 36). In 1908 workers at [[Fort Hancock, New Jersey]], uncovered a buried earthen brick vault with the remains of a number of men. It was determined this was the crew of a [[British Navy]] vessel that perished in 1783 while sailing homeward following the Revolutionary War. On March 5, 1909, the remains were moved to Cypress Hills and interred in a single grave. The headstone—a large granite monument that bears the names of 14 men—was erected in 1939.
* ''The French Cross'' to honor French Sailors (Section 3).  This 12-foot (3.7 m) granite cross was erected in memory of 25 sailors of the [[French Navy]] who died while on duty in American waters in the fall of 1918. The remains of three sailors were repatriated to France; 22 are interred in Cypress Hills.<ref>{{cite web|title=French Navy Sailors Who Died in American Waters|url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyFrenchNYDeaths.htm|website=naval-history.net|accessdate=March 28, 2015}}</ref>
* ''Second Division AEF Monument'' (in front of rostrum).

[[File:Cypress hills 2.jpg|thumb|right|Mount of Victory eagle was erected in the early 1930s.]]
* ''The Eagle Monument'' (Cypress Hills Section 2, The Mount of Victory). This unique hand-crafted monument of fieldstones was created by cemetery laborers around 1934. An American eagle, carved in stone was placed atop the stone pyramid.

