Massachusetts: Difference between revisions

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 Massachusetts was a site of early [[British colonization of the Americas|English colonization]]. The [[Plymouth Colony]] was founded in 1620 by the [[Pilgrim Fathers|Pilgrims]] of the ''[[Mayflower]]''. In 1630, the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], taking its name from the Indigenous [[Massachusett|Massachusett people]], also established settlements in Boston and Salem. In 1692, the town of [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]] and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of [[mass hysteria]], the [[Salem witch trials]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1692 Salem Witch Trials |url=http://www.salemwitchmuseum.com/education |publisher=Salem Witch Trials Museum |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty"<ref>{{cite web |title=Faneuil Hall |url=http://www.celebrateboston.com/sites/faneuil-hall.htm |access-date=April 21, 2015 |publisher=Celebrateboston.com}}</ref> for the agitation there that later led to the [[American Revolution]]. In 1786, [[Shays' Rebellion]], a populist revolt led by disaffected [[American Revolutionary War]] veterans, influenced the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|United States Constitutional Convention]].<ref name="shay">{{cite web |title=Shays' Rebellion |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/15a.asp |publisher=ushistory.org |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> Originally dependent on [[Agriculture in Massachusetts|agriculture]], [[fishing]], and [[trade]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Maritime Commerce |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/commerce.htm |access-date=April 21, 2015 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Lowell, Massachusetts |url=http://www.lowell.com/city-of-lowell/lowell-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405013026/http://lowell.com/city-of-lowell/lowell-history/ |archive-date=April 5, 2010 |publisher=City of Lowell |access-date=April 21, 2015 }}</ref> Before the [[American Civil War]], the state was a center for the [[abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]], [[temperance movement|temperance]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Temperance Issue in the Election of 1840: Massachusetts |url=http://www.teachushistory.org/second-great-awakening-age-reform/articles/temperance-issue-election-1840-massachusetts |publisher=Teachushistory.org |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> and [[transcendentalist]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Packer |first1=Barbara |title=The Transcendentalists |publisher=University of Georgia Press; First edition (April 25, 2007) |isbn=978-0-8203-2958-1|year=2007 }}</ref> movements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Images of the Antislavery Movement in Massachusetts |url=http://www.masshist.org/online/abolition/index.php |publisher=Masshist.org |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref>  During the 20th century, the state's economy [[Massachusetts Miracle|shifted from manufacturing to services]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Staying Power: The Future of Manufacturing in Massachusetts |url=http://masstech.org/sites/mtc/files/documents/Staying_Power.pdf |publisher=The Center for Urban and Regional Policy School of Social Science, Urban Affairs, and Public Policy Northeastern University |access-date=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071505/http://masstech.org/sites/mtc/files/documents/Staying_Power.pdf }}</ref> and in the 21st century, Massachusetts has become the global leader in [[biotechnology]],<ref name="MassachusettsLargestBiotechHubWorld">{{cite web|url=https://www.epmscientific.com/blog/2023/02/boston-is-now-the-largest-biotech-hub|title=Boston is Now the Largest Biotech Hub in the World|publisher=EPM Scientific|date=February 2023|access-date=January 9, 2024}}</ref> and also excels in [[artificial intelligence]],<ref name="BostonAIHub">{{cite web|url=https://venturefizz.com/stories/boston/why-boston-will-be-star-ai-revolution#:~:text=Boston%20startups%20are%20working%20to,include%20Lightmatter%20and%20Forge.ai.|title=Why Boston Will Be the Star of The AI Revolution|date=October 24, 2017 |publisher=VentureFizz|access-date=November 9, 2023|quote=Boston startups are working to overcome some of the largest technical barriers holding AI back, and they're attracting attention across a wide variety of industries in the process.}}</ref> [[engineering]], [[List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts|higher education]], [[finance]], and [[maritime trade]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Housing and Economic Development: Key Industries |url=http://www.mass.gov/hed/economic/industries/ |publisher=mass.gov |access-date=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=April 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422015358/http://www.mass.gov/hed/economic/industries/ }}</ref>
-The state's capital and [[List of municipalities in Massachusetts|most populous city]], as well as its cultural and [[financial center]], is [[Boston]]. Other major cities are [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]. Massachusetts is also home to the [[urban area|urban]] core of [[Greater Boston]], the largest metropolitan area in New England and a region profoundly influential upon American [[History of the United States|history]], [[academia]], and the [[Economy of the United States|research economy]].<ref name="GreaterBoston">{{cite web |last1=Douglas |first1=Craig |title=Greater Boston gains population, remains 10th-largest region in U.S |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2010/03/22/daily22.html?page=all |work=Boston Business Journal |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> Massachusetts has a reputation for social and political [[Progressivism in the United States|progressivism]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Does 'Massachusetts liberal' label still matter? |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-07-25-mass-liberal_x.htm |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=www.usatoday.com}}</ref> becoming the only U.S. state with a [[right to housing|right to shelter]] law, and the first U.S. state, and one of the earliest [[jurisdiction]]s in the world to legally recognize [[same-sex marriage in Massachusetts|same-sex marriage]].