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| term_end            = November 22, 1963
| term_end            = November 22, 1963
| predecessor        = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| predecessor        = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| successor          = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| successor          = Lyndon B. Johnson
| vicepresident      = Lyndon B. Johnson
| vicepresident      = Lyndon B. Johnson
| jr/sr1              = United States Senator
| jr/sr1              = United States Senator
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Kennedy's presidency saw high tensions with communist states in the Cold War. He increased the number of [[Military advisor#US advisors in Vietnam|American military advisers]] in [[South Vietnam]], and the [[Strategic Hamlet Program]] began during his presidency. In 1961, he authorized attempts to overthrow the Cuban government of [[Fidel Castro]] in the failed [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] and [[Operation Mongoose]]. In October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba. The resulting period of tensions, termed the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], nearly resulted in [[nuclear war]]. In August 1961, after [[East Germany|East German]] troops erected the [[Berlin Wall]], Kennedy sent an army convoy to reassure West Berliners of U.S. support, and delivered [[Ich bin ein Berliner|one of his most famous speeches]] in West Berlin in June 1963. In 1963, Kennedy signed the first [[Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty|nuclear weapons treaty]]. He presided over the establishment of the [[Peace Corps]], [[Alliance for Progress]] with Latin America, and the continuation of the [[Apollo program]] with the goal of [[We choose to go to the Moon|landing a man on the Moon]] before 1970. He supported the [[civil rights movement]] but was only somewhat successful in passing his [[New Frontier]] domestic policies.
Kennedy's presidency saw high tensions with communist states in the Cold War. He increased the number of [[Military advisor#US advisors in Vietnam|American military advisers]] in [[South Vietnam]], and the [[Strategic Hamlet Program]] began during his presidency. In 1961, he authorized attempts to overthrow the Cuban government of [[Fidel Castro]] in the failed [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] and [[Operation Mongoose]]. In October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba. The resulting period of tensions, termed the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], nearly resulted in [[nuclear war]]. In August 1961, after [[East Germany|East German]] troops erected the [[Berlin Wall]], Kennedy sent an army convoy to reassure West Berliners of U.S. support, and delivered [[Ich bin ein Berliner|one of his most famous speeches]] in West Berlin in June 1963. In 1963, Kennedy signed the first [[Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty|nuclear weapons treaty]]. He presided over the establishment of the [[Peace Corps]], [[Alliance for Progress]] with Latin America, and the continuation of the [[Apollo program]] with the goal of [[We choose to go to the Moon|landing a man on the Moon]] before 1970. He supported the [[civil rights movement]] but was only somewhat successful in passing his [[New Frontier]] domestic policies.


On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated<!-- Please do not link; see [[WP:OVERLINK]] --> in [[Dallas]]. His vice president, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|assumed the presidency]]. [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] was arrested for the assassination, but he was shot and killed by [[Jack Ruby]] two days later. The [[FBI]] and the [[Warren Commission]] both concluded Oswald had acted alone, but [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories|conspiracy theories about the assassination]] persist. After Kennedy's death, Congress enacted many of his proposals, including the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the [[Revenue Act of 1964]]. Kennedy ranks highly in [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States|polls of U.S. presidents]] with historians and the general public. His personal life has been the focus of considerable sustained interest following public revelations in the 1970s of his chronic health ailments and [[extramarital affair]]s. Kennedy is the most recent [[List of presidents of the United States who died in office|U.S. president to have died in office]].
On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated<!-- Please do not link; see [[WP:OVERLINK]] --> in [[Dallas]]. His vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson, [[First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|assumed the presidency]]. [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] was arrested for the assassination, but he was shot and killed by [[Jack Ruby]] two days later. The [[FBI]] and the [[Warren Commission]] both concluded Oswald had acted alone, but [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories|conspiracy theories about the assassination]] persist. After Kennedy's death, Congress enacted many of his proposals, including the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the [[Revenue Act of 1964]]. Kennedy ranks highly in [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States|polls of U.S. presidents]] with historians and the general public. His personal life has been the focus of considerable sustained interest following public revelations in the 1970s of his chronic health ailments and [[extramarital affair]]s. Kennedy is the most recent [[List of presidents of the United States who died in office|U.S. president to have died in office]].
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That same year, Kennedy joined the Senate's [[Foreign Relations Committee]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=John T. |url=https://archive.org/details/jfkinsenatepathw0000shaw_y7x0/page/183/mode/2up |title=JFK in the Senate |date= 2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-230-34183-8 |page=183 |url-access=registration}}</ref> There he supported [[Algerian War|Algeria's effort to gain independence]] from France and sponsored an amendment to the [[Mutual Defense Assistance Act]] that would provide aid to Soviet satellite nations. Kennedy also introduced an amendment to the [[National Defense Education Act]] in 1959 to eliminate the requirement that aid recipients sign a loyalty oath and provide supporting affidavits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/voting-record-and-stands-on-issues|title=John F. Kennedy's Pre-Presidential Voting Record & Stands on Issues (p. 1 of 9)|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=March 31, 2024|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205181944/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/voting-record-and-stands-on-issues|url-status=live}}</ref>
That same year, Kennedy joined the Senate's [[Foreign Relations Committee]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=John T. |url=https://archive.org/details/jfkinsenatepathw0000shaw_y7x0/page/183/mode/2up |title=JFK in the Senate |date= 2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-230-34183-8 |page=183 |url-access=registration}}</ref> There he supported [[Algerian War|Algeria's effort to gain independence]] from France and sponsored an amendment to the [[Mutual Defense Assistance Act]] that would provide aid to Soviet satellite nations. Kennedy also introduced an amendment to the [[National Defense Education Act]] in 1959 to eliminate the requirement that aid recipients sign a loyalty oath and provide supporting affidavits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/voting-record-and-stands-on-issues|title=John F. Kennedy's Pre-Presidential Voting Record & Stands on Issues (p. 1 of 9)|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=March 31, 2024|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205181944/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/voting-record-and-stands-on-issues|url-status=live}}</ref>