== Notable burials ==
[[File:Cypress hills 33.jpg|thumb|Medal of Honor recipient [[Henry Rodenburg]].]]
* There are 24 Medal of Honor recipients interred at Cypress Hills
 Marine Sergeant [[John Mapes Adams]], for action during the [[Boxer Rebellion]]
 Coxswain [[John Laver Mather Cooper|John Cooper]], aka John Laver Mather, two time recipient. The first for action on board [[USS Brooklyn (1858)|USS ''Brooklyn'']] during the [[Battle of Mobile Bay]], and the second a year later while serving on Rear Admiral [[Henry K. Thatcher]]'s staff in [[Mobile, Alabama]]
 Army Sergeant [[Wilbur E. Colyer]], for action at the [[Battle of Verdun]] during World War I
 Marine Sergeant Major [[Daniel Daly|Daniel Joseph Daly]], two time Medal of Honor recipient. The first for action in the Boxer Rebellion, and the second for action in [[Haiti]] in 1915
 Marine Private [[James Dougherty (Medal of Honor)|James Dougherty]], for action aboard USS ''Carondelet'' (second ship by that name) in Korea in 1871
 Army Private [[Christopher Freemeyer]], for action in [[Montana Territory]] during the [[Indian Wars]]
 Army Sergeant Major [[Frederick W. Gerber]], for 32 years of service to the US Army during the [[Indian Wars]]
 Army Sergeant [[Patrick Golden]], for action in the [[Arizona Territory]] during the Indian Wars
 Army First Sergeant [[Edward P. Grimes]], for action in [[Colorado Territory]] during the Indian Wars
 Army Sergeant [[Bernhard Jetter]], for action during the [[Indian Wars]]
 Chief Watertender [[Johannes J. Johannessen]], for peace time service aboard [[USS Iowa (BB-4)|USS ''Iowa'']]
 Quartermaster [[Edward S. Martin]], for action at the [[Battle of Mobile Bay]] during the Civil War
 Lieutenant [[Mons Monssen]], for peace time service aboard [[USS Missouri (BB-11)|USS ''Missouri'']]
 Army Sergeant [[John Nihill]], for action in Arizona Territory during the Indian Wars
 Quartermaster Third Class [[Anton Olsen (U.S. Navy)|Anton Olsen]], for action aboard [[USS Marblehead (C-11)|USS ''Marblehead'']] during the [[Spanish–American War]]
 Army Private [[Henry Rodenburg]], for action in Montana Territory during the Indian Wars
 Army Sergeant [[Valentine Rossbach]], for action at the [[Battle of Spotsylvania Court House]] during the Civil War
 Army Private [[John Schiller]], for action at the [[Battle of Chaffin's Farm]] during the Civil War
 Chief Watertender [[Eugene P. Smith]], for peace time service aboard [[USS Decatur (DD-5)|USS ''Decatur'']]
 Gunner's Mate First Class [[Wilhelm Smith]], for peace time service aboard [[USS New York (BB-34)|USS ''New York'']]
 Marine Gunnery Sergeant [[Peter Stewart (Medal of Honor recipient)|Peter Stewart]], for action during the Boxer Rebellion
 Army Private [[James W. Webb]], for action at the [[Second Battle of Bull Run]] during the Civil War
 Army First Sergeant [[Henry Wilkens]], for action in Montana Territory during the Indian Wars
 Seaman Louis Williams, a.k.a. [[Ludwig Andreas Olsen]], two time recipient. Both medals were for peace time service aboard [[USS Lackawanna (1862)|USS ''Lackawanna'']]
* Other notable interments
 [[Robert Osborne Abbott]], American Civil War surgeon, and medical director, [[Department of Washington]]
 [[Hiram Cronk]], soldier with the New York Volunteers, the last surviving veteran of the [[War of 1812]] as of the date of his death in 1905
 General [[Thomas W. Egan]], [[40th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment]], Civil War
 Brevet Brigadier General [[William Gates (soldier)|William Gates]], veteran of the War of 1812, Seminole War, Mexican War and Civil War
 [[Bill Lovett|William "Wild Bill" Lovett]], leader of the [[White Hand Gang]], veteran of World War I
 Colonel [[Benjamin Kendrick Pierce]], veteran of the [[War of 1812]], [[Second Seminole War]], and [[Mexican–American War]], and brother of President [[Franklin Pierce]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery Caption="Pictures" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
File:Cypress hills 1.jpg|Marine Sergeant [[John Mapes Adams]], Medal of Honor recipient for action during the [[Boxer Rebellion]].
File:Cypress hills 4.jpg|Chaplain J. H. Hull, veteran of the [[War of 1812]], Mount of Victory section.
File:Cypress hills 5.jpg|Mount of Victory section, War of 1812 graves.
File:Cypress hills 7.jpg|The "Old Field" with Civil War graves.
File:Cypress hills 8.jpg|Union Plot in Cypress Hills.
File:Cypress hills 9.jpg|In the distance is the Ringgold Monument in the Union Grounds, Section 1B.
File:Cypress hills 10.jpg|Union Grounds in Cypress Hills.
File:Cypress hills 11.jpg|Union soldiers from the Civil War in the "Old Field."
File:Cypress hills 12.jpg|Confederates and Union veterans buried side by side in the Union Grounds.
File:Cypress hills 13.jpg|CSA soldier William Branham, Union Grounds.
File:Cypress hills 14.jpg|CSA soldier Andrew Dishman, Union Grounds.
File:Cypress hills 15.jpg|Union soldier Isaac Fretz, Union Grounds.
File:Cypress hills 16.jpg|Union soldier Godfrey Liebrand, Union Grounds.
File:Cypress hills 17.jpg|Union soldier Peter D. Spain, Union Grounds.
File:Cypress hills 18.jpg|Main entrance to [[Cypress Hills Cemetery]], the private cemetery where two portions of the National Cemetery are located. The [[Cypress Hills (BMT Jamaica Line)|Cypress Hills station]] is across [[Jamaica Avenue]].
File:Entrance, Cypress Hills National Cemetery, NY.jpg|Main entrance to Cypress Hills National Cemetery, located at 625 [[Jamaica Avenue]].
File:Cypress hills 21.jpg|Medal of Honor recipient [[Wilhelm Smith]].
File:Cypress hills 22.jpg|[[Spanish–American War]] veteran Andy Million.
File:Cypress hills 23.jpg|Medal of Honor recipient [[Anton Olsen (U.S. Navy)|Anton Olsen]].
File:Cypress hills 24.jpg|World War I aviation corps Lt. Louis J. Merkel.
File:Cypress hills 25.jpg|Brevet Brigadier General George W. Von Schack, [[7th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment|7th New York Volunteers]].
File:Grave of Wilbur E. Colyer Cypress Hills.jpg|Detail of grave of Medal of Honor recipient [[Wilbur E. Colyer]].
File:Cypress hills 28.jpg|Marine veteran Aug. Holmberg.
File:Cypress hills 29.jpg|Cypress Hills National Cemetery.
File:Cypress hills 30.jpg|Unknown soldier.
File:Cypress hills 31.jpg|Plaque dedicated in 1976 for U.S. Bicentennial.
File:Cypress hills 32.jpg|Medal of Honor recipient [[Edwin S. Martin]].
File:Cypress hills 35.jpg|Two-time Medal of Honor recipient [[Daniel Daly]].
File:Cypress hills 34.jpg|Civil War graves.
File:Cypress hills 36.jpg|One of the few Vietnam War graves, Marine Lance Corporal Roy G. Rubin, buried more than 15 years after Cypress Hills filled up.
File:Cypress hills 37.jpg|The French Cross to honor French Sailors (Section 3).
File:Cypress hills 38.jpg|Cypress Hills National Cemetery.
File:Cypress hills 39.jpg|Cypress Hills National Cemetery.
File:Cypress hills 40.jpg|Memorial to Eunice Gray, daughter of a soldier, who died in Puerto Rico.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Cypress Hills National Cemetery }}
* [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/national_cemeteries/New_York/Cypress_Hills_National_Cemetery.html National Park Service]
* [http://www.cem.va.gov/ National Cemetery Administration]
* [http://www.cem.va.gov/CEM/cems/nchp/cypresshills.asp Cypress Hills National Cemetery]
* {{HALS |survey=NY-2-A |id=ny2022 |title=Cypress Hills National Cemetery, Jamaica Avenue Unit}}
* {{HALS |survey=NY-2-B |id=ny2023 |title=Cypress Hills National Cemetery, Union Grounds Unit |link=no}}
* {{HALS |survey=NY-2-C |id=ny2024 |title=Cypress Hills National Cemetery, Mount of Victory Plot Unit |link=no}}
* {{GNIS|type=retired|947976|Cypress Hills Cemetery}}
* {{GNIS|type=retired|958291}}
* {{Find a Grave cemetery|64319|Cypress Hills Cemetery}}
* {{Find a Grave cemetery|182886|Cypress Hills National Cemetery}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in New York}}

[[Category:Cemeteries in Brooklyn]]
[[Category:United States national cemeteries]]
[[Category:Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City]]
[[Category:Cypress Hills, Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Historic American Landscapes Survey in New York (state)]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in the United States]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Cemeteries established in the 1860s]]