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Commission of Fine Arts: Difference between revisions
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[[William Howard Taft]] was inaugurated as president in March 1909. Taft revoked Executive Order 1010 on May 21, 1909.<ref>[[s:Executive Order 1074|"Revoking Executive Order of January 19, 1909, Which Appointed the Council of Fine Arts." Executive Order 1074.]] William Howard Taft. May 21, 1909.</ref><ref name="Partridge311">Partridge and Helrich, p. 311.</ref><ref name="Kohler3">Kohler, ''The Commission of Fine Arts: A Brief History, 1910–1995'', p. 3.</ref> There are differing explanations for Taft's actions. Historians Sue Kohler and Christopher Thomas state that Taft supported the idea of a fine arts commission, but wanted it to have a basis in legislation.<ref name="Kohler3" /><ref name="Thomas">Thomas, p. 36.</ref> But a contemporary report in the ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' noted that the council was highly controversial, and Congress had passed legislation prohibiting the expenditure of funds for any federal body not established by law. The newspaper said the legislation was intended to defund the Council of Fine Arts.<ref>"Art Council No More." ''Washington Post.'' May 27, 1909.</ref> | [[William Howard Taft]] was inaugurated as president in March 1909. Taft revoked Executive Order 1010 on May 21, 1909.<ref>[[s:Executive Order 1074|"Revoking Executive Order of January 19, 1909, Which Appointed the Council of Fine Arts." Executive Order 1074.]] William Howard Taft. May 21, 1909.</ref><ref name="Partridge311">Partridge and Helrich, p. 311.</ref><ref name="Kohler3">Kohler, ''The Commission of Fine Arts: A Brief History, 1910–1995'', p. 3.</ref> There are differing explanations for Taft's actions. Historians Sue Kohler and Christopher Thomas state that Taft supported the idea of a fine arts commission, but wanted it to have a basis in legislation.<ref name="Kohler3" /><ref name="Thomas">Thomas, p. 36.</ref> But a contemporary report in the ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' noted that the council was highly controversial, and Congress had passed legislation prohibiting the expenditure of funds for any federal body not established by law. The newspaper said the legislation was intended to defund the Council of Fine Arts.<ref>"Art Council No More." ''Washington Post.'' May 27, 1909.</ref> | ||
Later in 1909, [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Elihu Root]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[New York (state)|NY]]) drafted legislation establishing an advisory commission of fine arts.<ref name="Partridge311" /> [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Samuel W. McCall]] (R-[[Massachusetts|MA]]) introduced the bill, H.R. 19962, into the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref name="SerialSet">[https://books.google.com/books?id=GmE3AQAAIAAJ&dq=Samuel+McCall+fine+arts+commission+H.R.&pg=PA251 "Commission of Fine Arts." p. 251-253.] Accessed 2012-10-13.</ref> The House passed the legislation on February 9, 1910. The House bill made the members of the commission subject to approval by the Senate, gave their term of office as four years, and their qualifications as artists "of repute". In addition to having an advisory capacity on all questions of art and design, the commission was given final say on the selection of sites for monuments and statues.<ref>"Art Board for District." ''Washington Post.'' February 10, 1910.</ref> Root managed the House bill through the Senate. [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]] [[Joseph Gurney Cannon]] opposed the bill, and it was bottled up the [[United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library|Committee on the Library]]. But in mid-March, a group of renegade [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] joined forces with | Later in 1909, [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Elihu Root]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[New York (state)|NY]]) drafted legislation establishing an advisory commission of fine arts.<ref name="Partridge311" /> [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Samuel W. McCall]] (R-[[Massachusetts|MA]]) introduced the bill, H.R. 19962, into the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref name="SerialSet">[https://books.google.com/books?id=GmE3AQAAIAAJ&dq=Samuel+McCall+fine+arts+commission+H.R.&pg=PA251 "Commission of Fine Arts." p. 251-253.] Accessed 2012-10-13.</ref> The House passed the legislation on February 9, 1910. The House bill made the members of the commission subject to approval by the Senate, gave their term of office as four years, and their qualifications as artists "of repute". In addition to having an advisory capacity on all questions of art and design, the commission was given final say on the selection of sites for monuments and statues.<ref>"Art Board for District." ''Washington Post.'' February 10, 1910.</ref> Root managed the House bill through the Senate. [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]] [[Joseph Gurney Cannon]] opposed the bill, and it was bottled up the [[United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library|Committee on the Library]]. But in mid-March, a group of renegade [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] joined forces with Democrats to strip Speaker Cannon of much of his power. The fine arts commission bill quickly passed through the committee and was brought up for a vote on the Senate floor.<ref name="Thomas" /> | ||
The Senate amended the bill, and passed it on May 3, 1910. One amendment, to bar statues of any person not dead 50 years, was turned down.<ref>"Senators As Art Critics." ''Washington Post.'' May 4, 1910.</ref> The Senate changed the qualifications of the commissioners to seven "well qualified judges of the fine arts". It struck the commission's authority to site monuments and statues, making the authority advisory only. It also added fountains to the type of items covered by the act.<ref name="SerialSet" /> In a [[United States congressional conference committee|conference committee]] on May 9, the House conferees agreed to the Senate amendments. They also won approval of the Senate conferees to remove the requirement that the commission members be approved by the Senate. Clarifying language was also added to the bill, permitting the commission to advise (upon request) on the U.S. Capitol and [[Library of Congress]] buildings.<ref name="SerialSet" /> H.R. 19962, as amended, was passed by the House on May 12, and the Senate on May 17.<ref>American Federation of Arts, p. 97; [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3vQmfZEUZ8C&dq=May+17+commission+on+fine+arts+passed+senate&pg=PA56 Joint Committee on the Library, p. 56.] Accessed 2012-10-13.</ref> Taft signed the legislation Public Law 61-181 (40 U.S.C. 104, 36 Stat. 371), shortly thereafter. | The Senate amended the bill, and passed it on May 3, 1910. One amendment, to bar statues of any person not dead 50 years, was turned down.<ref>"Senators As Art Critics." ''Washington Post.'' May 4, 1910.</ref> The Senate changed the qualifications of the commissioners to seven "well qualified judges of the fine arts". It struck the commission's authority to site monuments and statues, making the authority advisory only. It also added fountains to the type of items covered by the act.<ref name="SerialSet" /> In a [[United States congressional conference committee|conference committee]] on May 9, the House conferees agreed to the Senate amendments. They also won approval of the Senate conferees to remove the requirement that the commission members be approved by the Senate. Clarifying language was also added to the bill, permitting the commission to advise (upon request) on the U.S. Capitol and [[Library of Congress]] buildings.<ref name="SerialSet" /> H.R. 19962, as amended, was passed by the House on May 12, and the Senate on May 17.<ref>American Federation of Arts, p. 97; [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3vQmfZEUZ8C&dq=May+17+commission+on+fine+arts+passed+senate&pg=PA56 Joint Committee on the Library, p. 56.] Accessed 2012-10-13.</ref> Taft signed the legislation Public Law 61-181 (40 U.S.C. 104, 36 Stat. 371), shortly thereafter. | ||