Kennedy cast a procedural vote against President Eisenhower's bill for the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]] and this was considered by some to be an appeasement of Southern Democratic opponents of the bill.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=370}} Kennedy did vote for Title III of the act, which would have given the Attorney General powers to enjoin, but Majority Leader [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] agreed to let the provision die as a compromise measure.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|pp=370, 371}} Kennedy also voted for the "Jury Trial Amendment." Many civil rights advocates criticized that vote as one which would weaken the act.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=372}} A final compromise bill, which Kennedy supported, was passed in September 1957.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=374}} As a senator from Massachusetts, which lacked a sizable Black population, Kennedy was not particularly sensitive to the problems of African Americans. Robert Kennedy later reflected, "We weren't thinking of the Negroes of Mississippi or Alabama—what should be done for them. We were thinking of what needed to be done in Massachusetts."{{sfn|Bryant|2006b|pp=23–24}}
Kennedy cast a procedural vote against President Eisenhower's bill for the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]] and this was considered by some to be an appeasement of Southern Democratic opponents of the bill.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=370}} Kennedy did vote for Title III of the act, which would have given the Attorney General powers to enjoin, but Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson agreed to let the provision die as a compromise measure.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|pp=370, 371}} Kennedy also voted for the "Jury Trial Amendment." Many civil rights advocates criticized that vote as one which would weaken the act.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=372}} A final compromise bill, which Kennedy supported, was passed in September 1957.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=374}} As a senator from Massachusetts, which lacked a sizable Black population, Kennedy was not particularly sensitive to the problems of African Americans. Robert Kennedy later reflected, "We weren't thinking of the Negroes of Mississippi or Alabama—what should be done for them. We were thinking of what needed to be done in Massachusetts."{{sfn|Bryant|2006b|pp=23–24}}
[[File:1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts results map by municipality.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Results of the [[1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1958]] U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts by [[List of municipalities in Massachusetts|municipality]]. Kennedy's margin of victory of 874,608 votes was the largest in Massachusetts political history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy|title=John F. Kennedy – Presidential candidate and president|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=July 4, 2023|access-date=January 16, 2017|archive-date=January 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118183301/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=37}}]]
[[File:1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts results map by municipality.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Results of the [[1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1958]] U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts by [[List of municipalities in Massachusetts|municipality]]. Kennedy's margin of victory of 874,608 votes was the largest in Massachusetts political history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy|title=John F. Kennedy – Presidential candidate and president|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=July 4, 2023|access-date=January 16, 2017|archive-date=January 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118183301/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=37}}]]


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{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets|nominee]] for President of the United States|years=[[1960 United States presidential election|1960]]}}
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