<ref name="CNNmarriage">{{cite news |date=November 18, 2003 |title=Massachusetts court strikes down ban on same-sex marriage |publisher=[[CNN]] |agency=Reuters |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/11/18/gay.marriage.reut/ |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref>  [[Harvard University]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] is the [[colonial colleges|oldest institution of higher learning in the United States]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Harvard University |url=http://www.harvard.edu/history |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> with the largest [[financial endowment]] of any university in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/29/us/harvards-endowment-remains-biggest-of-all.html|title=Harvard's Endowment Remains Biggest of All |first=Tamar |last=Lewin |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=March 6, 2015}}</ref> Both [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], also in Cambridge, are perennially ranked as either the most or among the most highly regarded [[academic institution]]s in the world.<ref name="AcademicRanking2">[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only] ''Times Higher Education''. Retrieved December 3, 2016.</ref> Massachusetts's public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance.<ref name="AcademicRanking3" />
+The state's capital and [[List of municipalities in Massachusetts|most populous city]], as well as its cultural and [[financial center]], is [[Boston]]. Other major cities are [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]. Massachusetts is also home to the [[urban area|urban]] core of [[Greater Boston]], the largest metropolitan area in New England and a region profoundly influential upon American [[History of the United States|history]], [[academia]], and the [[Economy of the United States|research economy]].<ref name="GreaterBoston">{{cite web |last1=Douglas |first1=Craig |title=Greater Boston gains population, remains 10th-largest region in U.S |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2010/03/22/daily22.html?page=all |work=Boston Business Journal |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> Massachusetts has a reputation for social and political [[Progressivism in the United States|progressivism]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Does 'Massachusetts liberal' label still matter? |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-07-25-mass-liberal_x.htm |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=www.usatoday.com}}</ref> becoming the only U.S. state with a [[right to housing|right to shelter]] law, and the first U.S. state, and one of the earliest [[jurisdiction]]s in the world to legally recognize [[same-sex marriage in Massachusetts|same-sex marriage]].<ref name="CNNmarriage">{{cite news |date=November 18, 2003 |title=Massachusetts court strikes down ban on same-sex marriage |publisher=CNN |agency=Reuters |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/11/18/gay.marriage.reut/ |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref>  [[Harvard University]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] is the [[colonial colleges|oldest institution of higher learning in the United States]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Harvard University |url=http://www.harvard.edu/history |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> with the largest [[financial endowment]] of any university in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/29/us/harvards-endowment-remains-biggest-of-all.html|title=Harvard's Endowment Remains Biggest of All |first=Tamar |last=Lewin |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=March 6, 2015}}</ref> Both [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], also in Cambridge, are perennially ranked as either the most or among the most highly regarded [[academic institution]]s in the world.<ref name="AcademicRanking2">[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only] ''Times Higher Education''. Retrieved December 3, 2016.</ref> Massachusetts's public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance.<ref name="AcademicRanking3" />
 Massachusetts is the most educated<ref name=MassachusettsMostEducatedAndHighestPaidState/> and one of the most highly developed and wealthiest U.S. states, ranking first in the [[List of U.S. states and territories by educational attainment|percentage of population 25 and over with either a bachelor's degree]] or [[List of U.S. states and territories by educational attainment|advanced degree]], first on both the [[List of U.S. states by American Human Development Index|American Human Development Index]] and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by Human Development Index|standard Human Development Index]], [[List of U.S. states and territories by income|first in per capita income]], and as of 2023, first in [[median income]].<ref name=MassachusettsMostEducatedAndHighestPaidState>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/06/us-states-where-americans-earn-lowest-wages.html|title=10 U.S. states where Americans earn the lowest incomes—only 2 aren't in the South|author=Kamaron McNair|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=April 6, 2024|access-date=April 6, 2024|quote=More education typically correlates with higher earnings, which helps explain why Massachusetts — the most-educated state, with nearly 47% of its population holding a bachelor's degree or higher — is also the highest-paid, according to the St. Louis Fed.}}</ref> Consequently, Massachusetts typically ranks as the top U.S. state,<ref name=MassachusettsBestStateToLive>{{cite web|url=https://wrnjradio.com/wallethub-new-jersey-is-2024s-3rd-best-state-to-live-in/|title=WalletHub: New Jersey is 2024's 3rd best state to live in|author=Jay Edwards|publisher=WRNJ Radio|date=August 12, 2024|access-date=August 13, 2024}}</ref> as well as the most expensive state, for residents to live in.<ref name=MassachusettsMostExpensiveState>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2024/06/20/the-salary-a-family-of-4-needs-to-get-by-in-every-us-state.html#:~:text=These%20are%20the%20most%20expensive,Connecticut%3A%20%24139%2C924|title=The salary a family of 4 needs to get by in every U.S. state—it's more than $150,000 in the most expensive one|author=Mike Winters|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=June 20, 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref>